Pub Date : 2014-10-23DOI: 10.1109/UPEC.2014.6934660
K. Matsuda, T. Higo, N. Nagaoka, Atsushi Namba
An equivalent circuit of a photovoltaic (PV) panel for transient analysis is proposed in this paper. The circuit is based on a conventional equivalent circuit consisting of a photo current and a non-linear resistor for expressing DC characteristic of the PV panel. The transient characteristic is modeled by linear lumped-elements additional to the model. The equivalent internal inductance of the panel is theoretically derived by reducing a multi-phase inductance matrix. The parameters of the lumped circuit are derived from a measured transient responses of a voltage and a current at a short-circuit fault. A program estimating the circuit parameters from the measured result is developed in this paper. In the program the equivalent circuit is divided into two for avoiding instability and for reducing the calculation time. The circuit parameters are obtained by iterative approximations for each circuit. The proposed equivalent circuit can express a high frequency characteristic as well as DC characteristic.
{"title":"A simple lumped-equivalent circuit of a photovoltaic panel for transient simulations","authors":"K. Matsuda, T. Higo, N. Nagaoka, Atsushi Namba","doi":"10.1109/UPEC.2014.6934660","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/UPEC.2014.6934660","url":null,"abstract":"An equivalent circuit of a photovoltaic (PV) panel for transient analysis is proposed in this paper. The circuit is based on a conventional equivalent circuit consisting of a photo current and a non-linear resistor for expressing DC characteristic of the PV panel. The transient characteristic is modeled by linear lumped-elements additional to the model. The equivalent internal inductance of the panel is theoretically derived by reducing a multi-phase inductance matrix. The parameters of the lumped circuit are derived from a measured transient responses of a voltage and a current at a short-circuit fault. A program estimating the circuit parameters from the measured result is developed in this paper. In the program the equivalent circuit is divided into two for avoiding instability and for reducing the calculation time. The circuit parameters are obtained by iterative approximations for each circuit. The proposed equivalent circuit can express a high frequency characteristic as well as DC characteristic.","PeriodicalId":414838,"journal":{"name":"2014 49th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC)","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116787130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-23DOI: 10.1109/UPEC.2014.6934651
Shujian Chen, L. Jiang, W. Yao, Q. Wu
The conventional switched system generally designs switched control actions to switch between different subsystems to make sure a stable global system. In this paper, the author focuses on how to apply switched system methodologies to analyze stability of power systems, especial for power systems under faults. The recent development in stability analysis and control design of switched systems is surveyed at first. Secondly, the model of a switched power system is introduced, and multiple Lyapunov functions (MLF) are defined for power systems under different stages caused by faults. A new method depending on MLF is introduced to find the critical clearing time (CCT). Finally, the proposed approach is verified by simulation test based on a single machine infinite bus (SMIB) power system. The result presented in this paper demonstrates that the power system can be regarded as an aggregation of a number of switched subsystems and the corresponding stability can be analyzed by MLF.
{"title":"Application of switched system theory in power system stability","authors":"Shujian Chen, L. Jiang, W. Yao, Q. Wu","doi":"10.1109/UPEC.2014.6934651","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/UPEC.2014.6934651","url":null,"abstract":"The conventional switched system generally designs switched control actions to switch between different subsystems to make sure a stable global system. In this paper, the author focuses on how to apply switched system methodologies to analyze stability of power systems, especial for power systems under faults. The recent development in stability analysis and control design of switched systems is surveyed at first. Secondly, the model of a switched power system is introduced, and multiple Lyapunov functions (MLF) are defined for power systems under different stages caused by faults. A new method depending on MLF is introduced to find the critical clearing time (CCT). Finally, the proposed approach is verified by simulation test based on a single machine infinite bus (SMIB) power system. The result presented in this paper demonstrates that the power system can be regarded as an aggregation of a number of switched subsystems and the corresponding stability can be analyzed by MLF.","PeriodicalId":414838,"journal":{"name":"2014 49th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC)","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127302664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-23DOI: 10.1109/UPEC.2014.6934804
Balan Horia, Pop Adrian Augustin, Buzdugan Mircea, B. Ioan
This paper presents state-of-the-art elements in the context of energy increasing efficiency and of the development of various renewable energy sources. The utilization of power electronic converters gives proper answer to this goal regarding the transport and distribution of electrical energy. For multilevel converters, the synthesized waveform is experimentally tested using a programmable source as emulator.
{"title":"Analysis of multilevel converters operation through programmable source emulators","authors":"Balan Horia, Pop Adrian Augustin, Buzdugan Mircea, B. Ioan","doi":"10.1109/UPEC.2014.6934804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/UPEC.2014.6934804","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents state-of-the-art elements in the context of energy increasing efficiency and of the development of various renewable energy sources. The utilization of power electronic converters gives proper answer to this goal regarding the transport and distribution of electrical energy. For multilevel converters, the synthesized waveform is experimentally tested using a programmable source as emulator.","PeriodicalId":414838,"journal":{"name":"2014 49th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125791732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-23DOI: 10.1109/UPEC.2014.6934596
I. Pisica, G. Taylor, Sebastian Traistaru
This paper gives an overview of the Particle Swarm Optimization technique with the aim of investigating its applicability to minimizing losses in a power distribution system. The suitability of this method is investigated by emphasizing the impact of its intrinsic parameters on the results. The investigation employs particle swarm optimization on a test system by controlling the generator voltages, transformer taps and the reactive power in the capacitor banks for each load bus. In total it contains 33 control variables: 5 generators (not including the terminal bus), 4 transformers and 24 capacitor banks. A theoretical approach of the PSO is given in the beginning, followed by the simulation results and analyses.
{"title":"Investigation of Particle Swarm Optimization as technique for reactive power dispatch in smart grids","authors":"I. Pisica, G. Taylor, Sebastian Traistaru","doi":"10.1109/UPEC.2014.6934596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/UPEC.2014.6934596","url":null,"abstract":"This paper gives an overview of the Particle Swarm Optimization technique with the aim of investigating its applicability to minimizing losses in a power distribution system. The suitability of this method is investigated by emphasizing the impact of its intrinsic parameters on the results. The investigation employs particle swarm optimization on a test system by controlling the generator voltages, transformer taps and the reactive power in the capacitor banks for each load bus. In total it contains 33 control variables: 5 generators (not including the terminal bus), 4 transformers and 24 capacitor banks. A theoretical approach of the PSO is given in the beginning, followed by the simulation results and analyses.","PeriodicalId":414838,"journal":{"name":"2014 49th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC)","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126912902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-23DOI: 10.1109/UPEC.2014.6934611
L. Kaira, M. Nthontho, S. Chowdhury
Demand side management is a concept that deals with efficient usage of electric energy at the consumer side. Its main objective is to reduce the energy demand of consumers. Demand is growing at a rate that is challenging for utility companies to keep up with. One of the ways of achieving demand side management is by utilizing appliance controller devices. An appliance controller device is a device installed within the premises of a customer. The function of the device is to regulate electricity use by controlling electric appliances within the customer's premises. This paper therefore simulated domestic energy consumption. Algorithms which control consumption during peak hours were developed. The results indicate that a 40% reduction in peak time energy demand was achieved for a domestic consumer. This translates to an annual energy bill saving of 6% using South African practice of time-of-use tariffs for domestic customers. The algorithm was found to succeed in reduction of peak time energy demand. The objectives of this paper are limited to investigating and developing control algorithms for appliance controller devices.
{"title":"Achieving demand side management with appliance controller devices","authors":"L. Kaira, M. Nthontho, S. Chowdhury","doi":"10.1109/UPEC.2014.6934611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/UPEC.2014.6934611","url":null,"abstract":"Demand side management is a concept that deals with efficient usage of electric energy at the consumer side. Its main objective is to reduce the energy demand of consumers. Demand is growing at a rate that is challenging for utility companies to keep up with. One of the ways of achieving demand side management is by utilizing appliance controller devices. An appliance controller device is a device installed within the premises of a customer. The function of the device is to regulate electricity use by controlling electric appliances within the customer's premises. This paper therefore simulated domestic energy consumption. Algorithms which control consumption during peak hours were developed. The results indicate that a 40% reduction in peak time energy demand was achieved for a domestic consumer. This translates to an annual energy bill saving of 6% using South African practice of time-of-use tariffs for domestic customers. The algorithm was found to succeed in reduction of peak time energy demand. The objectives of this paper are limited to investigating and developing control algorithms for appliance controller devices.","PeriodicalId":414838,"journal":{"name":"2014 49th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC)","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116184605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-23DOI: 10.1109/UPEC.2014.6934719
A. Alikhanzadeh, C. Saunders, I. Pisica, P. Ashton, G. Taylor
This paper describes the impact of ICT on the future development of pan-European power systems up to the 2050 time horizon. More innovative power delivery, supported by state-of-the-art ICT, is essential for the future development of low-carbon and more extensively integrated power systems. The most physically quantifiable ICT components: storage, bandwidth, and computational power are introduced alongside the appropriate qualitative ICT objectives of resilience, maintenance, privacy and cyber security, and interoperability. Relevant ICT infrastructures are classified and these infrastructures are mapped to the power system domains in order to illustrate their interactions and domain relevance. Finally, in order to consider the role of ICT infrastructure in future scenarios, a range of potential benefits that ICT can bring into future power systems are quantified, and the costs of implementing ICT infrastructures and benefits enabled through ICT are compared for a specific scenario.
{"title":"Impacts of ICT on the pan-European power system up to the 2050 time horizon","authors":"A. Alikhanzadeh, C. Saunders, I. Pisica, P. Ashton, G. Taylor","doi":"10.1109/UPEC.2014.6934719","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/UPEC.2014.6934719","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the impact of ICT on the future development of pan-European power systems up to the 2050 time horizon. More innovative power delivery, supported by state-of-the-art ICT, is essential for the future development of low-carbon and more extensively integrated power systems. The most physically quantifiable ICT components: storage, bandwidth, and computational power are introduced alongside the appropriate qualitative ICT objectives of resilience, maintenance, privacy and cyber security, and interoperability. Relevant ICT infrastructures are classified and these infrastructures are mapped to the power system domains in order to illustrate their interactions and domain relevance. Finally, in order to consider the role of ICT infrastructure in future scenarios, a range of potential benefits that ICT can bring into future power systems are quantified, and the costs of implementing ICT infrastructures and benefits enabled through ICT are compared for a specific scenario.","PeriodicalId":414838,"journal":{"name":"2014 49th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC)","volume":"511 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116204840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-23DOI: 10.1109/UPEC.2014.6934785
Panagiotis Dimitriadis, M. Darwish
This paper focuses on the design of an electronic circuit which can be used in conjunction with the power supplies used at the input of non-linear loads (computers, TV sets, etc.) in order to filter out the input current harmonics in such loads. The electronic circuit will fill the gaps of the distorted current waveform so that it becomes sinusoidal and also in phase with the mains supply. In this paper different configurations of the proposed electronic circuit are covered (depending on the location with respect to the non-linear load). An optimization algorithm is carried out in order to find the best location, minimum device rating for different type of loads. The proposed circuit monitors the input current, output voltage and power rating of the power supply. The circuit will then decide whether to filter the input current harmonics or the output voltage harmonics. The circuit will also optimize the best switching frequency for the required load so that the power supply operates at the maximum possible efficiency.
{"title":"Harmonic correction in power supplies feeding non-linear loads","authors":"Panagiotis Dimitriadis, M. Darwish","doi":"10.1109/UPEC.2014.6934785","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/UPEC.2014.6934785","url":null,"abstract":"This paper focuses on the design of an electronic circuit which can be used in conjunction with the power supplies used at the input of non-linear loads (computers, TV sets, etc.) in order to filter out the input current harmonics in such loads. The electronic circuit will fill the gaps of the distorted current waveform so that it becomes sinusoidal and also in phase with the mains supply. In this paper different configurations of the proposed electronic circuit are covered (depending on the location with respect to the non-linear load). An optimization algorithm is carried out in order to find the best location, minimum device rating for different type of loads. The proposed circuit monitors the input current, output voltage and power rating of the power supply. The circuit will then decide whether to filter the input current harmonics or the output voltage harmonics. The circuit will also optimize the best switching frequency for the required load so that the power supply operates at the maximum possible efficiency.","PeriodicalId":414838,"journal":{"name":"2014 49th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122636146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-23DOI: 10.1109/UPEC.2014.6934750
R. Rabbani, Mohsen Mohammadi, S. K. Kerahroudi, A. Zobaa, G. Taylor
Energy and environmental issues are two of the greatest challenges facing the world today. In response to energy needs and environmental concerns, renewable energy technologies are now considered the future technologies of choice. Renewable energy is produced from natural sources that are clean and free; however, it is widely accepted that renewable energy is not a solution without challenges. An example of this can be seen in the UK, where there is much interest amongst generation developers in the construction of new large scale onshore and offshore wind farms, especially in Scotland. The stability of electric power systems is also an important issue. It is important to have full knowledge of the system and to be able to predict the behaviour under different situations is an important objective. As a result, several industrial grade power system simulator tools have been developed in order to estimate the behaviour of the electric power system under certain conditions. This paper presents a reduced Great Britain (GB) system model for stability analysis using PSCAD/EMTDC. The reduced model is based upon a future GB transmission system model and, hence, contains different types and mix of generation, HVDC transmission lines and additional interconnection. The model is based on the reduced DIgSILENT PowerFactory model developed by National Grid.
{"title":"Modelling of reduced GB transmission system in PSCAD/EMTDC","authors":"R. Rabbani, Mohsen Mohammadi, S. K. Kerahroudi, A. Zobaa, G. Taylor","doi":"10.1109/UPEC.2014.6934750","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/UPEC.2014.6934750","url":null,"abstract":"Energy and environmental issues are two of the greatest challenges facing the world today. In response to energy needs and environmental concerns, renewable energy technologies are now considered the future technologies of choice. Renewable energy is produced from natural sources that are clean and free; however, it is widely accepted that renewable energy is not a solution without challenges. An example of this can be seen in the UK, where there is much interest amongst generation developers in the construction of new large scale onshore and offshore wind farms, especially in Scotland. The stability of electric power systems is also an important issue. It is important to have full knowledge of the system and to be able to predict the behaviour under different situations is an important objective. As a result, several industrial grade power system simulator tools have been developed in order to estimate the behaviour of the electric power system under certain conditions. This paper presents a reduced Great Britain (GB) system model for stability analysis using PSCAD/EMTDC. The reduced model is based upon a future GB transmission system model and, hence, contains different types and mix of generation, HVDC transmission lines and additional interconnection. The model is based on the reduced DIgSILENT PowerFactory model developed by National Grid.","PeriodicalId":414838,"journal":{"name":"2014 49th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114137940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-23DOI: 10.1109/UPEC.2014.6934694
D. Raisz, Janos Gonczi
Major advantages of compensated networks are the self-extinction of arcing faults and that the RMS of the single phase to ground (SPG) fault current is small, and therefore the fault can theoretically be allowed to persist for several hours. The continuous operation of the system can be sustained during a SPG fault in order to continuously supply the consumers if the touch voltage at the poles remains small. A great disadvantage of compensated networks, however, is the complicated way a SPG fault can be located. The first part of this paper contains a short review on problems related to distribution system operators' (DSOs) current practice regarding Earth fault location and sustained faulty operation of compensated networks. Some fault localization methods published in the literature will then be shortly summarized and compared based on computer simulation using EMTP software. Advantages and disadvantages of different methods will be shown. An innovative device and method will be presented that was implemented at two Hungarian DSOs. An evaluation of the operation experience will be given based on real field measurement data. The main contribution of the paper is the proposal for a fault location method that greatly increases system reliability indices and is therefore economically feasible in most distribution systems.
{"title":"Fault location methods at compensated MV networks","authors":"D. Raisz, Janos Gonczi","doi":"10.1109/UPEC.2014.6934694","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/UPEC.2014.6934694","url":null,"abstract":"Major advantages of compensated networks are the self-extinction of arcing faults and that the RMS of the single phase to ground (SPG) fault current is small, and therefore the fault can theoretically be allowed to persist for several hours. The continuous operation of the system can be sustained during a SPG fault in order to continuously supply the consumers if the touch voltage at the poles remains small. A great disadvantage of compensated networks, however, is the complicated way a SPG fault can be located. The first part of this paper contains a short review on problems related to distribution system operators' (DSOs) current practice regarding Earth fault location and sustained faulty operation of compensated networks. Some fault localization methods published in the literature will then be shortly summarized and compared based on computer simulation using EMTP software. Advantages and disadvantages of different methods will be shown. An innovative device and method will be presented that was implemented at two Hungarian DSOs. An evaluation of the operation experience will be given based on real field measurement data. The main contribution of the paper is the proposal for a fault location method that greatly increases system reliability indices and is therefore economically feasible in most distribution systems.","PeriodicalId":414838,"journal":{"name":"2014 49th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC)","volume":"40 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116588397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-23DOI: 10.1109/UPEC.2014.6934695
C. Mullen, P. Taylor, V. Thornley, N. Wade
Electricity customers on the GB network pay transmission network use of service (TNUoS) charges. For half-hourly metered (HHM) customers there are “Triad” demand charges which apply to three half-hour periods per year. The periods represent peak system demand and are not known in advance. These (HHM) customers can reduce their Triad charge by minimizing their demand during periods which have a high likelihood of being a Triad. Suppliers and energy service companies can provide warnings of these periods. Many commercial customers have on-site emergency generators to ensure the continuity of critical supplies in case of a supply failure which could be engaged to reduce Triad demand. This paper describes a model of the costs of transmission charges (Triad), distribution network use-of-service charges (DUoS) and energy charges for half-hourly (HH) metered customers. It models the effect of using a standby generator for reducing these costs and calculates the fuel cost and the quantity of CO2 emissions. The model is applied a case study of a building at Newcastle University in which the use of standby generation for Triad avoidance is compared against the existing costs. The cost of diesel fuel consumption is also considered so that the net benefit of using standby generation for Triad avoidance can be determined.
{"title":"Use of standby generation for reduction of transmission network charges for half-hourly metered customers","authors":"C. Mullen, P. Taylor, V. Thornley, N. Wade","doi":"10.1109/UPEC.2014.6934695","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/UPEC.2014.6934695","url":null,"abstract":"Electricity customers on the GB network pay transmission network use of service (TNUoS) charges. For half-hourly metered (HHM) customers there are “Triad” demand charges which apply to three half-hour periods per year. The periods represent peak system demand and are not known in advance. These (HHM) customers can reduce their Triad charge by minimizing their demand during periods which have a high likelihood of being a Triad. Suppliers and energy service companies can provide warnings of these periods. Many commercial customers have on-site emergency generators to ensure the continuity of critical supplies in case of a supply failure which could be engaged to reduce Triad demand. This paper describes a model of the costs of transmission charges (Triad), distribution network use-of-service charges (DUoS) and energy charges for half-hourly (HH) metered customers. It models the effect of using a standby generator for reducing these costs and calculates the fuel cost and the quantity of CO2 emissions. The model is applied a case study of a building at Newcastle University in which the use of standby generation for Triad avoidance is compared against the existing costs. The cost of diesel fuel consumption is also considered so that the net benefit of using standby generation for Triad avoidance can be determined.","PeriodicalId":414838,"journal":{"name":"2014 49th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC)","volume":"217 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116612801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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