Pub Date : 2021-07-06DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.14
B. Biedermann, Nora Fieder, K. Smith-Lock
This chapter provides an overview of the evidence on grammatical number processing taken from cognitive neuropsychology, including developmental delays and impairments of language (e.g. developmental language disorder, and Williams syndrome) and aphasia, an acquired language impairment after brain injury. These types of language impairment can give insight into the functional architecture of nominal number processing by looking at error patterns that arise in each of the aforementioned populations. By classifying observed responses in language production tasks into non-number and number errors, we are able to reveal underlying mechanisms of syntactic rules and their representations when they develop, but also learn about processes and representation of number when this information breaks down.
{"title":"Nominal Number and Language Pathologies","authors":"B. Biedermann, Nora Fieder, K. Smith-Lock","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.14","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter provides an overview of the evidence on grammatical number processing taken from cognitive neuropsychology, including developmental delays and impairments of language (e.g. developmental language disorder, and Williams syndrome) and aphasia, an acquired language impairment after brain injury. These types of language impairment can give insight into the functional architecture of nominal number processing by looking at error patterns that arise in each of the aforementioned populations. By classifying observed responses in language production tasks into non-number and number errors, we are able to reveal underlying mechanisms of syntactic rules and their representations when they develop, but also learn about processes and representation of number when this information breaks down.","PeriodicalId":415128,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Grammatical Number","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115097204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-06DOI: 10.4324/9781315172828-14
H. de Vries
Collective nouns such as family, group, and herd combine properties associated with singularity or ‘oneness’ and properties associated with plurality, on all levels of grammar (lexical–conceptual, morphosyntactic, and semantic). Because of this property, they provide a unique window into the various factors that influence the expression and interpretation of grammatical number. This chapter starts out with a general introduction to the various conceptual and grammatical properties of collectives as well as the various ways in which they have been described and classified in different linguistic subfields. Then, it zooms in on their formal semantics, focusing on two central questions in particular: first, are collective nouns semantic plurals that are sometimes forced to behave like singulars, singulars that are sometimes allowed to behave like plurals, or simply ambiguous? And, second, how is the interpretation of an NP as either an indivisible atom or a quantifiable set influenced by morphosyntactic number marking?
{"title":"Collective Nouns","authors":"H. de Vries","doi":"10.4324/9781315172828-14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315172828-14","url":null,"abstract":"Collective nouns such as family, group, and herd combine properties associated with singularity or ‘oneness’ and properties associated with plurality, on all levels of grammar (lexical–conceptual, morphosyntactic, and semantic). Because of this property, they provide a unique window into the various factors that influence the expression and interpretation of grammatical number. This chapter starts out with a general introduction to the various conceptual and grammatical properties of collectives as well as the various ways in which they have been described and classified in different linguistic subfields. Then, it zooms in on their formal semantics, focusing on two central questions in particular: first, are collective nouns semantic plurals that are sometimes forced to behave like singulars, singulars that are sometimes allowed to behave like plurals, or simply ambiguous? And, second, how is the interpretation of an NP as either an indivisible atom or a quantifiable set influenced by morphosyntactic number marking?","PeriodicalId":415128,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Grammatical Number","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122524309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-06DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.15
Patricia Cabredo Hofherr
This chapter gives a general overview of verbal plurality phenomena cross-linguistically, with verbal plurality understood as a descriptive label for instances of verbal morphology marking multiple events. Verbal plurality markers form a heterogeneous class cross-linguistically and many verbal plurality markers have readings that go beyond event plurality such as duratives and intensives. Part of this variation can be related to the fact that multiplicity readings arise from different sources such as plurality markers, collective markers, additive expressions, and degree expressions. Another factor of variation is contributed by the different event-identification conditions imposed by the verbal plurality marker. In particular, the event pluralities introduced by verbal plurality markers are often limited in their interaction with other elements in the clause and in many languages the availability of distributive dependencies between the event plurality and plural arguments depends on the syntactic type of the plurality denoting expression.
{"title":"Verbal Plurality Cross-Linguistically","authors":"Patricia Cabredo Hofherr","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.15","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter gives a general overview of verbal plurality phenomena cross-linguistically, with verbal plurality understood as a descriptive label for instances of verbal morphology marking multiple events. Verbal plurality markers form a heterogeneous class cross-linguistically and many verbal plurality markers have readings that go beyond event plurality such as duratives and intensives. Part of this variation can be related to the fact that multiplicity readings arise from different sources such as plurality markers, collective markers, additive expressions, and degree expressions. Another factor of variation is contributed by the different event-identification conditions imposed by the verbal plurality marker. In particular, the event pluralities introduced by verbal plurality markers are often limited in their interaction with other elements in the clause and in many languages the availability of distributive dependencies between the event plurality and plural arguments depends on the syntactic type of the plurality denoting expression.","PeriodicalId":415128,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Grammatical Number","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114851444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-06DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.33
I. Arka, M. Dalrymple
Nominal number in Balinese varies in expression. All Balinese pronouns are singular, in violation of Greenberg’s Universal 42 (‘All languages have pronominal categories involving at least three persons and two numbers’). Non-reduplicated common nouns have general number, and regular and associative plural constructions allow for expression of nominal plurality. Common nouns can also be reduplicated, which often (but not always) indicates plural meaning. In the verbal domain, reduplication is a derivational process which can imply rather than encode plural meaning. We also examine the semantics of nominal plurality in Balinese and the availability of inclusive/exclusive plural readings.
{"title":"Number in balinese","authors":"I. Arka, M. Dalrymple","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.33","url":null,"abstract":"Nominal number in Balinese varies in expression. All Balinese pronouns are singular, in violation of Greenberg’s Universal 42 (‘All languages have pronominal categories involving at least three persons and two numbers’). Non-reduplicated common nouns have general number, and regular and associative plural constructions allow for expression of nominal plurality. Common nouns can also be reduplicated, which often (but not always) indicates plural meaning. In the verbal domain, reduplication is a derivational process which can imply rather than encode plural meaning. We also examine the semantics of nominal plurality in Balinese and the availability of inclusive/exclusive plural readings.","PeriodicalId":415128,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Grammatical Number","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133079968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-06DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.3
Alan C. Bale
This chapter reviews the connections between number marking (specifically, singular and plural marking) and the mass–count distinction. It explores how different semantic theories of number marking interact with various ontological theories of the mass–count distinction. It also discusses a growing tension within the mass–count literature. On one hand, there are many semantic and syntactic similarities between mass nouns and plurals, which suggests that the two subcategories might have many features in common. On the other hand, verbal, auxiliary, and determiner agreement patterns suggest that mass nouns share certain syntactic properties with singular count nouns. Yet, singular count nouns and plural count nouns hardly share any properties in common, both in terms of their syntactic distribution and their semantic implications. The chapter discusses two potential resolutions to this growing tension.
{"title":"Number and the Mass–Count Distinction","authors":"Alan C. Bale","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.3","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter reviews the connections between number marking (specifically, singular and plural marking) and the mass–count distinction. It explores how different semantic theories of number marking interact with various ontological theories of the mass–count distinction. It also discusses a growing tension within the mass–count literature. On one hand, there are many semantic and syntactic similarities between mass nouns and plurals, which suggests that the two subcategories might have many features in common. On the other hand, verbal, auxiliary, and determiner agreement patterns suggest that mass nouns share certain syntactic properties with singular count nouns. Yet, singular count nouns and plural count nouns hardly share any properties in common, both in terms of their syntactic distribution and their semantic implications. The chapter discusses two potential resolutions to this growing tension.","PeriodicalId":415128,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Grammatical Number","volume":"5 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116921156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-06DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.6
N. Schiller, Rinus G. Verdonschot
This chapter discusses the representation and processing of grammatical number in language comprehension and production. Grammatical number is regarded as a syntactic feature stored with a word's lemma, i.e. the syntactic word, in the mental lexicon. The chapter discusses the representation of grammatical number in the mental lexicon and how this feature is selected. Comparisons to other grammatical features, such as grammatical gender, are also made. Moreover, the chapter reviews experimental work both in the area of language comprehension and language production to shed light on the processing of grammatical number in human cognition. The chapter closes with a report on recent experimental work conducted on Konso, a Cushitic language spoken in the south of Ethiopia. In Konso, the number feature interacts with the gender feature. Data from picture-naming experiments demonstrate that so-called plural gender should be interpreted as a gender feature rather than as a number feature.
{"title":"Number in the Mental Lexicon","authors":"N. Schiller, Rinus G. Verdonschot","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.6","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses the representation and processing of grammatical number in language comprehension and production. Grammatical number is regarded as a syntactic feature stored with a word's lemma, i.e. the syntactic word, in the mental lexicon. The chapter discusses the representation of grammatical number in the mental lexicon and how this feature is selected. Comparisons to other grammatical features, such as grammatical gender, are also made. Moreover, the chapter reviews experimental work both in the area of language comprehension and language production to shed light on the processing of grammatical number in human cognition. The chapter closes with a report on recent experimental work conducted on Konso, a Cushitic language spoken in the south of Ethiopia. In Konso, the number feature interacts with the gender feature. Data from picture-naming experiments demonstrate that so-called plural gender should be interpreted as a gender feature rather than as a number feature.","PeriodicalId":415128,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Grammatical Number","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121930111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-06DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.20
Franc Marušič, Rok Žaucer
Slovenian is one of only three contemporary Slavic languages which productively use the dual. In Standard Slovenian, all number-inflecting parts of speech exhibit special forms for the dual, but Slovenian dialects exhibit significant variation in the expression of dual, with most having neutralized one part of the dual paradigm or another. Although dual nouns are typically used together with the numeral ‘two’ or quantifier ‘both’, this is neither a hard-and-fast nor an across-the-board rule. The dual is traditionally described as the number referring to the value of ‘two’ or ‘one plus one’, but it is not used with pair nouns, such as paired body parts, despite their inherent duality. Its interpretation seems closest to that of the numeral ‘two’.
{"title":"Dual in Slovenian","authors":"Franc Marušič, Rok Žaucer","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.20","url":null,"abstract":"Slovenian is one of only three contemporary Slavic languages which productively use the dual. In Standard Slovenian, all number-inflecting parts of speech exhibit special forms for the dual, but Slovenian dialects exhibit significant variation in the expression of dual, with most having neutralized one part of the dual paradigm or another. Although dual nouns are typically used together with the numeral ‘two’ or quantifier ‘both’, this is neither a hard-and-fast nor an across-the-board rule. The dual is traditionally described as the number referring to the value of ‘two’ or ‘one plus one’, but it is not used with pair nouns, such as paired body parts, despite their inherent duality. Its interpretation seems closest to that of the numeral ‘two’.","PeriodicalId":415128,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Grammatical Number","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130734435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-06DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.22
Satoshi Tomioka
This chapter presents descriptive generalizations of plural marking in Japanese with the morpheme -tati and proposes an account for its distributional and interpretive properties that are puzzling in many ways. The semantic peculiarities of -tati plurals, such as their tendency to be definite and the lack of generic and kind interpretations, result from the use of -tati as an associative plural marker. When -tati attaches to an individual-denoting expression, it denotes a plurality that consists of the referent of the expression and entities associated with. It is argued that -tati maintains this associative meaning even when it combines with a common noun. The extended notion of associativity allows X-tati, where X is a common noun, to include non-Xs in its denotation as long as such entities are closely associated with X, yielding similative plurals. This potential heterogeneity can solve most, if not all, of the puzzles posed by -tati plurals.
{"title":"Japanese -tati and generalized associative plurals","authors":"Satoshi Tomioka","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.22","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter presents descriptive generalizations of plural marking in Japanese with the morpheme -tati and proposes an account for its distributional and interpretive properties that are puzzling in many ways. The semantic peculiarities of -tati plurals, such as their tendency to be definite and the lack of generic and kind interpretations, result from the use of -tati as an associative plural marker. When -tati attaches to an individual-denoting expression, it denotes a plurality that consists of the referent of the expression and entities associated with. It is argued that -tati maintains this associative meaning even when it combines with a common noun. The extended notion of associativity allows X-tati, where X is a common noun, to include non-Xs in its denotation as long as such entities are closely associated with X, yielding similative plurals. This potential heterogeneity can solve most, if not all, of the puzzles posed by -tati plurals.","PeriodicalId":415128,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Grammatical Number","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126759192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-06DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.2
J. Dotlacil
This chapter presents semantic frameworks that model the general capability of language to refer to atomic, as well as non-atomic entities. Two approaches are developed and discussed in detail throughout the chapter: a set-theoretic approach and an approach in which entities are modelled as atomic and plural individuals. After the formal introduction of the two approaches, the chapter shows how number marking in language can be represented and how other concepts related to semantic number, in particular, distributivity, cumulativity and collectivity, have been analysed in formal semantic theories.
{"title":"Semantic Approaches to Number","authors":"J. Dotlacil","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.2","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter presents semantic frameworks that model the general capability of language to refer to atomic, as well as non-atomic entities. Two approaches are developed and discussed in detail throughout the chapter: a set-theoretic approach and an approach in which entities are modelled as atomic and plural individuals. After the formal introduction of the two approaches, the chapter shows how number marking in language can be represented and how other concepts related to semantic number, in particular, distributivity, cumulativity and collectivity, have been analysed in formal semantic theories.","PeriodicalId":415128,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Grammatical Number","volume":"58 12","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120985917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-06DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.24
Marcelo Ferreira
The chapter bears on the distribution and interpretation of bare nominals in Brazilian Portuguese, paying special attention to bare singulars and the number neutrality that seems to characterize them. Brazilian Portuguese displays overt plural morphology and a full range of definite and indefinite determiners, which makes the relatively free distribution of bare singulars an intriguing topic from a typological perspective. The chapter discusses some proposals and analytical tools that have been employed to account for their behaviour, as well as their theoretic implications for issues related to singular–plural, mass–count, and generic–episodic distinctions.
{"title":"Bare nominals and number in brazilian portuguese","authors":"Marcelo Ferreira","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.24","url":null,"abstract":"The chapter bears on the distribution and interpretation of bare nominals in Brazilian Portuguese, paying special attention to bare singulars and the number neutrality that seems to characterize them. Brazilian Portuguese displays overt plural morphology and a full range of definite and indefinite determiners, which makes the relatively free distribution of bare singulars an intriguing topic from a typological perspective. The chapter discusses some proposals and analytical tools that have been employed to account for their behaviour, as well as their theoretic implications for issues related to singular–plural, mass–count, and generic–episodic distinctions.","PeriodicalId":415128,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Grammatical Number","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123326757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：