Pub Date : 2019-01-02DOI: 10.1080/14790963.2019.1684793
Marek Tuszewicki
ABSTRACT The book of remedies Rafaʾel ha-Malʾakh appeared in Hebrew at the beginning of the twentieth century. Its author, rabbi Yehuda Yudl Rosenberg, a man shaped by traditional Judaism and Hasidism, set himself the goal of creating a practical medical guide addressed to the poorer sections of the Jewish population in Russian Poland. In his work he included a diverse body of material representing a number of often conflicting views on the human body. The aim of this article is to explore the main elements shaping the ideas contained in the guide, with particular emphasis on Rosenberg’s traditionalist views, which is echoed in early-modern medical publications and in ethnographic collections from the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Alongside the pathology of the four humors, the most influential medical theory until the rise of modern medicine, Rosenberg’s belief in the relationship between health and the spiritual life of man will be examined through an analysis of the advice provided in Rafaʾel ha-Malʾakh. Moreover, the article draws attention to Rosenberg’s dialogue with modernity and seeks to answer the question whether this handbook advocated a modern approach towards the treatment of illness.
二十世纪初，希伯来文的《经书》(Rafa - al - ha-Mal - allah)问世。该书作者拉比耶胡达·尤德尔·罗森伯格(Yehuda Yudl Rosenberg)受到传统犹太教和哈西德派的影响，他为自己设定的目标是，针对俄罗斯波兰境内较贫穷的犹太人，编写一本实用的医疗指南。在他的作品中，他包含了各种各样的材料，代表了许多经常相互冲突的关于人体的观点。本文的目的是探讨形成指南中包含的思想的主要因素，特别强调罗森伯格的传统主义观点，这在早期现代医学出版物和19世纪和20世纪初的民族志收藏中得到了回应。除了四种体液的病理学——现代医学兴起之前最具影响力的医学理论之外，罗森博格对健康与人类精神生活之间关系的信念将通过分析《拉法·艾尔·哈-马尔·哈akh》提供的建议来检验。此外，文章提请注意罗森博格与现代性的对话，并试图回答这个问题，即这本手册是否提倡一种现代的方法来治疗疾病。
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Pub Date : 2019-01-02DOI: 10.1080/14790963.2019.1684786
F. Guesnet
ABSTRACT The matting of hair, understood as a medical condition since around 1600 and named Plica polonica, appears prominently in the writings of eighteenth-century authors travelling to Polish lands or in experts’ opinions about these provinces. This paper argues that integrating observations about an allegedly endemic medical condition was intimately linked to the emerging discourse on eastern Europe as an essentially different part of the continent, and an object of colonizing efforts. It demonstrates that travelogues and experts’ opinions were drawing inspiration, observations, and assumptions from each other, a hitherto only partially understood instance of cross-fertilizing writing on eastern Europe, offering important insights into the development of experts’ culture in the Age of Enlightenment.
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Pub Date : 2018-07-03DOI: 10.1080/14790963.2019.1583953
G. Cohen
Nagyvárad (Oradea), where he was invited to stage one of his plays in Romanian and later in Hungarian, is presented in this inspiring chapter as a model of how a few ‘well-intentioned people [. . .] could ignore or suspend ethnic and religious differences’ (p. 146). According to Nemes, it was Vulcan’s emotional ‘attachment to his beloved “Bihor Land”’ that helped him shift so easily between the disparate cultural milieux of Budapest and Bucharest, and act ‘as a “translator” between the two cultures’ (p. 149). The central characters of the four remaining chapters hailed from the Hungarian gentry or minor nobility, with the exception of the poet and military officer Count József Gvadányi, ‘the aristocrat’ born in Borsod County of illustrious Italian lineage. Each of the vignettes calls into question old clichés about the blinkered, parochial nature of the Magyar county nobility, reflecting instead the innovative economic and educational role of this class in Hungary’s modernization. Of all the character sketches, the most familiar is that of Pál Vásárhelyi, ‘the engineer’ from Szepes County who established modern river management in Hungary. He ‘proposed to remake northeastern Hungary in dramatic fashion’ by regulating the river Tisza (p. 89), so limiting flooding along its banks and improving connections with outlying areas. The only two women whose biographies feature in this eclectic volume are ‘the teacher’ Klára Lövei, a pioneer in women’s education who came from Máramaros County, and ‘the writer’ Margit Kaffka, the first professional female poet and novelist of Hungarian literature. Kaffka, chiefly remembered for her searing autobiographical novel about life as a provincial noblewoman, displayed a ‘fierce local pride’ despite her marked ambivalence towards her home county of Szatmár (p. 218). Most of the individuals portrayed in Another Hungary, like Kaffka, made their careers in the city; they all ‘received strength from working in the provinces’ (p. 234). Overall, this is a well-researched, imaginatively written piece of micro-history, which vividly challenges outdated notions of people and places in nineteenth-century rural Hungary. Arguably, the link between the eight chosen figures is somewhat tenuous, but the chronologically arranged biographies are skilfully woven together. Whether or not this small sample of historical characters selected from different periods of the ‘long nineteenth century’ is fully representative of the social, ethnic and cultural make-up of the diverse north-eastern border region, the group portrait that emerges is nuanced and sophisticated. The reader will find Another Hungary a useful yet intriguing study of modernity and nationalism on the Hungarian periphery of the Habsburg lands.
Nagyvárad (Oradea)，在那里，他被邀请以罗马尼亚语和后来的匈牙利语上演他的一部戏剧，在这一鼓舞人心的章节中，他被视为少数“善意的人[…]可以忽视或搁置种族和宗教差异”的典范(第146页)。根据Nemes的说法，正是Vulcan对他心爱的“比霍尔之地”的情感依恋，帮助他如此容易地在布达佩斯和布加勒斯特不同的文化环境之间转换，并在两种文化之间充当“译者”(第149页)。其余四章的中心人物来自匈牙利的绅士或小贵族，除了诗人和军官Count József Gvadányi，“贵族”出生在Borsod县显赫的意大利血统。每一个小插曲都对马扎尔郡贵族狭隘狭隘的固有观念提出了质疑，反映了这个阶层在匈牙利现代化进程中创新的经济和教育作用。在所有人物素描中，最熟悉的是Pál Vásárhelyi，来自塞佩斯县的“工程师”，他在匈牙利建立了现代河流管理。他“提议以一种戏剧性的方式改造匈牙利东北部”，对Tisza河进行治理(第89页)，从而限制河岸的洪水泛滥，改善与外围地区的联系。在这本不拘一格的书中，只有两位女性的传记是“教师”Klára Lövei，一位来自Máramaros县的妇女教育先驱，以及“作家”Margit Kaffka，匈牙利文学中第一位职业女性诗人和小说家。卡夫卡，主要是因她的自传小说而为人所知，小说描写了她作为一个外省贵族妇女的生活，尽管她对家乡Szatmár有着明显的矛盾心理，但她表现出了“强烈的地方自豪感”(第218页)。《另一个匈牙利》中描绘的大多数人，比如卡夫卡，都是在这座城市发展起来的;他们都“因在外省工作而获得力量”(第234页)。总的来说，这是一部研究充分、写作富有想象力的微观历史作品，生动地挑战了对19世纪匈牙利农村地区的人和地方的过时观念。可以说，这八位被选中的人物之间的联系有些薄弱，但按时间顺序排列的传记却巧妙地编织在一起。无论这些从“漫长的十九世纪”不同时期选出的历史人物样本是否充分代表了东北边境地区多样化的社会、民族和文化构成，这些集体肖像都是微妙而复杂的。读者会发现《另一个匈牙利》是对哈布斯堡王朝周边匈牙利的现代性和民族主义的有益而有趣的研究。
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Pub Date : 2018-07-03DOI: 10.1080/14790963.2019.1624465
K. Jagodzińska
ABSTRACT This paper discusses the connection between museums and centres of contemporary art operating in adapted buildings, on the one hand, and on the other, the history of the place where the buildings are located. I discuss seven discrete case studies, representing a variety of approaches to buildings and the areas in which they operate, in the Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia. My analysis of each case study covers four main subject areas: (1) discussions connecting the building’s history with its new role; (2) the architectural features and appearance of the building; (3) references3 to the history of the site in the institution’s programme and communication; and (4) efforts to build bonds with local communities. In my conclusions, I argue that the identity of the institution may either be rooted in the history of the place presented and discussed in its programme, or be independent of the history of the building but nonetheless connected to the area in which it is located.
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Pub Date : 2018-07-03DOI: 10.1080/14790963.2019.1637581
F. Helmrich
ABSTRACT This papers examines how the word Buserant ‘gay’ spread in the languages of the Danube region. Further, it hypothesises in what contact situations borrowing occurred. In this, it presents a case study illustrating lexical borrowing in the proposed Danubian Sprachbund. According to the study’s findings Italian road workers introduced Buserant in Viennese German from where it spread through army service and/or travellers in taverns of Austria Hungary. The borrowing appears to be restricted to the languages of Austria-Hungary and excludes Yiddish, which can be explained by the relative isolation of Yiddish-speaking communities by the mid-nineteenth century.
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Pub Date : 2018-07-03DOI: 10.1080/14790963.2019.1624461
D. Brett
ABSTRACT What did peasants discuss at party meetings? Were they mobilized by ethnic politics or indifferent to them altogether? The end of the First World War brought about universal male suffrage in much of Europe, and with it the process of mass politics began. The concept of national indifference is important in understanding interwar politics, because this period is often studied teleologically with attention focused on extremism and nationalism as the primary mobilizing issue Agrarian movements have been under-researched, and when Agrarians have been studied, it has been through the prism of elite politics. This comparative paper seeks to redress this omission by looking at grassroots rural politics. The interwar countryside was marked by profound political, economic and social transformation but also in terms of what Robert Paxton has described as the ‘triple crisis of the countryside’ – worsening economic conditions, the declining status of the countryside and inadequate political representation. The paper will explore how reform and crisis impacted how agrarian politics functioned at a local level by asymmetrically comparing cases from Romania, Poland and Ireland, with the final case helping to contextualize Eastern Europe within the wider European experience This paper argues that the rural population was mobilized, but primarily in the context of local issues rather than national ethno-political questions. Local party organization was, to paraphrase James C Scott, the site ‘of an exchange of small arms fire’ in rural class conflict, as questions regarding the control of public space, generational conflict and power within the village mobilized peasants. Thus, I argue that it was the underlying socio-economic issues that mobilized the rural population, not nationalism. The dynamics of these conflicts were shaped by local economic, political and social power dynamics, and by using indifference as a concept, we can look more deeply at interwar politics from a grassroots perspective and develop a more nuanced understanding of local, national and European politics.
农民在党的会议上讨论什么?他们是被种族政治动员起来的，还是对种族政治漠不关心?第一次世界大战的结束在欧洲大部分地区带来了普遍的男性选举权，由此开始了大众政治的进程。国家冷漠的概念对于理解两次世界大战之间的政治是很重要的，因为这一时期的研究通常是目的性的，关注的焦点是极端主义和民族主义，作为主要的动员问题。农业运动的研究不足，当农业主义者被研究时，它是通过精英政治的棱镜。这篇比较论文试图通过观察基层农村政治来纠正这一遗漏。两次世界大战之间的农村以深刻的政治，经济和社会变革为标志，但也以罗伯特·帕克斯顿所描述的“农村三重危机”为标志——经济状况恶化，农村地位下降，政治代表性不足。本文将通过对罗马尼亚、波兰和爱尔兰的案例进行不对称比较，探讨改革和危机如何影响地方层面上的农业政治运作，最后一个案例有助于将东欧置于更广泛的欧洲经验中。本文认为，农村人口被动员起来了，但主要是在地方问题的背景下，而不是在国家种族政治问题的背景下。用詹姆斯·C·斯科特(James C . Scott)的话来说，地方党组织是农村阶级冲突中“轻武器交锋”的场所，因为有关公共空间的控制、代际冲突和村里权力的问题动员了农民。因此，我认为动员农村人口的是潜在的社会经济问题，而不是民族主义。这些冲突的动态是由当地的经济、政治和社会权力动态形成的，通过将冷漠作为一个概念，我们可以从基层的角度更深入地看待两次世界大战之间的政治，并对当地、国家和欧洲的政治有更细致的了解。
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Pub Date : 2018-07-03DOI: 10.1080/14790963.2019.1583954
E. Klautke
The general topic of McFarland’s study are images of and debates about America, American influences and ‘Americanization’ in inter-war Austria. He has chosen to tell this story through the prism of...
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Pub Date : 2018-07-03DOI: 10.1080/14790963.2019.1583951
G. Bátonyi
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Pub Date : 2018-07-03DOI: 10.1080/14790963.2019.1624462
Mikołaj Getka-Kenig
ABSTRACT This article examines the political uses of classical architecture in the late eighteenth-century Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. It focuses specifically on the direct connection between the rise of the classical idiom on the eve of the collapse of the Commonwealth and the ill-fated idea of political recuperation of the deteriorating and dysfunctional state under the aegis of King Stanisław August Poniatowski (r. 1764–95). In particular, it outlines the extent and character of Polish-Lithuanian architectural classicism’s political engagement in the last decades of the eighteenth century. It also underscores the specific role of this architectural idiom as a political symbol and instrument of propaganda, which served to represent the idea of restoring political order to the Commonwealth and building a strong and self-sustaining political community headed by the king. Finally, it presents a selection of characteristic buildings and publications that contributed to this political discourse, and examines the ways classical architecture retained a political importance in the immediate aftermath of the destruction of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1795.
本文考察了18世纪后期波兰立陶宛联邦古典建筑的政治用途。它特别关注了在联邦崩溃前夕古典成语的兴起与在国王Stanisław August Poniatowski (r. 1764-95)的支持下对日益恶化和功能失调的国家进行政治恢复的不幸想法之间的直接联系。特别是，它概述了波兰立陶宛建筑古典主义在18世纪最后几十年的政治参与程度和特点。它还强调了这种建筑风格作为政治象征和宣传工具的特殊作用，它代表了恢复联邦政治秩序和建立一个由国王领导的强大和自我维持的政治共同体的想法。最后，它展示了对这种政治话语做出贡献的特色建筑和出版物的选择，并研究了古典建筑在1795年波兰立陶宛联邦被摧毁后保持政治重要性的方式。
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Pub Date : 2018-01-02DOI: 10.1080/14790963.2018.1498580
Cathleen M. Giustino
up interesting new directions for future researchers in the field. The book’s conclusion builds on the ‘coda’ sections of each part, which take a more personal, almost ‘psychogeographic’ tone in their reflections of the author’s experience at each site. Here, Rapson draws on Sebald’s writing about place and memory to reinforce her earlier arguments around mediation and remediation of memory through landscape, the transnational, cosmopolitan, interconnected nature of memory exchange, and the importance of the ecocritical perspective. The three sites are united in the frequently evoked trope of the disrupted pastoral. While this trope elides the always problematic nature of humans’ relationship with nature, the power of the ‘mobilization of [. . .] affectivity in memorial landscapes’ (p. 196) is clear, and the mourning involved may be put to productive ends. The book ends on a discussion of Sebald’s work as a way of accessing an ‘ecocentric view of the Holocaust’ (p. 197), providing a compelling conclusion to the case studies that draws together the complex connections between ecology, genocide, modernity and cultural memory.
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