Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/1547402X.2023.2191362
Zhaokun Liu
Since the late nineteenth century, millions of Chinese laborers have left their hometowns in search of better lives overseas; many died before returning home. those close to the deceased expatriates strived to repatriate their remains, believing that it would bring peace to their souls. Most repatriated remains were first transported to Tung Wah Hospital until their townsfolks or relatives claimed them. In 2020, Tung Wah published 300 letters it received between 1929 and 1936. With these new materials, this article reveals details in the daily operations of the hospital's coffin home and the motivations of overseas Chinese nationals to repatriate remains. Although some remains were lost or unclaimed for various reasons, Tung Wah Hospital generally fulfilled its mission as a benevolent association and facilitated the repatriation of hundreds of thousands of deceased compatriots. The hospital served as a critical node of the network connecting overseas Chinese nationals to their homelands.
{"title":"The Contribution of Tung Wah Hospital to the Repatriation of Deceased Chinese Expatriates in the Early Twentieth Century","authors":"Zhaokun Liu","doi":"10.1080/1547402X.2023.2191362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1547402X.2023.2191362","url":null,"abstract":"Since the late nineteenth century, millions of Chinese laborers have left their hometowns in search of better lives overseas; many died before returning home. those close to the deceased expatriates strived to repatriate their remains, believing that it would bring peace to their souls. Most repatriated remains were first transported to Tung Wah Hospital until their townsfolks or relatives claimed them. In 2020, Tung Wah published 300 letters it received between 1929 and 1936. With these new materials, this article reveals details in the daily operations of the hospital's coffin home and the motivations of overseas Chinese nationals to repatriate remains. Although some remains were lost or unclaimed for various reasons, Tung Wah Hospital generally fulfilled its mission as a benevolent association and facilitated the repatriation of hundreds of thousands of deceased compatriots. The hospital served as a critical node of the network connecting overseas Chinese nationals to their homelands.","PeriodicalId":41429,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Historical Review","volume":"30 1","pages":"56 - 75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43563745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Based on a collaboration between historians of Chinese and European politics, Political Communication in Chinese and European History, 800-1600 offers a first comprehensive overview of current research on political communication in middle-period European and Chinese history. The chapters present new work on the sources and processes of political communication in European and Chinese history partly through juxtaposing and combining formerly separate historiographies and partly through direct comparison. Contrary to earlier comparative work on empires and state formation, which aimed to explain similarities and differences with encompassing models and new theories of divergence, the goal is to further conversations between historians by engaging regional historiographies from the bottom up.
{"title":"Political Communication in Chinese and European History, 800-1600","authors":"Xiaojia Hou","doi":"10.1515/9789048551002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9789048551002","url":null,"abstract":"Based on a collaboration between historians of Chinese and European politics, Political Communication in Chinese and European History, 800-1600 offers a first comprehensive overview of current research on political communication in middle-period European and Chinese history. The chapters present new work on the sources and processes of political communication in European and Chinese history partly through juxtaposing and combining formerly separate historiographies and partly through direct comparison. Contrary to earlier comparative work on empires and state formation, which aimed to explain similarities and differences with encompassing models and new theories of divergence, the goal is to further conversations between historians by engaging regional historiographies from the bottom up.","PeriodicalId":41429,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Historical Review","volume":"30 1","pages":"128 - 130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41526463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/1547402X.2023.2191360
James J. Hudson
The Hunan Bible Institute (HBI) was a prominent missionary organization based out of the city of Changsha, the provincial capital of Hunan province, located far in China’s interior. By the 1920’s the HBI built a large compound located outside the eastern gate of the city, which mainly functioned as a training school for Chinese converts and missionaries. Despite Hunan’s reputation as one of the most radically anti-foreign regions of China, early efforts of evangelistic outreach were mainly achieved through the efforts of small “colporteur teams,” who were sent out on small boats along Hunan’s complex network of rivers and canals. At the same time, archival evidence has shown how the story of how HBI acquired the property to build its spacious campus initially proved controversial and was indicative of how wealthy foreign institutions maintained a complex relationship with local interests during a very turbulent decade in China’s modern history..
{"title":"Beyond the Wall: Mapping Christian Fundamentalism in Hunan During the 1920s","authors":"James J. Hudson","doi":"10.1080/1547402X.2023.2191360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1547402X.2023.2191360","url":null,"abstract":"The Hunan Bible Institute (HBI) was a prominent missionary organization based out of the city of Changsha, the provincial capital of Hunan province, located far in China’s interior. By the 1920’s the HBI built a large compound located outside the eastern gate of the city, which mainly functioned as a training school for Chinese converts and missionaries. Despite Hunan’s reputation as one of the most radically anti-foreign regions of China, early efforts of evangelistic outreach were mainly achieved through the efforts of small “colporteur teams,” who were sent out on small boats along Hunan’s complex network of rivers and canals. At the same time, archival evidence has shown how the story of how HBI acquired the property to build its spacious campus initially proved controversial and was indicative of how wealthy foreign institutions maintained a complex relationship with local interests during a very turbulent decade in China’s modern history..","PeriodicalId":41429,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Historical Review","volume":"30 1","pages":"17 - 35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43879381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/1547402X.2023.2191363
Yi-Nou Chang
This article aims to discuss how Chinese People's Volunteer Army responded to the attack from the United Nation Force's tank divisions under unfavorable military condition during the Korean War. This research utilizes an array of primary materials produced by Chinese Communist military authorities and the U.S. Army. Although the Chinese had had relevant knowledge and experience in anti-tank warfare, these were outdated and inefficient to deal with those cutting-edge tanks used by UN forces. The quantity of Chinese tanks was far from enough. Even worse, Chinese army was not equipped with sufficient anti-tank guns. This forced them to seek for a new anti-tank system. Eventually, the Chinese invented a unique anti-tank warfare which fitted into the military context they had, and demonstrated their outstanding performance of military adaptation in the battles against UN tank divisions in the Korea War.
{"title":"Anti-Tank Warfare of the Chinese People’s Volunteer Army in the Korean War","authors":"Yi-Nou Chang","doi":"10.1080/1547402X.2023.2191363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1547402X.2023.2191363","url":null,"abstract":"This article aims to discuss how Chinese People's Volunteer Army responded to the attack from the United Nation Force's tank divisions under unfavorable military condition during the Korean War. This research utilizes an array of primary materials produced by Chinese Communist military authorities and the U.S. Army. Although the Chinese had had relevant knowledge and experience in anti-tank warfare, these were outdated and inefficient to deal with those cutting-edge tanks used by UN forces. The quantity of Chinese tanks was far from enough. Even worse, Chinese army was not equipped with sufficient anti-tank guns. This forced them to seek for a new anti-tank system. Eventually, the Chinese invented a unique anti-tank warfare which fitted into the military context they had, and demonstrated their outstanding performance of military adaptation in the battles against UN tank divisions in the Korea War.","PeriodicalId":41429,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Historical Review","volume":"30 1","pages":"76 - 102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44437933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/1547402x.2023.2191366
Xiaojia Hou
{"title":"Political Communication in Chinese and European History, 800-1600","authors":"Xiaojia Hou","doi":"10.1080/1547402x.2023.2191366","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1547402x.2023.2191366","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41429,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Historical Review","volume":"154 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135754742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/1547402X.2023.2191361
S. Lai
Chiang Kai-shek (1887-1975) has been one of the most controversial figures in Modern China since the early-1940s. One of the key issues in the controversy is whether Chiang paid more attention to the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) than to the Japanese during China’s war of resistance. This article attempts to answer this question through statistical analyzes of Chiang’s wartime diaries. Together with the question are Chiang’s considerations behind his critical decisions that would finally collapse the Republican China in 1949. The article demonstrates that the CCP received far less attention from Chiang than the issue of finance, let alone other issues. The times that the CCP received Chiang’s extraordinary attention was when it was conducting provoking operations against the Nationalist government.
{"title":"What Concerned Chiang? A Survey and Analysis of Chiang Kai-Shek’s Wartime Diaries","authors":"S. Lai","doi":"10.1080/1547402X.2023.2191361","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1547402X.2023.2191361","url":null,"abstract":"Chiang Kai-shek (1887-1975) has been one of the most controversial figures in Modern China since the early-1940s. One of the key issues in the controversy is whether Chiang paid more attention to the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) than to the Japanese during China’s war of resistance. This article attempts to answer this question through statistical analyzes of Chiang’s wartime diaries. Together with the question are Chiang’s considerations behind his critical decisions that would finally collapse the Republican China in 1949. The article demonstrates that the CCP received far less attention from Chiang than the issue of finance, let alone other issues. The times that the CCP received Chiang’s extraordinary attention was when it was conducting provoking operations against the Nationalist government.","PeriodicalId":41429,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Historical Review","volume":"30 1","pages":"36 - 55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43225885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/1547402x.2023.2191367
Jamie B. Davenport
{"title":"Becoming Guanyin: Artistic Devotion of Buddhist Women in Late Imperial China","authors":"Jamie B. Davenport","doi":"10.1080/1547402x.2023.2191367","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1547402x.2023.2191367","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41429,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Historical Review","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135754743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/1547402x.2023.2191368
Logan W. Ray
{"title":"The Oxford History of Modern China","authors":"Logan W. Ray","doi":"10.1080/1547402x.2023.2191368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1547402x.2023.2191368","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41429,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Historical Review","volume":"30 1","pages":"132 - 133"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46545240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/1547402X.2023.2191370
Yan Boqiao
through inference, acrimoniously criticized the creation of a document along with the government that promoted it. The people urged government officials to clarify the meaning of words, ideas, and phrases written in the constitution, which prompted those officials to create a vast amount of revisions. Despite the modifications, many citizens referred to the document as utter Bullshit. Consecutive PRC governments continued to propagate the draft with amendments and had lengthy debates concerning the constitution even up to the day which would become Constitution Day in China. Diamant draws upon the wealth of archive sources from the reformist and Maoist eras and deals with the vast amount of constitutional discussions and the documents eternally unknown of the late 1950s, the post-Mao, and Cultural Revolution periods. Useful Bullshit clarifies why and how the Chinese government recognizes and utilizes the constitution as a document of political standing and how a variety of citizens, such as police, university students, laborers, females, and citizens of different religions and ethnic backgrounds, responded to the constitution. Constitutions serve the purpose of politics, not the concern of the people. Diamant points out that the 1954 version of the constitution that Chinese officials drafted is a prime example of how the people were able to write letters with questions and concerns about drafting the Chinese constitution. However, officials would not consider these needs or concerns, seeing how government officials only made the draft to fit their personal needs and not about how the government would fulfill the needs of the people. Businesspeople and government officials saw the creation of a constitution as an opportunity to undermine the citizens they served and how they ran their businesses to keep all the profits for themselves, without regard for those who labored for those profits. Chinese constitutions are known by many to be legal Bullshit, but the Bullshit in these documents has been proven helpful on various occasions. Whether complicated or straightforward, constitutions do not show the legitimacy of a country or its people. But it serves as an agreement or relationship between government officials and the people for whom they have a duty. Constitutions are instruments designed to protect the people and serve as a plane among people in positions of authority and elected officials.
{"title":"Arise, Africa! Roar, China! : Black and Chinese Citizens of the World in the Twentieth Century","authors":"Yan Boqiao","doi":"10.1080/1547402X.2023.2191370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1547402X.2023.2191370","url":null,"abstract":"through inference, acrimoniously criticized the creation of a document along with the government that promoted it. The people urged government officials to clarify the meaning of words, ideas, and phrases written in the constitution, which prompted those officials to create a vast amount of revisions. Despite the modifications, many citizens referred to the document as utter Bullshit. Consecutive PRC governments continued to propagate the draft with amendments and had lengthy debates concerning the constitution even up to the day which would become Constitution Day in China. Diamant draws upon the wealth of archive sources from the reformist and Maoist eras and deals with the vast amount of constitutional discussions and the documents eternally unknown of the late 1950s, the post-Mao, and Cultural Revolution periods. Useful Bullshit clarifies why and how the Chinese government recognizes and utilizes the constitution as a document of political standing and how a variety of citizens, such as police, university students, laborers, females, and citizens of different religions and ethnic backgrounds, responded to the constitution. Constitutions serve the purpose of politics, not the concern of the people. Diamant points out that the 1954 version of the constitution that Chinese officials drafted is a prime example of how the people were able to write letters with questions and concerns about drafting the Chinese constitution. However, officials would not consider these needs or concerns, seeing how government officials only made the draft to fit their personal needs and not about how the government would fulfill the needs of the people. Businesspeople and government officials saw the creation of a constitution as an opportunity to undermine the citizens they served and how they ran their businesses to keep all the profits for themselves, without regard for those who labored for those profits. Chinese constitutions are known by many to be legal Bullshit, but the Bullshit in these documents has been proven helpful on various occasions. Whether complicated or straightforward, constitutions do not show the legitimacy of a country or its people. But it serves as an agreement or relationship between government officials and the people for whom they have a duty. Constitutions are instruments designed to protect the people and serve as a plane among people in positions of authority and elected officials.","PeriodicalId":41429,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Historical Review","volume":"30 1","pages":"135 - 137"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42436528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/1547402x.2023.2191365
Patrick Fuliang Shan
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{"title":"The Many Lives of the First Emperor of China","authors":"Patrick Fuliang Shan","doi":"10.1080/1547402x.2023.2191365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1547402x.2023.2191365","url":null,"abstract":"like","PeriodicalId":41429,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Historical Review","volume":"30 1","pages":"126 - 128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45098522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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