Pub Date : 2021-07-06DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.13
Myriam Dali, É. Mathieu
This chapter gives an overview of singulative systems, focusing on a few languages, including Arabic, Breton, Welsh. First, we introduce relevant data showing how a singulative noun is formed from a collective noun or a mass term. Second, we show that it is possible for singulative nouns to be pluralized and that, in some languages (e.g. Arabic), this plural contrasts semantically with the collective form. Third, we review existing accounts of singulatives and show that one main issue in the literature is whether the singulative operation is an inflectional or a derivational operation. Singulatives are interesting because they shed light on number and gender and show that, morphologically, the singular is not always unmarked.
{"title":"Singulative Systems","authors":"Myriam Dali, É. Mathieu","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.13","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter gives an overview of singulative systems, focusing on a few languages, including Arabic, Breton, Welsh. First, we introduce relevant data showing how a singulative noun is formed from a collective noun or a mass term. Second, we show that it is possible for singulative nouns to be pluralized and that, in some languages (e.g. Arabic), this plural contrasts semantically with the collective form. Third, we review existing accounts of singulatives and show that one main issue in the literature is whether the singulative operation is an inflectional or a derivational operation. Singulatives are interesting because they shed light on number and gender and show that, morphologically, the singular is not always unmarked.","PeriodicalId":415128,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Grammatical Number","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134391266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-06DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.18
D. Farkas
This chapter surveys empirical and theoretical issues raised by dependent indefinites in three unrelated languages, Hungarian, Telugu, and Kaqchikel. Dependent indefinites are specially marked noun phrases that can only occur when interpreted within a predication that distributes over events or individuals. Their determiner can either be a simple indefinite or a cardinal numeral. The chapter lays out the theoretical challenges the data raise and discusses how these challenges are met in three approaches that differ with respect to what they take as the core property of these indefinites.
{"title":"Multiple Event Readings with Dependent Indefinites","authors":"D. Farkas","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.18","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter surveys empirical and theoretical issues raised by dependent indefinites in three unrelated languages, Hungarian, Telugu, and Kaqchikel. Dependent indefinites are specially marked noun phrases that can only occur when interpreted within a predication that distributes over events or individuals. Their determiner can either be a simple indefinite or a cardinal numeral. The chapter lays out the theoretical challenges the data raise and discusses how these challenges are met in three approaches that differ with respect to what they take as the core property of these indefinites.","PeriodicalId":415128,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Grammatical Number","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124578381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-06DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.11
A. Alexiadou
This chapter discusses the morphological and semantic criteria that have been proposed in the literature to characterize lexical plurals. The chapter provides a distinction between lexical and grammatical plurality and offers a discussion of their respective syntactic representation. It discusses data from a variety of typologically unrelated languages and it briefly addresses the question of the morphosyntactic distribution of plurality in language contact and change.
{"title":"Lexical Plurals","authors":"A. Alexiadou","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.11","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses the morphological and semantic criteria that have been proposed in the literature to characterize lexical plurals. The chapter provides a distinction between lexical and grammatical plurality and offers a discussion of their respective syntactic representation. It discusses data from a variety of typologically unrelated languages and it briefly addresses the question of the morphosyntactic distribution of plurality in language contact and change.","PeriodicalId":415128,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Grammatical Number","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134088245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-06DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.4
J. Doetjes
This chapter examines the interactions between quantity expressions and number across languages. Quantity expressions may require the presence of specific number markers on the noun or noun phrase they combine with. They may also trigger a singular or plural interpretation for the noun phrase as a whole, as in one N or several N. An important criterion used to distinguish classes of quantity expressions is the way these expressions interact with countability. While some quantity expressions depend on the presence of countable units in order to be interpreted, others do not. Examples of the former type are numerals, vague cardinal quantity expressions (several), and distributive universal quantifiers (each, every), while non-cardinal quantity expressions (a lot) and non-distributive universal quantifiers (all) belong to the second category. The chapter mainly focuses on the nominal domain. The use of quantity expressions in relation to verbal plurality is considered briefly.
{"title":"Number and Quantity Expressions","authors":"J. Doetjes","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.4","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the interactions between quantity expressions and number across languages. Quantity expressions may require the presence of specific number markers on the noun or noun phrase they combine with. They may also trigger a singular or plural interpretation for the noun phrase as a whole, as in one N or several N. An important criterion used to distinguish classes of quantity expressions is the way these expressions interact with countability. While some quantity expressions depend on the presence of countable units in order to be interpreted, others do not. Examples of the former type are numerals, vague cardinal quantity expressions (several), and distributive universal quantifiers (each, every), while non-cardinal quantity expressions (a lot) and non-distributive universal quantifiers (all) belong to the second category. The chapter mainly focuses on the nominal domain. The use of quantity expressions in relation to verbal plurality is considered briefly.","PeriodicalId":415128,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Grammatical Number","volume":"180 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132197738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-06DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.32
I. Arka
The number system in Marori shows a three-way distinction (singular–dual–plural) with distributed and often underspecified (plural vs nonplural, or singular vs non-singular) marking. Nominal number is expressed via marking of free pronouns and certain nouns and their associated verbal indexing, with a three-way distinction in first and second bound pronominals, and a two-way underspecified distinction elsewhere. Verbal number is expressed by suppletive verbal root alternations, typically singular vs non-singular. Dual number/duactional can be expressed by a combination of non-singular and nonplural exponents. Number agreement is semantic in nature, with mismatches possibly expressing an inclusory meaning or a small plural/paucal meaning. While radically different from English in its number system, Marori is similar to English and other European languages in terms of the distribution of plural meanings under negation and other contexts.
{"title":"Number in marori","authors":"I. Arka","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.32","url":null,"abstract":"The number system in Marori shows a three-way distinction (singular–dual–plural) with distributed and often underspecified (plural vs nonplural, or singular vs non-singular) marking. Nominal number is expressed via marking of free pronouns and certain nouns and their associated verbal indexing, with a three-way distinction in first and second bound pronominals, and a two-way underspecified distinction elsewhere. Verbal number is expressed by suppletive verbal root alternations, typically singular vs non-singular. Dual number/duactional can be expressed by a combination of non-singular and nonplural exponents. Number agreement is semantic in nature, with mismatches possibly expressing an inclusory meaning or a small plural/paucal meaning. While radically different from English in its number system, Marori is similar to English and other European languages in terms of the distribution of plural meanings under negation and other contexts.","PeriodicalId":415128,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Grammatical Number","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133436678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-06DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.9
H. de Swart
Bare nouns are noun phrases with a common noun lacking an overt determiner. Depending on the theoretical framework at hand, and the syntax–semantics interface adopted, they are analysed as NPs, NumPs, or DPs with an empty (null) D. No information on singular/plural, mass/count, definite/indefinite reference can be derived from the determiner if there is none (in overt syntax, at least), so bare nouns raise challenges to syntactic theory as well as compositional semantics. Much of the literature zooms in on the implications of a missing/covert D, but this chapter places special emphasis on syntactic and semantic number in bare nouns.
{"title":"Bare Nouns and Number","authors":"H. de Swart","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.9","url":null,"abstract":"Bare nouns are noun phrases with a common noun lacking an overt determiner. Depending on the theoretical framework at hand, and the syntax–semantics interface adopted, they are analysed as NPs, NumPs, or DPs with an empty (null) D. No information on singular/plural, mass/count, definite/indefinite reference can be derived from the determiner if there is none (in overt syntax, at least), so bare nouns raise challenges to syntactic theory as well as compositional semantics. Much of the literature zooms in on the implications of a missing/covert D, but this chapter places special emphasis on syntactic and semantic number in bare nouns.","PeriodicalId":415128,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Grammatical Number","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115415802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-06DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.31
R. Pfau, M. Steinbach
In sign languages, just as in many spoken languages, number can be marked on nouns, pronouns, and verbs, and quantifiers are used to specify quantity within noun phrases. The chapter does not address the expression of grammatical number in one specific sign language, but rather describes patterns found in various sign languages, focusing on modality-independent and modality-specific properties of number marking. As for the former, nominal and verbal plurals are commonly realized by reduplication. As for number-marking strategies specific to visual–spatial languages, it is found that sign languages employ the two hands (e.g. lexical plurality), the signing space in front of the signer's body (e.g. plural marking on predicates), and specific reduplication types that are not attested in spoken languages (e.g. sideward reduplication of certain nouns). In addition, the choice of pluralization strategy is determined by modality-specific phonological features, and we are thus dealing with phonologically conditioned allomorphy.
{"title":"Number in Sign Languages","authors":"R. Pfau, M. Steinbach","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.31","url":null,"abstract":"In sign languages, just as in many spoken languages, number can be marked on nouns, pronouns, and verbs, and quantifiers are used to specify quantity within noun phrases. The chapter does not address the expression of grammatical number in one specific sign language, but rather describes patterns found in various sign languages, focusing on modality-independent and modality-specific properties of number marking. As for the former, nominal and verbal plurals are commonly realized by reduplication. As for number-marking strategies specific to visual–spatial languages, it is found that sign languages employ the two hands (e.g. lexical plurality), the signing space in front of the signer's body (e.g. plural marking on predicates), and specific reduplication types that are not attested in spoken languages (e.g. sideward reduplication of certain nouns). In addition, the choice of pluralization strategy is determined by modality-specific phonological features, and we are thus dealing with phonologically conditioned allomorphy.","PeriodicalId":415128,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Grammatical Number","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131945548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-06DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.27
M. Paul, Anne Zribi-Hertz, Herby Glaude
This chapter explores the mass–count distinction in Haitian Creole, where all nouns, including those meaning ‘mud’ or ‘remorse’, are combinable with cardinals and plural marking. It is argued that the English/Haitian contrast lies in the distribution of covert classifiers—freer in Haitian than in English—rather than in the relevance/irrelevance of the mass–count distinction. This distinction is arguably grounded in both syntax and the lexicon. A subclass of nouns (e.g. liv ‘book’) require 3pl pronominalization when bare, do not combine with small-amount markers, are strictly entity-denoting: they are assumed to merge with a lexically induced classifier. Stuff-denoting nouns (labou ‘mud’, remò ‘remorse’) are ambivalent with respect to pronominalization (3sg/3pl), combine with small-amount markers, and may denote continuous stuff or discontinuous units of stuff. It is assumed that while all lexical roots must combine with a classifier feature to trigger discontinuous readings, this feature may occur in n° (triggering entity denotations) or in Cl° (triggering unit-of-stuff-denotations).
{"title":"Countability and Number Without Number Inflection","authors":"M. Paul, Anne Zribi-Hertz, Herby Glaude","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.27","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores the mass–count distinction in Haitian Creole, where all nouns, including those meaning ‘mud’ or ‘remorse’, are combinable with cardinals and plural marking. It is argued that the English/Haitian contrast lies in the distribution of covert classifiers—freer in Haitian than in English—rather than in the relevance/irrelevance of the mass–count distinction. This distinction is arguably grounded in both syntax and the lexicon. A subclass of nouns (e.g. liv ‘book’) require 3pl pronominalization when bare, do not combine with small-amount markers, are strictly entity-denoting: they are assumed to merge with a lexically induced classifier. Stuff-denoting nouns (labou ‘mud’, remò ‘remorse’) are ambivalent with respect to pronominalization (3sg/3pl), combine with small-amount markers, and may denote continuous stuff or discontinuous units of stuff. It is assumed that while all lexical roots must combine with a classifier feature to trigger discontinuous readings, this feature may occur in n° (triggering entity denotations) or in Cl° (triggering unit-of-stuff-denotations).","PeriodicalId":415128,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Grammatical Number","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114917558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-06DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.28
Suzi Lima
This chapter discusses the grammar of counting in Yudja, a Brazilian Indigenous language. Based on experimental studies with children and adults, the chapter shows that substance-denoting nouns may directly interact with the counting system in the language (constructions with numerals, constructions with count quantifiers such as ‘many’ and ‘size’ adjectives like ‘big’). In presenting the results of the studies for Yudja, the chapter exemplifies how psycholinguistic methods (particularly from language acquisition) can be a useful tool in fieldwork research.
{"title":"Production and comprehension studies on the mass–count distinction in yudja","authors":"Suzi Lima","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.28","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses the grammar of counting in Yudja, a Brazilian Indigenous language. Based on experimental studies with children and adults, the chapter shows that substance-denoting nouns may directly interact with the counting system in the language (constructions with numerals, constructions with count quantifiers such as ‘many’ and ‘size’ adjectives like ‘big’). In presenting the results of the studies for Yudja, the chapter exemplifies how psycholinguistic methods (particularly from language acquisition) can be a useful tool in fieldwork research.","PeriodicalId":415128,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Grammatical Number","volume":"117 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133895543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-06DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.7
Patricia Cabredo Hofherr
This chapter summarizes the variation observed across nominal number systems cross-linguistically. The morphological realization of number varies with respect to the range of number values marked and the range of nouns that take number marking in a given language. However, the study of nominal number morphology is further complicated by the intricate interactions of morphology with syntax and semantics. On the syntactic side, nominal number morphology interacts with definiteness marking and syntactic role. On the semantic side, certain types of nominal number marking impose semantically specific readings on the nominals contrasting with other types of nominal number marking that allow inclusive plural readings in certain semantic contexts. The study of number-neutral reference has to examine the semantic effects arising from morphological, syntactic, and semantic sources separately.
{"title":"Nominal Number Morphology","authors":"Patricia Cabredo Hofherr","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.7","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter summarizes the variation observed across nominal number systems cross-linguistically. The morphological realization of number varies with respect to the range of number values marked and the range of nouns that take number marking in a given language. However, the study of nominal number morphology is further complicated by the intricate interactions of morphology with syntax and semantics. On the syntactic side, nominal number morphology interacts with definiteness marking and syntactic role. On the semantic side, certain types of nominal number marking impose semantically specific readings on the nominals contrasting with other types of nominal number marking that allow inclusive plural readings in certain semantic contexts. The study of number-neutral reference has to examine the semantic effects arising from morphological, syntactic, and semantic sources separately.","PeriodicalId":415128,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Grammatical Number","volume":"185 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123023622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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