What are some of the fundamental innovations required to ensure teaching and assessment become instruments of help within higher education institutions? This study is informed by the numerous calls for academic institutions, particularly those at higher education to produce critical thinkers who transcend mere knowledge accumulation and be ready to apply classroom knowledge to the real world. The call for a shift towards inquiry-based learning practices should be taken seriously by all educators, administrators and policy makers. Following a review of functions of higher education and the characteristics of higher education learners, the study affirms that innovation and implementation of inquiry-based pedagogy has the potential to transform the nature of higher education. The purpose of this article is to explore innovations that should support higher education teaching and assessment. The need for innovation in teaching and assessment of higher education requires fundamental shifts in analytical orthodoxy regarding tertiary education. Facilitating innovation and change in theory regarding teaching and assessments has the potential to lead to more faculty members using inquiry-based pedagogy. Through the decision theoretic model, this research-based article submits that those in higher education must fundamentally shift their perspectives, or theoretical lenses, regarding teaching and assessment. An abductive approach has been adopted in developing this research-based article. The research offers cumulative insights for professional development and learning among educators in higher education with recommendations for the transition to innovative and integrative teaching and assessment.
{"title":"Innovation in Teaching & Assessment: Towards Inquiry-Based Higher Education Learning Practices","authors":"Justine Chinoperekweyi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3531440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3531440","url":null,"abstract":"What are some of the fundamental innovations required to ensure teaching and assessment become instruments of help within higher education institutions? This study is informed by the numerous calls for academic institutions, particularly those at higher education to produce critical thinkers who transcend mere knowledge accumulation and be ready to apply classroom knowledge to the real world. The call for a shift towards inquiry-based learning practices should be taken seriously by all educators, administrators and policy makers. Following a review of functions of higher education and the characteristics of higher education learners, the study affirms that innovation and implementation of inquiry-based pedagogy has the potential to transform the nature of higher education. The purpose of this article is to explore innovations that should support higher education teaching and assessment. The need for innovation in teaching and assessment of higher education requires fundamental shifts in analytical orthodoxy regarding tertiary education. Facilitating innovation and change in theory regarding teaching and assessments has the potential to lead to more faculty members using inquiry-based pedagogy. Through the decision theoretic model, this research-based article submits that those in higher education must fundamentally shift their perspectives, or theoretical lenses, regarding teaching and assessment. An abductive approach has been adopted in developing this research-based article. The research offers cumulative insights for professional development and learning among educators in higher education with recommendations for the transition to innovative and integrative teaching and assessment.","PeriodicalId":414091,"journal":{"name":"Innovation & Management Science eJournal","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133885419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We consider a setting where an advertiser seeks to acquire an impression from an advertising exchange through a chain of intermediaries, and provide a game theoretic model to study the mechanisms offered by strategic intermediaries when the advertiser’s value is private. We characterize the subgame perfect equilibrium of the game among intermediaries within a practically relevant class of mechanisms, and show that economic incentives are not necessarily aligned along the chain, i.e., profit-maximizing intermediaries have incentives to shade bids and not to allocate impressions, even when profitable for their customers. We also provide the equilibrium mechanisms and profits in closed-form for cases where the advertiser has (i) exponential, (ii) Pareto, (iii) uniform value distribution. Our results indicate that when the advertiser has exponential value distribution, the expected profits of all intermediaries are identical. On the other hand, for Pareto and uniform distributions, downstream and upstream intermediaries have higher profits, respectively. This result indicates that the position in the intermediation process has a significant impact on the profits of the intermediaries, and the most profitable position depends on the underlying value distribution. Moreover, we extend our characterization to tree networks and analyze the impact of different network structures on the profits of intermediaries and the seller’s revenue.
{"title":"Multi-Stage Intermediation in Display Advertising","authors":"S. Balseiro, Ozan Candogan, Huseyin Gurkan","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2661459","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2661459","url":null,"abstract":"We consider a setting where an advertiser seeks to acquire an impression from an advertising exchange through a chain of intermediaries, and provide a game theoretic model to study the mechanisms offered by strategic intermediaries when the advertiser’s value is private. We characterize the subgame perfect equilibrium of the game among intermediaries within a practically relevant class of mechanisms, and show that economic incentives are not necessarily aligned along the chain, i.e., profit-maximizing intermediaries have incentives to shade bids and not to allocate impressions, even when profitable for their customers. We also provide the equilibrium mechanisms and profits in closed-form for cases where the advertiser has (i) exponential, (ii) Pareto, (iii) uniform value distribution. Our results indicate that when the advertiser has exponential value distribution, the expected profits of all intermediaries are identical. On the other hand, for Pareto and uniform distributions, downstream and upstream intermediaries have higher profits, respectively. This result indicates that the position in the intermediation process has a significant impact on the profits of the intermediaries, and the most profitable position depends on the underlying value distribution. Moreover, we extend our characterization to tree networks and analyze the impact of different network structures on the profits of intermediaries and the seller’s revenue.","PeriodicalId":414091,"journal":{"name":"Innovation & Management Science eJournal","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115129033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-15DOI: 10.1108/JSBED-02-2018-0042
M. Camilleri
Purpose Small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) are increasingly communicating and interacting with stakeholders through digital media. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the SME owner-managers’ attitudes toward the pace of technological innovation, and it examines their perceived use and ease of digital media for stakeholder engagement. Design/methodology/approach The research methodology integrated measuring items from the technology acceptance model, the pace of technological innovation and corporate social responsibility, to better understand the SME owner-managers’ rationale for using digital media. The respondents were expected to reveal their attitudes toward commercial, ethical and social responsibilities. Findings A factor analysis indicated that the SME owner-managers were perceiving the usefulness of digital media to engage with marketplace stakeholders. Whilst, a stepwise regression analysis reported positive and significant relationships between the pace of technological innovation and the SMEs’ perceived usefulness of digital media for communication purposes. The results also revealed that young owner-managers from large SMEs were more likely to utilize digital media than their smaller counterparts. Originality/value This contribution implies that both small and micro businesses are utilizing digital media to improve their stakeholder engagement. This study indicates that the pace of technological innovation, the SMEs’ perceived ease of use of digital media, as well as their commercial responsibility were significant antecedents for the SMEs’ online communication.
{"title":"The SMEs' Technology Acceptance of Digital Media for Stakeholder Engagement","authors":"M. Camilleri","doi":"10.1108/JSBED-02-2018-0042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-02-2018-0042","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000Small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) are increasingly communicating and interacting with stakeholders through digital media. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the SME owner-managers’ attitudes toward the pace of technological innovation, and it examines their perceived use and ease of digital media for stakeholder engagement.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000The research methodology integrated measuring items from the technology acceptance model, the pace of technological innovation and corporate social responsibility, to better understand the SME owner-managers’ rationale for using digital media. The respondents were expected to reveal their attitudes toward commercial, ethical and social responsibilities.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000A factor analysis indicated that the SME owner-managers were perceiving the usefulness of digital media to engage with marketplace stakeholders. Whilst, a stepwise regression analysis reported positive and significant relationships between the pace of technological innovation and the SMEs’ perceived usefulness of digital media for communication purposes. The results also revealed that young owner-managers from large SMEs were more likely to utilize digital media than their smaller counterparts.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000This contribution implies that both small and micro businesses are utilizing digital media to improve their stakeholder engagement. This study indicates that the pace of technological innovation, the SMEs’ perceived ease of use of digital media, as well as their commercial responsibility were significant antecedents for the SMEs’ online communication.\u0000","PeriodicalId":414091,"journal":{"name":"Innovation & Management Science eJournal","volume":"12 6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124912087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many online retailers offer free shipping services if customers spend more than a threshold amount. We use a unique transaction-level dataset from a large online retailer to study the impacts of free shipping threshold on consumer shopping behavior across two different online channels, mobile and PC channels. Specifically, we focus on customer order padding behavior, i.e., strategically adding items to a shopping cart to qualify for free shipping. We find that customers are more likely to pad their orders on the PC channel than on the mobile channel. We attribute this impact to the different search cost on the two channels. Furthermore, we find that the way customers pad their orders is different. Specifically, in order to increase basket size, customers on the mobile channel rely more on buying a larger quantity of the same item, while users placing their order on the PC channel prefer to add new products to the shopping cart and/or to purchase higher-priced substitutes.
{"title":"Impact of Free Shipping Threshold on PC and Mobile Channels: Evidence from an Online Retailer","authors":"Fujie Jin, Fei Gao, Jianbin Li","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3426616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3426616","url":null,"abstract":"Many online retailers offer free shipping services if customers spend more than a threshold amount. We use a unique transaction-level dataset from a large online retailer to study the impacts of free shipping threshold on consumer shopping behavior across two different online channels, mobile and PC channels. Specifically, we focus on customer order padding behavior, i.e., strategically adding items to a shopping cart to qualify for free shipping. We find that customers are more likely to pad their orders on the PC channel than on the mobile channel. We attribute this impact to the different search cost on the two channels. Furthermore, we find that the way customers pad their orders is different. Specifically, in order to increase basket size, customers on the mobile channel rely more on buying a larger quantity of the same item, while users placing their order on the PC channel prefer to add new products to the shopping cart and/or to purchase higher-priced substitutes.","PeriodicalId":414091,"journal":{"name":"Innovation & Management Science eJournal","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123699161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Intellectual property (IP) rights have become an important strategic battleground, in which IP owners increasingly build barriers that impede firms from operating in the marketplace. Although research has examined property preemption as one approach to defend against being blocked by others’ IP, a broader palette of defensive IP measures to address problems of missing access to external IP has received less scrutiny. In quantitative analyses of a representative survey of German firms, we find that key firm-level attributes—firm scope, innovation expenses, product innovation, collaboration breadth, and use of patents—are associated with a need to use such defensive IP measures. We also examine the firm-level attributes associated with a firm’s choice among eight possible types of strategies for IP defense, and how certain types of defensive IP measures are systematically interrelated in use. Qualitative interviews with seventeen intellectual property practitioners complement, and help to interpret, our quantitative findings. Implications for future research, and for managers and policymakers are discussed.
{"title":"Dealing with Intellectual Property (IP) Landmines: Defensive Measures to Address the Problem of IP Access","authors":"Jiyoon Chung, Annika Lorenz, Deepak Somaya","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3432040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3432040","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Intellectual property (IP) rights have become an important strategic battleground, in which IP owners increasingly build barriers that impede firms from operating in the marketplace. Although research has examined property preemption as one approach to defend against being blocked by others’ IP, a broader palette of defensive IP measures to address problems of missing access to external IP has received less scrutiny. In quantitative analyses of a representative survey of German firms, we find that key firm-level attributes—firm scope, innovation expenses, product innovation, collaboration breadth, and use of patents—are associated with a need to use such defensive IP measures. We also examine the firm-level attributes associated with a firm’s choice among eight possible types of strategies for IP defense, and how certain types of defensive IP measures are systematically interrelated in use. Qualitative interviews with seventeen intellectual property practitioners complement, and help to interpret, our quantitative findings. Implications for future research, and for managers and policymakers are discussed.","PeriodicalId":414091,"journal":{"name":"Innovation & Management Science eJournal","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128748427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The discussion of information technology has been a major concern in SMEs businesses over recent decades. There tend to be a considerable information technology (ICT) knowledge base which exists in Zimbabwean SMEs though there have been no comprehensive studies on ICT which has been conducted. ICT has become a strategic issue in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the transport sector in Harare. However, ICT practices by SMEs in Harare, Zimbabwe are currently unknown. It is against this background that this study investigated ICT practices in small to medium enterprises in Harare, Zimbabwe. This study sought to establish the meaning attached to ICT by SMEs in the transport sector in Harare, Zimbabwe, establish the factors that influence the adoption of ICT in SMEs, establish the extent to which SMEs in the transport sector in the transport sector are using ICTs in their businesses or to enhance the sustainability of their business operation and to examine the challenges by SMEs in the transport sector in adopting ICT practices by SMEs in the transport sector in Harare, Zimbabwe. The literature on ICT showed that the following areas have not been explored: the meaning attached to ICT by SMEs in the transport sector in Harare, Zimbabwe is currently unknown, the impact of ICT on SMEs in the transport sector in Harare, Zimbabwe is currently unknown. Data for this study was collected through 220 questionnaires and six semi-structured and open-ended interviews with owner-managers of SMEs in the Harare Region of Zimbabwe. The systematic random sampling method was adopted to select respondents for quantitative research while the purposive method was used to select respondents for qualitative research. The SPSS version 21.0 was adopted to analyze quantitative data while the reduction method was adopted for qualitative data. Findings reveal that there is no standard meaning for ICT in Harare, Zimbabwe. SMEs in Harare consider ICT as having no quantifiable benefits. Legal, economic and ethical factors motivate SMEs in the transport sector in Harare to engage in ICT. SMEs in Harare, Zimbabwe engage in legal, economic and ethical ICT activities. Money, weak legislation and managerial attitudes are major barriers to ICT practice by SMEs in the transport sector in Harare, Zimbabwe.
{"title":"The Impact of ICT Practices in Small and Medium Enterprises in Harare, Zimbabwe","authors":"Anthony Tapiwa Mazikana, Rangarirai Mudziso","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3412907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3412907","url":null,"abstract":"The discussion of information technology has been a major concern in SMEs businesses over recent decades. There tend to be a considerable information technology (ICT) knowledge base which exists in Zimbabwean SMEs though there have been no comprehensive studies on ICT which has been conducted. ICT has become a strategic issue in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the transport sector in Harare. However, ICT practices by SMEs in Harare, Zimbabwe are currently unknown. It is against this background that this study investigated ICT practices in small to medium enterprises in Harare, Zimbabwe. This study sought to establish the meaning attached to ICT by SMEs in the transport sector in Harare, Zimbabwe, establish the factors that influence the adoption of ICT in SMEs, establish the extent to which SMEs in the transport sector in the transport sector are using ICTs in their businesses or to enhance the sustainability of their business operation and to examine the challenges by SMEs in the transport sector in adopting ICT practices by SMEs in the transport sector in Harare, Zimbabwe. The literature on ICT showed that the following areas have not been explored: the meaning attached to ICT by SMEs in the transport sector in Harare, Zimbabwe is currently unknown, the impact of ICT on SMEs in the transport sector in Harare, Zimbabwe is currently unknown. Data for this study was collected through 220 questionnaires and six semi-structured and open-ended interviews with owner-managers of SMEs in the Harare Region of Zimbabwe. The systematic random sampling method was adopted to select respondents for quantitative research while the purposive method was used to select respondents for qualitative research. The SPSS version 21.0 was adopted to analyze quantitative data while the reduction method was adopted for qualitative data. Findings reveal that there is no standard meaning for ICT in Harare, Zimbabwe. SMEs in Harare consider ICT as having no quantifiable benefits. Legal, economic and ethical factors motivate SMEs in the transport sector in Harare to engage in ICT. SMEs in Harare, Zimbabwe engage in legal, economic and ethical ICT activities. Money, weak legislation and managerial attitudes are major barriers to ICT practice by SMEs in the transport sector in Harare, Zimbabwe.","PeriodicalId":414091,"journal":{"name":"Innovation & Management Science eJournal","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133197594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The selection of novel ideas is vital to the development of truly innovative products. Firms often turn to idea crowdsourcing challenges, in which both ideators and the seeker firms participate in the idea selection process. Yet prior research cautions that ideators and seeker firms may not select novel ideas. To address the links between idea novelty and selection, this study proposes a bi-faceted notion of idea novelty and probes the role of task structure. Novelty may be local or global, in line with information processing literature. Using semantic analyses of data on 12,079 ideas shared on OpenIDEO during 47 contests held between 2010–2017, the authors find that the selection of novel ideas differs according to the selector, the form of novelty, and the challenge task structure. The results help explain some paradoxical findings in previous studies, with key implications for both ideators and seeker firms. In particular, this research uses measures of local and global novelty, along with additional linguistic measures, to produce a predictive model that seeker firms can leverage when ideator selection metrics such as likes are unavailable.
{"title":"Two Faces of Novelty: Idea Selection in Crowdsourcing Challenges","authors":"T. Eapen, Rajdeep Grewal","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3412593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3412593","url":null,"abstract":"The selection of novel ideas is vital to the development of truly innovative products. Firms often turn to idea crowdsourcing challenges, in which both ideators and the seeker firms participate in the idea selection process. Yet prior research cautions that ideators and seeker firms may not select novel ideas. To address the links between idea novelty and selection, this study proposes a bi-faceted notion of idea novelty and probes the role of task structure. Novelty may be local or global, in line with information processing literature. Using semantic analyses of data on 12,079 ideas shared on OpenIDEO during 47 contests held between 2010–2017, the authors find that the selection of novel ideas differs according to the selector, the form of novelty, and the challenge task structure. The results help explain some paradoxical findings in previous studies, with key implications for both ideators and seeker firms. In particular, this research uses measures of local and global novelty, along with additional linguistic measures, to produce a predictive model that seeker firms can leverage when ideator selection metrics such as likes are unavailable.","PeriodicalId":414091,"journal":{"name":"Innovation & Management Science eJournal","volume":"98 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129215608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-31DOI: 10.34218/JOM.6.3.2019.006
Anand Patil, Dr. Jyoti Gogte
Growing automobile industry, make in India initiatives from government of India and increasing challenges of competitiveness has made supplier selection and periodic evaluation process more complex. In this paper, focus is given on periodic supplier evaluation scorecard parameters. The perceptions of experts from Indian car manufacturing industry are studied to understand their views on these parameters. lso studied the impact of variables like respondent’s age, qualification, experience, department, designation, geographical location (region) and type of organization (OEM/Supplier) on these parameters. This study will be helpful to car manufacturing industry in India to understand the perceptions within industry about monthly supplier evaluation scorecard parameters. This in turn will help in improving monthly supplier evaluation scorecard systems and supplier performance.
{"title":"Study of Monthly Supplier Evaluation Scorecard Parameters of Indian Car Manufacturing Industry","authors":"Anand Patil, Dr. Jyoti Gogte","doi":"10.34218/JOM.6.3.2019.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34218/JOM.6.3.2019.006","url":null,"abstract":"Growing automobile industry, make in India initiatives from government of India and increasing challenges of competitiveness has made supplier selection and periodic evaluation process more complex. In this paper, focus is given on periodic supplier evaluation scorecard parameters. The perceptions of experts from Indian car manufacturing industry are studied to understand their views on these parameters. lso studied the impact of variables like respondent’s age, qualification, experience, department, designation, geographical location (region) and type of organization (OEM/Supplier) on these parameters. This study will be helpful to car manufacturing industry in India to understand the perceptions within industry about monthly supplier evaluation scorecard parameters. This in turn will help in improving monthly supplier evaluation scorecard systems and supplier performance.<br>","PeriodicalId":414091,"journal":{"name":"Innovation & Management Science eJournal","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128653652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Much research in synthetic biology (SB) and genomics (Gx) is reliant on the use of large-scale collections of biological materials and data, often referred to as ‘biobanks’ or ‘bioresources’. Following substantial investment in the form of time, money, and personnel, some of these bioresources have reached a point where they can be regularly accessed by researchers and can realistically hope to facilitate innovation. At the same time, their maturity brings several challenges including how to promote access, ensure stewardship, and address financial sustainability. All these facets must be managed for on-going utility. Access promotes the likelihood of significant scientific findings and avoids under-utilisation; stewardship earns trust from sample donors and funders; and sustainable sources of income are crucial if the bioresources are to serve as infrastructure (rather than projects) and assist with longitudinal studies. A key part in managing these challenges – much less studied than issues of consent, return of incidental findings, and researchers’ eligibility for access – is the stance taken by large bioresources on intellectual property (IP) and financial conditions of access. Acquisition, ownership and sharing of intellectual property in life sciences is ethically charged, and financial conditions of access are controversial where they preclude or discourage external researchers from using the bioresource. There is limited guidance available for developing such policies in the fields of Gx and SB . Moreover – and this goes to the heart of this chapter – discussion of IP and business models for bioresources is a topic that falls in the shadow of hyperbole about openness.
This chapter aims to bring the issue of IP policies for large bioresources out of the long shadows of rhetoric about openness. It will highlight two fictions: first, that the idea of openness is clearly defined; and second, that organisations are committed to openness. It will also highlight the fantasy that harmonisation of bioresources’ access policies is feasible and desirable. The chapter will conclude by outlining future research to improve openness and intellectual property policies for large Gx and SB bioresources.
{"title":"IP Policies for Large Bioresources: The Fiction, Fantasy and Future of Openness","authors":"K. Liddell, J. Liddicoat, M. Jordan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3393493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3393493","url":null,"abstract":"Much research in synthetic biology (SB) and genomics (Gx) is reliant on the use of large-scale collections of biological materials and data, often referred to as ‘biobanks’ or ‘bioresources’. Following substantial investment in the form of time, money, and personnel, some of these bioresources have reached a point where they can be regularly accessed by researchers and can realistically hope to facilitate innovation. At the same time, their maturity brings several challenges including how to promote access, ensure stewardship, and address financial sustainability. All these facets must be managed for on-going utility. Access promotes the likelihood of significant scientific findings and avoids under-utilisation; stewardship earns trust from sample donors and funders; and sustainable sources of income are crucial if the bioresources are to serve as infrastructure (rather than projects) and assist with longitudinal studies. A key part in managing these challenges – much less studied than issues of consent, return of incidental findings, and researchers’ eligibility for access – is the stance taken by large bioresources on intellectual property (IP) and financial conditions of access. Acquisition, ownership and sharing of intellectual property in life sciences is ethically charged, and financial conditions of access are controversial where they preclude or discourage external researchers from using the bioresource. There is limited guidance available for developing such policies in the fields of Gx and SB . Moreover – and this goes to the heart of this chapter – discussion of IP and business models for bioresources is a topic that falls in the shadow of hyperbole about openness. <br><br>This chapter aims to bring the issue of IP policies for large bioresources out of the long shadows of rhetoric about openness. It will highlight two fictions: first, that the idea of openness is clearly defined; and second, that organisations are committed to openness. It will also highlight the fantasy that harmonisation of bioresources’ access policies is feasible and desirable. The chapter will conclude by outlining future research to improve openness and intellectual property policies for large Gx and SB bioresources. <br>","PeriodicalId":414091,"journal":{"name":"Innovation & Management Science eJournal","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125328081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-30DOI: 10.34218/jom.6.2.2019.013
S. Gunjal, J. Gogte
Manufacturing Companies today are constantly in search for ways to achieve better business performance and sustain competitive advantages through effective deployment of resources and business processes. To improve business performance, Manufacturing Companies require an efficient planning and control system that synchronizes planning of all processes across the industry. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) provides a centralized framework for all data and processes of an industry. It integrates all aspects of a business from planning to inventory control, manufacturing, sales, marketing, finance, customer service and human resources. Manufacturing Companies undertake ERP implementations to achieve tangible benefits including a significant return on investment. Accordingly the most common benefit of Manufacturing Company is for an increase in response time due to better availability of information. Another common benefit is increase in interaction across the company, integration of business operations/processes, improved interaction with customers, reduced direct operating and labour costs, reduced IT maintenance costs, improved lead-time, improved inventory levels and improved interaction with suppliers. A study was undertaken to assess impact of ERP as a Change Management Tool in Manufacturing Companies. This article presents the key findings, conclusions and suggestions. On an overall basis the study has clearly demonstrated that ERP works as a change management tool in manufacturing companies. This, however to happen, calls for adoption of certain factors that facilitate the change management process. ERP is a major transition from legacy systems to an integrated platform. Such transitions are not easy. However, if the CSFs are duly taken care of, the implementation can be successful and beneficial in terms of tangible results both at the macro and micro level. At the same time companies need to take care of the gaps in the ERP implementation.
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