Pub Date : 2023-04-12DOI: 10.1080/10131752.2023.2195146
J. Alexander
Abstract Displacement has been a major theme in African literature and, arguably, a central preoccupation of African diasporic fiction on migration. This article examines three intertwined levels of displacement in NoViolet Bulawayo’s We Need New Names (London: Vintage, 2013). The first level is the internal displacement suffered by Zimbabweans in the aftermath of Operation Murambatsvina in 2005, which was purportedly aimed at cleansing urban areas of rubbish. The second level concerns the resultant emigration of Zimbabweans to other southern African countries to escape poverty. The third is exemplified by the illegal emigration of Bulawayo’s protagonist, Darling, to the USA. I argue that the three levels of displacement are rooted in the abjection induced by political, economic, and social disintegration. The analysis reveals why the characters in We Need New Names cannot enjoy the Afropolitan identity of characters in the works of diasporic authors like Taiye Selasi and Ngozi Chimamanda Adichie. The analysis counters Helon Habila’s criticism of Bulawayo’s novel as “poverty porn” and adds context to the discourse on migration, both legal and illegal, within and out of Africa.
{"title":"Displacement in NoViolet Bulawayo’s We Need New Names","authors":"J. Alexander","doi":"10.1080/10131752.2023.2195146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10131752.2023.2195146","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Displacement has been a major theme in African literature and, arguably, a central preoccupation of African diasporic fiction on migration. This article examines three intertwined levels of displacement in NoViolet Bulawayo’s We Need New Names (London: Vintage, 2013). The first level is the internal displacement suffered by Zimbabweans in the aftermath of Operation Murambatsvina in 2005, which was purportedly aimed at cleansing urban areas of rubbish. The second level concerns the resultant emigration of Zimbabweans to other southern African countries to escape poverty. The third is exemplified by the illegal emigration of Bulawayo’s protagonist, Darling, to the USA. I argue that the three levels of displacement are rooted in the abjection induced by political, economic, and social disintegration. The analysis reveals why the characters in We Need New Names cannot enjoy the Afropolitan identity of characters in the works of diasporic authors like Taiye Selasi and Ngozi Chimamanda Adichie. The analysis counters Helon Habila’s criticism of Bulawayo’s novel as “poverty porn” and adds context to the discourse on migration, both legal and illegal, within and out of Africa.","PeriodicalId":41471,"journal":{"name":"English Academy Review-Southern African Journal of English Studies","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84321776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/10131752.2023.2188669
Renato Tomei
Abstract Biblical scriptures, holy chants and prayers, stories of conquest and destruction, pilgrimages and diaspora narratives have provided a range of perspectives related to the city of Jerusalem. Different cultures and faiths have interpreted its symbolic value and claimed belonging, conquest, ownership, and possession. Amongst these are the Rastafari, members of a spiritual movement that originated in Jamaica, who claim Davidic roots and aim for repatriation to their Promised Land, the New Jerusalem. In their vision, the sacred space of the city of Jerusalem has been relocated to Ethiopia, the land where the Ark of the Covenant has been supposedly moved to, along with the throne of Solomon. The scope of this article is to contextualise how the dynamics of Rastafari mystical poetry have redefined a physical and metaphysical space and the significance of this space as expressed through the biblical archetype of Zion/Jerusalem. The contribution focuses on the comparative textual analysis of multimedia repertoires related to the symbolic and geographical (re)location of the sacred space of Zion/Jerusalem, highlighting how the interpretation of sacred texts and historical events has impacted the spiritual geography and cross-cultural Rastafari iconography at a global level.
{"title":"Relocating a Sacred Space: From Mount Zion to the New Jerusalem in the Mystic Poetry of Rastafari","authors":"Renato Tomei","doi":"10.1080/10131752.2023.2188669","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10131752.2023.2188669","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Biblical scriptures, holy chants and prayers, stories of conquest and destruction, pilgrimages and diaspora narratives have provided a range of perspectives related to the city of Jerusalem. Different cultures and faiths have interpreted its symbolic value and claimed belonging, conquest, ownership, and possession. Amongst these are the Rastafari, members of a spiritual movement that originated in Jamaica, who claim Davidic roots and aim for repatriation to their Promised Land, the New Jerusalem. In their vision, the sacred space of the city of Jerusalem has been relocated to Ethiopia, the land where the Ark of the Covenant has been supposedly moved to, along with the throne of Solomon. The scope of this article is to contextualise how the dynamics of Rastafari mystical poetry have redefined a physical and metaphysical space and the significance of this space as expressed through the biblical archetype of Zion/Jerusalem. The contribution focuses on the comparative textual analysis of multimedia repertoires related to the symbolic and geographical (re)location of the sacred space of Zion/Jerusalem, highlighting how the interpretation of sacred texts and historical events has impacted the spiritual geography and cross-cultural Rastafari iconography at a global level.","PeriodicalId":41471,"journal":{"name":"English Academy Review-Southern African Journal of English Studies","volume":"39 1","pages":"99 - 116"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84273641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/10131752.2023.2178170
Chhandita Das, P. Tripathi
Abstract Narrative geographies often curate human and non-human connections in space, which mark the spirit of the place. Beyond this frame, the intricate nexus between human geography, environmental mysticism, and theology has been discussed less often. This article seeks to explore the sacred hillscape of the Himalayan ranges and its contingent eco-mysticism through selected post-colonial essays in the collection Between Heaven and Earth: Writings on the Indian Hills, edited by Ruskin Bond and Bulbul Sharma (New Delhi: Speaking Tiger Books, 2022). The decolonial origin of “mysticism” can be traced to the Sanskrit word rahasya, meaning something implicit which is often engraved with the essence of religious spirituality. Across the Indian hills, the spatial network of mysticism and ecology procures an interdisciplinary crossroads with Hindu belief in the divine, which will be examined in this article through the interdisciplinary nodes of the environmental humanities. Further, the integration of Hindu mysticism with the spatial environment not only emphasises the conscious presence of sacredness in human geography, but also permeates the ethical imperative of eco-mysticism, which strives for an alternative consciousness about the contemporary ecological crisis.
{"title":"Exploring Eco-Mysticism in Between Heaven and Earth: Writings on the Indian Hills","authors":"Chhandita Das, P. Tripathi","doi":"10.1080/10131752.2023.2178170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10131752.2023.2178170","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Narrative geographies often curate human and non-human connections in space, which mark the spirit of the place. Beyond this frame, the intricate nexus between human geography, environmental mysticism, and theology has been discussed less often. This article seeks to explore the sacred hillscape of the Himalayan ranges and its contingent eco-mysticism through selected post-colonial essays in the collection Between Heaven and Earth: Writings on the Indian Hills, edited by Ruskin Bond and Bulbul Sharma (New Delhi: Speaking Tiger Books, 2022). The decolonial origin of “mysticism” can be traced to the Sanskrit word rahasya, meaning something implicit which is often engraved with the essence of religious spirituality. Across the Indian hills, the spatial network of mysticism and ecology procures an interdisciplinary crossroads with Hindu belief in the divine, which will be examined in this article through the interdisciplinary nodes of the environmental humanities. Further, the integration of Hindu mysticism with the spatial environment not only emphasises the conscious presence of sacredness in human geography, but also permeates the ethical imperative of eco-mysticism, which strives for an alternative consciousness about the contemporary ecological crisis.","PeriodicalId":41471,"journal":{"name":"English Academy Review-Southern African Journal of English Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":"68 - 82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82844937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/10131752.2023.2188668
Matteo Baraldo
Abstract Amba Gishen, a cross-shaped mountainous place in the Southern Wollo Zone of Ethiopia, has for centuries been the site of a royal medieval prison thanks to its geographical isolation on the top of an amba (flat-top mountain). The first African narrative source of the deposition of a relic at Amba Gishen is cited in one of the most sacred Christian manuscripts of Ethiopia, the Mäshafä Tefut (fifteenth century). The presence of a holy relic, the fragment of the True Cross brought here by emperor Zara Yacoq in 1446, changed the meaning of that space for the Ethiopian people. The shifting topographies, from Mountain of the Royal Family to Mount of Myrrh, metaphorically referring to the myrrh associated with the Passion of Christ, have given way to a devotional focus and function, making Amba Gishen one of the holiest places in the land. As a place and site of confinement, however, the space inspired distorted imagery of Abyssinia, as conveyed by Anglophone travel narratives. The scope of the present research is to illustrate the dynamics in determining the sacralisation of spaces by their topographical morphology. This is achieved through the (re-)appropriation of natural spaces from the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church and through resisting the desacralisation featured in Western narratives.
{"title":"Mapping Ethiopia’s Ancient Spirituality and Amba Gishen: From Sacralisation to Desacralisation","authors":"Matteo Baraldo","doi":"10.1080/10131752.2023.2188668","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10131752.2023.2188668","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Amba Gishen, a cross-shaped mountainous place in the Southern Wollo Zone of Ethiopia, has for centuries been the site of a royal medieval prison thanks to its geographical isolation on the top of an amba (flat-top mountain). The first African narrative source of the deposition of a relic at Amba Gishen is cited in one of the most sacred Christian manuscripts of Ethiopia, the Mäshafä Tefut (fifteenth century). The presence of a holy relic, the fragment of the True Cross brought here by emperor Zara Yacoq in 1446, changed the meaning of that space for the Ethiopian people. The shifting topographies, from Mountain of the Royal Family to Mount of Myrrh, metaphorically referring to the myrrh associated with the Passion of Christ, have given way to a devotional focus and function, making Amba Gishen one of the holiest places in the land. As a place and site of confinement, however, the space inspired distorted imagery of Abyssinia, as conveyed by Anglophone travel narratives. The scope of the present research is to illustrate the dynamics in determining the sacralisation of spaces by their topographical morphology. This is achieved through the (re-)appropriation of natural spaces from the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church and through resisting the desacralisation featured in Western narratives.","PeriodicalId":41471,"journal":{"name":"English Academy Review-Southern African Journal of English Studies","volume":"18 1","pages":"83 - 98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81505527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/10131752.2023.2187162
Rosanna Masiola
Abstract John Bradburne’s (1921–1979) poetics of sacred space and sacred waters highlights a geo-specific correlation between theology and topophilia. There is a world of water enclosed within the sacred woods and mountains, rocks, grottoes, and caves where this lay Franciscan servant of God prayed and had his ecstatic visions. The topophilia and cosmology of the Canticle of the Creatures of Saint Francis underlie Bradburne’s poetic inspiration, as waters flow in profusion from fountains, lakes, rivers, wells, and pools. The scope of the present research is to chart Bradburne’s Franciscan and Marian devotion and the dynamics determining the sacralisation of spaces and lustral waters. Thus, the action of Bradburne bathing patients in the Mutemwa leper colony near Mutoko, together with the pool of water on Mount Chigona where Bradburne bathed, contextualised a space of purification, contemplation, and harmony, while the civil war raged around Mashonaland in Zimbabwe. The element of water seems to map out Bradburne’s mystic life, from his birthplace near the Lake District and Devon to Lourdes and Assisi, to India, the waters of Galilee, and the Libyan oasis—and, eventually, to the pool on Mount Chigona. Since Bradburne’s death, the Mount has become a site of pilgrimage and devotion.
{"title":"Theology and Topophilia in Sacred Spaces: John Bradburne’s Way of the Water","authors":"Rosanna Masiola","doi":"10.1080/10131752.2023.2187162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10131752.2023.2187162","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract John Bradburne’s (1921–1979) poetics of sacred space and sacred waters highlights a geo-specific correlation between theology and topophilia. There is a world of water enclosed within the sacred woods and mountains, rocks, grottoes, and caves where this lay Franciscan servant of God prayed and had his ecstatic visions. The topophilia and cosmology of the Canticle of the Creatures of Saint Francis underlie Bradburne’s poetic inspiration, as waters flow in profusion from fountains, lakes, rivers, wells, and pools. The scope of the present research is to chart Bradburne’s Franciscan and Marian devotion and the dynamics determining the sacralisation of spaces and lustral waters. Thus, the action of Bradburne bathing patients in the Mutemwa leper colony near Mutoko, together with the pool of water on Mount Chigona where Bradburne bathed, contextualised a space of purification, contemplation, and harmony, while the civil war raged around Mashonaland in Zimbabwe. The element of water seems to map out Bradburne’s mystic life, from his birthplace near the Lake District and Devon to Lourdes and Assisi, to India, the waters of Galilee, and the Libyan oasis—and, eventually, to the pool on Mount Chigona. Since Bradburne’s death, the Mount has become a site of pilgrimage and devotion.","PeriodicalId":41471,"journal":{"name":"English Academy Review-Southern African Journal of English Studies","volume":"3 1","pages":"39 - 54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82414734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/10131752.2023.2187006
Sithembele Xhegwana
{"title":"Notes on an Aesthetic","authors":"Sithembele Xhegwana","doi":"10.1080/10131752.2023.2187006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10131752.2023.2187006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41471,"journal":{"name":"English Academy Review-Southern African Journal of English Studies","volume":"48 1","pages":"119 - 128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73401072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/10131752.2023.2187131
Niyi Akingbe
Abstract In this article I argue that the sacred in John Pepper Clark-Bekederemo’s Remains of a Tide (Ibadan: Mosuro, 2018) and Harry Garuba’s Animist Chants and Memorials (Ibadan: Kraft Books, 2017) evokes a contestation of meanings involving “claimed” and “unclaimed” spaces of the sacred. In the analysis of these poetry collections, I apply Paul Ricoeur’s narrative theory of memory, and concepts of mythology and mysticism. The unclaimed space in the two collections remains impenetrable, deified, and fetishised, but the claimed space is accessible, liberal, and imaginable. In interaction with the unclaimed space, the claimed space breaks the barriers insulating the unclaimed space to interrogate the real and unreal. The claimed space also accommodates the depiction of symbolic objects of interest by the two poets. For both Clark-Bekederemo and Garuba, landscapes, introspection, and recollection are symptomatic responses to experiences of rupture between the claimed and the unclaimed spaces. This article also illustrates that during a rupture, the unclaimed space can take on new meanings and stereotypical symbols can be reshaped. The sacred in literature is complicated by a structure that blends elements of the familiar and the strange in unusual configurations. The sacred in the two poetry collections is delineated along imagined and reimagined spaces.
{"title":"Locating the Sacred: “Claimed” and “Unclaimed” Spaces in John P. Clark-Bekederemo’s Remains of a Tide and Harry Garuba’s Animist Chants and Memorials","authors":"Niyi Akingbe","doi":"10.1080/10131752.2023.2187131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10131752.2023.2187131","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this article I argue that the sacred in John Pepper Clark-Bekederemo’s Remains of a Tide (Ibadan: Mosuro, 2018) and Harry Garuba’s Animist Chants and Memorials (Ibadan: Kraft Books, 2017) evokes a contestation of meanings involving “claimed” and “unclaimed” spaces of the sacred. In the analysis of these poetry collections, I apply Paul Ricoeur’s narrative theory of memory, and concepts of mythology and mysticism. The unclaimed space in the two collections remains impenetrable, deified, and fetishised, but the claimed space is accessible, liberal, and imaginable. In interaction with the unclaimed space, the claimed space breaks the barriers insulating the unclaimed space to interrogate the real and unreal. The claimed space also accommodates the depiction of symbolic objects of interest by the two poets. For both Clark-Bekederemo and Garuba, landscapes, introspection, and recollection are symptomatic responses to experiences of rupture between the claimed and the unclaimed spaces. This article also illustrates that during a rupture, the unclaimed space can take on new meanings and stereotypical symbols can be reshaped. The sacred in literature is complicated by a structure that blends elements of the familiar and the strange in unusual configurations. The sacred in the two poetry collections is delineated along imagined and reimagined spaces.","PeriodicalId":41471,"journal":{"name":"English Academy Review-Southern African Journal of English Studies","volume":"72 1","pages":"7 - 22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79966851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/10131752.2023.2203533
{"title":"About the English Academy of Southern Africa","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/10131752.2023.2203533","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10131752.2023.2203533","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41471,"journal":{"name":"English Academy Review-Southern African Journal of English Studies","volume":"29 1","pages":"129 - 133"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78804605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/10131752.2023.2184016
G. Fincham
Abstract Julia Martin’s A Millimetre of Dust: Visiting Ancestral Sites (Cape Town: Kwela, 2008) and Bruce Chatwin’s The Songlines (London: Picador/Pan Books, 1987) celebrate the worldviews of indigenous South African and Australian people respectively. Indigenous understandings of the world turn on kinship with nature rather than control of nature, and are spiritual rather than material. Martin’s travelogue refuses to privilege humans over animals, and Chatwin’s text illustrates the inseparability of the sacred and the profane in the lives of Aboriginals. Both authors present readers with mysteries: the imagined presence of vanished Khoisan people, and the invisible pathways across Australia sung into existence by the ancestors of Aboriginals. Both authors know that the stories they are telling are necessarily a collection of fragments that resist translation and appropriation. Yet thinking about these indigenous fragments can rescue us from the spiritual denials of our commercialised world. Finally, I follow Barry Lopez in suggesting ways in which readers of Chatwin’s and Martin’s texts can be inducted into a heightened ecological awareness, drawing on the senses, memory, and narrative to convert the places we know into the sacred spaces of our imagination.
{"title":"Travel, Indigeneity, Ecocriticism, and the Sacred in Bruce Chatwin’s The Songlines and Julia Martin’s A Millimetre of Dust","authors":"G. Fincham","doi":"10.1080/10131752.2023.2184016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10131752.2023.2184016","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Julia Martin’s A Millimetre of Dust: Visiting Ancestral Sites (Cape Town: Kwela, 2008) and Bruce Chatwin’s The Songlines (London: Picador/Pan Books, 1987) celebrate the worldviews of indigenous South African and Australian people respectively. Indigenous understandings of the world turn on kinship with nature rather than control of nature, and are spiritual rather than material. Martin’s travelogue refuses to privilege humans over animals, and Chatwin’s text illustrates the inseparability of the sacred and the profane in the lives of Aboriginals. Both authors present readers with mysteries: the imagined presence of vanished Khoisan people, and the invisible pathways across Australia sung into existence by the ancestors of Aboriginals. Both authors know that the stories they are telling are necessarily a collection of fragments that resist translation and appropriation. Yet thinking about these indigenous fragments can rescue us from the spiritual denials of our commercialised world. Finally, I follow Barry Lopez in suggesting ways in which readers of Chatwin’s and Martin’s texts can be inducted into a heightened ecological awareness, drawing on the senses, memory, and narrative to convert the places we know into the sacred spaces of our imagination.","PeriodicalId":41471,"journal":{"name":"English Academy Review-Southern African Journal of English Studies","volume":"71 1","pages":"23 - 38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83889819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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