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Quantitative Portfolio Management Through Carbon Budgeting in a PSX Perspective PSX视角下碳预算量化投资组合管理
Q4 BUSINESS, FINANCE Pub Date : 2022-12-12 DOI: 10.28992/ijsam.v6i2.650
M. I. Majeed, Unbreen Arif
Portfolio management requires investment managers to consider investor preferences before taking any investment decisions. Some of the investors might be interested in building a clean, environmentally friendly, and carbon-free portfolio, assuming it as their corporate social responsibility (CSR) or owing to some fear of future loss arising from the ban on environment-hampering companies that might not be following the environmental, social, and governance (ESG) requirements. Historically, we have seen a ban on Chinese products because of the issues of carbon emissions. Similarly, during SMOG, many brick kilns and iron foundries are closed in Pakistan every year. The carbon budgeting on the portfolio can help achieve the CSR and sustainability goals of investors. The study attempts to develop a portfolio based on historical data, which could yield optimum results while remaining carbon conscious. The study aims to find the best-performing portfolio that could be more ESG compliant and may achieve CSR objectives to protect the environment and investors’ interests simultaneously. The findings show that companies segregated based on carbon footprint can create a carbon-free portfolio (approximately 25%) without a material impact on the expected risk and return profile. To be more ESG compliant, an investor can compromise slightly on returns, that is, only compromising 3% of the profit, we can maintain a 50% compliant portfolio in Pakistan’s environment. The study tries to improve the understanding of regulatory requirements but would also help us gain the confidence of investors who are keen to see carbon-free portfolios or in other words want to ensure investments in environmentally friendly industries.
投资组合管理要求投资经理在做出任何投资决策之前考虑投资者的偏好。一些投资者可能有兴趣建立一个清洁、环保和无碳的投资组合,将其视为他们的企业社会责任(CSR),或者因为担心环境禁令会给那些可能不遵守环境、社会和治理(ESG)要求的公司带来未来的损失。从历史上看,由于碳排放问题,我们曾看到对中国产品的禁令。同样,在SMOG期间,巴基斯坦每年都有许多砖窑和铸铁厂关闭。投资组合的碳预算有助于实现投资者的企业社会责任和可持续发展目标。这项研究试图根据历史数据开发一个投资组合,在保持碳意识的同时产生最佳结果。该研究旨在寻找表现最好的投资组合,该投资组合可能更符合ESG,并可能实现企业社会责任目标,以同时保护环境和投资者利益。研究结果表明,根据碳足迹进行分离的公司可以创建无碳投资组合(约25%),而不会对预期风险和回报产生实质性影响。为了更符合ESG,投资者可以在回报上稍微妥协,也就是说,只妥协3%的利润,我们就可以在巴基斯坦的环境中维持50%的合规投资组合。这项研究试图提高对监管要求的理解,但也有助于我们获得投资者的信心,他们渴望看到无碳投资组合,或者换句话说,希望确保投资于环保行业。
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引用次数: 0
Corporate Governance Quality and Capital Structure Dynamics: Evidence from Pakistan 公司治理质量与资本结构动态:来自巴基斯坦的证据
Q4 BUSINESS, FINANCE Pub Date : 2022-12-12 DOI: 10.28992/ijsam.v6i2.435
Muhammad Imran Khan, I. Saba, Rehana Kouser
Corporate governance is highlighted as an important aspect of developing economies. The literature well explained the relationship between corporate governance and capital structure, but little is known about the role of debt as a takeover defense and disciplinary tool, particularly for a debt-based economy such as Pakistan. This study used data from 173 non-financial firms listed on a stock exchange in Pakistan from 2008 to 2017. For the empirical investigation, the study incorporated the Orthogonal Generalized Method of Momentum approach to unbalanced panel data owing to endogeneity. The findings show that in over-levered firms, the adjustment speed of capital structure is slower with weak corporate governance. This result indicates that managers use debt as a takeover defense tool to protect their jobs, even at the cost of shareholders’ benefits. However, for under-levered firms, the adjustment speed of capital structure with weak governance is slower. This aspect specifies that the disciplinary effect of debt is more important for managers. This study concludes that managers with weak corporate governance take benefits at the cost of shareholders’ wealth. The study recommends that managers should develop an understanding of corporate governance to safeguard the rights of the shareholders.
公司治理是发展中经济体的一个重要方面。文献很好地解释了公司治理与资本结构之间的关系,但对债务作为收购防御和纪律工具的作用知之甚少,特别是对于像巴基斯坦这样的以债务为基础的经济体。这项研究使用了2008年至2017年在巴基斯坦证券交易所上市的173家非金融公司的数据。在实证研究中,本研究将动量的正交广义方法引入到由于内生性而导致的不平衡面板数据中。研究发现,在杠杆过高的企业中,资本结构调整速度较慢,公司治理较弱。这一结果表明,管理者利用债务作为一种防御收购的工具来保护自己的工作,甚至不惜以牺牲股东利益为代价。而对于杠杆不足的企业,治理薄弱的资本结构调整速度较慢。这一方面说明债务的惩戒效果对管理者来说更为重要。本研究的结论是,公司治理薄弱的管理者以牺牲股东财富为代价获取利益。研究建议,管理者应发展对公司治理的理解,以维护股东的权利。
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引用次数: 0
The Role of Green Entrepreneurship and Green Variables in Sustainable Development in the Culinary Sector in Indonesia: Early Days of the COVID-19 Pandemic 绿色创业和绿色变量在印度尼西亚烹饪行业可持续发展中的作用:新冠肺炎大流行的早期
Q4 BUSINESS, FINANCE Pub Date : 2022-12-12 DOI: 10.28992/ijsam.v6i2.689
H. Yudawisastra, M. Anwar, S. R. Nidar, Y. Azis
The UN Sustainable Development Goals are among the crucial missions of countries worldwide, including Indonesia. Nevertheless, application of a production system does not guarantee sustainability, and the Indonesian government’s support for sustainability in the entrepreneurial sector is nonoptimal. This study investigates green entrepreneurship in Indonesia’s culinary sector in relation to sustainable development and green variables. Using a culinary sector survey based on the UNWTO and the Ministry of Tourism, this study references primary questionnaire data, applying a random sampling technique and structural equation modeling covariance with a sample of 270 respondents. The results indicate that the provision of green products affects sustainable development, regardless of respondents’ green entrepreneurship. While green products may affect sustainable development, directly or through green entrepreneurship, green design does not appear to affect sustainable development, and green entrepreneurship does not appear to support sustainable conditions. Environmentally friendly product design and production processes have generated multiple recyclable products; however, the culinary sector must be made aware of the entrepreneurial ecosystem surrounding culinary business governance and the concerns and practices of sustainable development. This study was conducted at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic and represents the conditions of the culinary sector during the pandemic.
联合国可持续发展目标是包括印度尼西亚在内的世界各国的重要使命之一。然而,生产系统的应用并不能保证可持续性,印尼政府对创业部门可持续性的支持也并非最佳。本研究调查了印度尼西亚烹饪行业的绿色创业与可持续发展和绿色变量的关系。本研究利用联合国世界旅游组织和旅游部的烹饪行业调查,参考了主要问卷数据,采用随机抽样技术和结构方程建模协方差,对270名受访者进行了抽样。结果表明,无论受访者的绿色创业程度如何,绿色产品的提供都会影响可持续发展。虽然绿色产品可能直接或通过绿色创业影响可持续发展,但绿色设计似乎不会影响可持续发展。绿色创业似乎也不会支持可持续条件。环保产品的设计和生产过程产生了多种可回收产品;然而,烹饪行业必须意识到围绕烹饪企业治理的创业生态系统,以及可持续发展的关注点和做法。这项研究是在新冠肺炎大流行开始时进行的,代表了大流行期间烹饪行业的状况。
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引用次数: 0
Consumers’ Intention to Purchase Green Skincare Products: Evidence from China 消费者购买绿色护肤品的意愿:来自中国的证据
Q4 BUSINESS, FINANCE Pub Date : 2022-12-12 DOI: 10.28992/ijsam.v6i2.211
M. Rahman, Keye Lao, Shyamapada Biswas, R. Sultana, Sarmann I. Kennedyd
This study examines factors affecting customers’ intention to purchase green skincare products in China to provide some managerial recommendations to existing companies. The theory of planned behavior was applied to formulate our research hypotheses and establish our proposed model. A total of 121 Chinese consumers responded to a survey we conducted online. Hayes’s (2013) process and structural equation modeling was employed to test the moderating effect. We find that consumers’ attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavior control significantly affect their purchase intention. Moreover, the country of origin and price sensitivity has a moderation effect on the above relationships. The above findings can help green skincare companies to understand customer purchase behaviors in these modern times.
本研究考察了影响中国消费者购买绿色护肤品意愿的因素,为现有公司提供了一些管理建议。应用计划行为理论来制定我们的研究假设,并建立我们提出的模型。共有121名中国消费者对我们在网上进行的一项调查做出了回应。采用Hayes(2013)过程和结构方程建模来检验调节效应。我们发现,消费者的态度、主观规范和感知行为控制显著影响他们的购买意愿。此外,原产国和价格敏感性对上述关系具有调节作用。上述发现可以帮助绿色护肤公司了解现代消费者的购买行为。
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引用次数: 0
Comparing Transformation Disclosure Trends of Publicly Funded Universities in South Africa 南非公立大学转型披露趋势比较
Q4 BUSINESS, FINANCE Pub Date : 2022-12-12 DOI: 10.28992/ijsam.v6i2.599
Sameera Abed, B. Ackers
More than 25 years into democracy, South Africa’s higher educational landscape remains challenged by the slow pace of transformation and the residual inequality of apartheid. We utilize a mixed-methods research approach to analyze, interpret, and compare transformation-related disclosures among publicly funded universities, with reference to their historical apartheid-era categorization. We particularly explore the mechanisms introduced to improve academic access and success of students from previously disadvantaged groups. Moreover, we identify the challenges that have contributed to the slow pace of transformation. ATLAS.ti was used to analyze and interpret the transformation-related disclosures in publicly available annual reports of the universities included in this study. We find that historically advantaged universities tend to disclose more support mechanisms, but historically disadvantaged ones face greater infrastructural challenges. We offer a unique perspective on the transformation support mechanisms and challenges experienced by public universities in South Africa based on their historical classification.
民主已经25年多了,南非的高等教育格局仍然受到转型步伐缓慢和种族隔离残余不平等的挑战。我们采用混合方法研究方法,参照历史上种族隔离时代的分类,分析、解释和比较公立大学中与转型相关的披露。我们特别探讨了为改善以前弱势群体学生的学业机会和成功而引入的机制。此外,我们确定了导致转型步伐缓慢的挑战。ATLAS.ti用于分析和解释本研究中包括的大学的公开年度报告中与转型相关的披露。我们发现,历史上处于有利地位的大学往往会披露更多的支持机制,但历史上处于不利地位的大学面临着更大的基础设施挑战。我们根据南非公立大学的历史分类,对其转型支持机制和面临的挑战提供了独特的视角。
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引用次数: 0
Market Giants vs. Dwarfs: New Zealand’s Perspective on Environmental Reporting 市场巨头与小矮人:新西兰对环境报告的看法
Q4 BUSINESS, FINANCE Pub Date : 2022-06-28 DOI: 10.28992/ijsam.v6i1.578
Samanthi Bandara, A. Perera
This paper examines New Zealand listed firms’ compliance with Global Reporting Initiative-environmental reporting standards (GRI 300) and the impact of environmental reporting determinants on the level of sustainability reporting. The author collected data from annual and sustainability reports of the top and bottom 30 firms listed on the New Zealand Stock Exchange (NZX). The author then conducted content analysis to measure the extent of each firm’s environmental reporting score. The study findings indicate that large firms report only one-thirds of the relevant information, whereas small firms neither adopt international reporting frameworks nor report on the environment. Additionally, we found that firm size and profitability are positively associated with the extent of environmental reporting in New Zealand, whereas industry-specific differences play a minor role. This study further finds that firms, which explicitly referred to the “Global Reporting Initiatives” or “GRI” terms in their annual or sustainability reports, outperformed in environmental reporting compared with those that did not. This study uses GRI 300 standards to assess the level of environmental reporting of each firm. Finally, the study compares environmental reporting practices between top and bottom-listed firms in New Zealand. The findings emphasize the desirability of making the environment reporting mandatory in all companies to ensure the New Zealand Government’s latest enforcement of climate risk reporting.
本文考察了新西兰上市公司遵守全球报告倡议环境报告标准(GRI 300)的情况,以及环境报告决定因素对可持续性报告水平的影响。作者从新西兰证券交易所(NZX)排名前30位和后30位的公司的年度和可持续发展报告中收集了数据。然后,作者进行了内容分析,以衡量每家公司的环境报告得分。研究结果表明,大公司只报告了三分之一的相关信息,而小公司既不采用国际报告框架,也不报告环境。此外,我们发现,在新西兰,企业规模和盈利能力与环境报告的程度呈正相关,而特定行业的差异起着次要作用。这项研究进一步发现,在年度或可持续性报告中明确提及“全球报告倡议”或“GRI”术语的公司在环境报告方面的表现优于未提及的公司。本研究使用GRI 300标准来评估每家公司的环境报告水平。最后,该研究比较了新西兰顶级和垫底上市公司的环境报告实践。调查结果强调,所有公司都应强制执行环境报告,以确保新西兰政府最新执行气候风险报告。
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引用次数: 0
Toward a Link Between IT Determinants and Their Adoption: Empirical Analysis Based on Practicing Chartered Accountants 信息技术决定因素与采用的关系:基于注册会计师的实证分析
Q4 BUSINESS, FINANCE Pub Date : 2022-06-28 DOI: 10.28992/ijsam.v6i1.461
M. M. Thottoli
The main objective of this study is to investigate the association of information technology (IT) training, IT perceived benefits, and IT benefits with IT adoption among practicing Chartered Accountants (CAs). The study then explained the implications of IT adoption and evaluated the relationship between IT training, IT perceived usefulness, and IT usefulness to practicing accountants. Employing a quantitative approach, a series of questionnaires were culled out by making the necessary adjustments to the available items. A total of 88 qualified CAs practicing in Kerala were analyzed. As part of the data analysis, the study used Structural Equation Modeling–Partial Least Squares (SEM–PLS) software. The results of the study have shown a positive significant relationship between two determinants, namely, IT training and IT perceived usefulness, but IT usefulness has no relationship with IT adoption by practicing CAs. This study added to the literature by analyzing IT determinants and the adoption of auditing software among practicing auditors.
本研究的主要目的是调查执业特许会计师(CA)的信息技术(IT)培训、IT感知效益和IT效益与IT采用的关系。然后,该研究解释了信息技术采用的含义,并评估了信息技术培训、信息技术感知有用性和信息技术对执业会计师有用性之间的关系。采用定量方法,通过对可用项目进行必要的调整,筛选出一系列问卷。对在喀拉拉邦执业的88名合格CA进行了分析。作为数据分析的一部分,该研究使用了结构方程建模-偏最小二乘法(SEM–PLS)软件。研究结果表明,IT培训和IT感知有用性这两个决定因素之间存在显著的正相关关系,但IT有用性与实践CA的IT采用无关。本研究通过分析IT决定因素和执业审计师对审计软件的采用情况,对文献进行了补充。
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引用次数: 0
Does Corporate Governance Affect Firm Performance? Empirical Evidence Based on the BSE 200 Index 公司治理是否影响公司绩效?基于BSE 200指数的实证研究
Q4 BUSINESS, FINANCE Pub Date : 2022-06-28 DOI: 10.28992/ijsam.v6i1.513
Najul Laskar, Pranesh Debnath, A. Gunardi
Considering the endogeneity problem, this study investigates the impact of corporate governance attributes (CG) on firm performance in the Indian context. The sample of the study includes 174 companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange and the study period is eight years (2011–12 to 2018–19). This study is based on secondary data obtained from published annual reports (for CG data) and the Capitalineplus database (for accounting data). Based on the regression models (i.e., Ordinary Least Squares model and Two Stage Least Square model), the study shows that almost all CG attributes such as board size, gender diversity, CEO duality, and board independence are significantly associated with firm performance. We also find that the control variables such as firm size, debt, and R&D spending are also significantly associated with firm performance. This study is the first of its kind to focus exclusively on the attributes of market capitalization and corporate governance in an emerging market like India. These new insights into this relationship provide useful information to the government, academics, policymakers, and other stakeholders.
考虑到内生性问题,本研究考察了印度背景下公司治理属性对公司绩效的影响。本研究样本包括174家在孟买证券交易所上市的公司,研究期为8年(2011-12至2018-19)。本研究基于从已发表的年度报告(CG数据)和Capitalineplus数据库(会计数据)中获得的二手数据。基于回归模型(即普通最小二乘模型和两阶段最小二乘模型),研究表明,几乎所有的CG属性,如董事会规模、性别多样性、CEO二元性和董事会独立性,都与公司绩效显著相关。我们还发现,企业规模、债务和研发支出等控制变量也与企业绩效显著相关。这项研究是同类研究中首次专门关注印度等新兴市场的市值和公司治理属性。这些关于这种关系的新见解为政府、学术界、政策制定者和其他利益相关者提供了有用的信息。
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引用次数: 1
The Impact of Business Intelligence and Knowledge Management on Sustainability Performance in the Tourism Industry in Algeria 商业智能和知识管理对阿尔及利亚旅游业可持续发展绩效的影响
Q4 BUSINESS, FINANCE Pub Date : 2022-06-28 DOI: 10.28992/ijsam.v6i1.550
Brahami Menaouer, Sabri Mohammed, M. Nada
In today’s business context of globalization, competition, knowledge economy, rapid technological changes, and external environmental factors, knowledge management and business intelligence on the tourism level have received increased attention in an effort to identify smart performance factors and change the structure of organizations. Similarly, the tourism industry has experienced considerable development during recent decades. Moreover, sustainability is becoming increasingly important for society and is especially critical in the operation of the tourism industry. It is well known that sustainability is a prerequisite to carrying out any activity. This evaluates the relationship between knowledge management in operations and business intelligence systems on the sustainability performance within the tourism industry in Algeria. A total of 126 questionnaires were distributed to the study sample. A multiple regression analysis was used to test the hypotheses of the study. This study concludes that there is a positive relationship between knowledge management processes and sustainability performance. Further, the components of business intelligence have positive impacts on sustainability performance. The results can facilitate utilizing the knowledge management processes and business intelligence implementation in Algeria’s tourist industry.
在全球化、竞争、知识经济、快速技术变革和外部环境因素的当今商业背景下,旅游业层面的知识管理和商业智能越来越受到关注,以确定明智的绩效因素并改变组织结构。同样,近几十年来,旅游业也经历了相当大的发展。此外,可持续性对社会越来越重要,对旅游业的运营尤为重要。众所周知,可持续性是开展任何活动的先决条件。这评估了运营中的知识管理与商业智能系统之间关于阿尔及利亚旅游业可持续发展绩效的关系。共向研究样本发放了126份问卷。多元回归分析用于检验研究的假设。本研究的结论是,知识管理过程与可持续性绩效之间存在着积极的关系。此外,商业智能的组成部分对可持续性绩效有积极影响。研究结果有助于在阿尔及利亚旅游业中利用知识管理流程和商业智能实施。
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引用次数: 2
Sustainability-Driven Enterprise: A Literature Review on Organizational Capabilities 可持续发展驱动的企业:组织能力的文献综述
Q4 BUSINESS, FINANCE Pub Date : 2022-06-28 DOI: 10.28992/ijsam.v6i1.587
Viek Prayoga Pratama, Aurik Gustomo, Achmad Ghazali
A sustainability-driven enterprise (SDE) is an organization that applies business principles to solve social and environmental problems. These organizations should be capable of managing the Triple Bottom Line tension within their organization. Furthermore, they should have a transformative impact on future generations and the development of global socioecological systems. The quest for an SDE and its organizational capability can be traced to the late 1980s. Since then, scholars and practitioners have published several hundred empirical studies and many reviews on this issue. However, the most extensive previous study analyzes only separate study domains, thereby making findings difficult to compare and generalize. Thus, knowledge of SDE organizational capabilities remains fragmented. This study extracts all available primary and secondary data from previous academic studies registered in the SCOPUS databases to overcome this shortcoming. Thus, the study combines the findings of more than 100 individual studies from 2015 to 2021. Hence, this study is the most exhaustive overview of academic research on this topic from the Sustainable Development Goals declared in 2015. The results show that at least five organizational capabilities are required to build an SDE. This study will offer promising fundamentals for building SDE practices and creating further research. Suggestions for further research development are also provided.
可持续发展驱动型企业(SDE)是一个应用商业原则来解决社会和环境问题的组织。这些组织应该能够管理其组织内部的三重底线紧张关系。此外,它们应该对子孙后代和全球社会生态系统的发展产生变革性影响。对可持续发展教育及其组织能力的追求可以追溯到20世纪80年代末。从那时起,学者和从业者已经发表了数百篇关于这个问题的实证研究和许多评论。然而,以前最广泛的研究只分析了单独的研究领域,因此很难对研究结果进行比较和概括。因此,关于可持续发展教育组织能力的知识仍然是零散的。本研究从SCOPUS数据库中注册的先前学术研究中提取所有可用的初级和次级数据,以克服这一缺点。因此,该研究结合了2015年至2021年100多项个体研究的结果。因此,本研究是2015年宣布的可持续发展目标中对这一主题的学术研究最详尽的概述。结果表明,构建SDE至少需要五种组织能力。这项研究将为建立可持续发展教育实践和开展进一步研究提供有希望的基础。并对进一步的研究发展提出了建议。
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引用次数: 0
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Indonesian Journal of Sustainability Accounting and Management
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