Pub Date : 2021-07-06DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.30
R. Henderson
This chapter provides an empirical overview of dependent numerals in the Mayan language Kaqchikel. The strategy is to divide the phenomenon along a few core parameters that are known to be relevant to the distribution of these distributed numerals cross-linguistically. First, it considers the space of dependent expressions in Kaqchikel in general, comparing numerals to other quantificational expressions known to have dependent readings in other languages. It then looks at which expressions are able to license the appearance of dependent numerals, considering a variety of quantificational expressions, with different syntactic and semantic properties, including aspectual and pluractional morphemes. It then explores how syntax mediates licensing. In particular, it looks at what syntactic configurations are possible between a dependent numeral and its licensor, including interclausal relationships. Finally, the chapter examines the precise semantic relationship between licensor and dependent numeral. More pointedly, it considers what it means to exhibit dependence.
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Pub Date : 2021-07-06DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.25
M. Mous
Cushitic languages have a number of interesting properties in the category of number. None of these are valid for all Cushitic languages. Number is not obligatorily expressed in various Cushitic languages which have a general number form that is unspecified for number. Nonetheless morphological number marking in the noun is often complex in two ways: there are many competing lexically determined morphological markers and many different constellations of derived singular and derived plurals. Number and gender show complex interactions in Cushitic. Number formatives impose gender and hence different gender values for different number forms in the same lexeme, sometimes apparent gender polarity (singular and plural having opposite values for gender). A theoretically challenging property of some languages is that that there is a third gender, here labelled ‘plural’ because it takes the agreement morphology of 3pl pronouns.
{"title":"Nominal number in cushitic","authors":"M. Mous","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.25","url":null,"abstract":"Cushitic languages have a number of interesting properties in the category of number. None of these are valid for all Cushitic languages. Number is not obligatorily expressed in various Cushitic languages which have a general number form that is unspecified for number. Nonetheless morphological number marking in the noun is often complex in two ways: there are many competing lexically determined morphological markers and many different constellations of derived singular and derived plurals. Number and gender show complex interactions in Cushitic. Number formatives impose gender and hence different gender values for different number forms in the same lexeme, sometimes apparent gender polarity (singular and plural having opposite values for gender). A theoretically challenging property of some languages is that that there is a third gender, here labelled ‘plural’ because it takes the agreement morphology of 3pl pronouns.","PeriodicalId":415128,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Grammatical Number","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134013723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-06DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.16
Sigrid Beck
This chapter discusses structures like ‘Sandy wrote book after book’, in which a central preposition is combined with two identical nouns. The interpretation is a plurality of events, in the example a plurality of writing books. The semantic properties of the construction are discussed. An analysis is offered in terms of event pluralization, with ‘N-Preposition-N’ a pluractional modifier. This is embedded in a general theory of plural predication.
{"title":"Multiple Events and ‘N Preposition N’","authors":"Sigrid Beck","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.16","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses structures like ‘Sandy wrote book after book’, in which a central preposition is combined with two identical nouns. The interpretation is a plurality of events, in the example a plurality of writing books. The semantic properties of the construction are discussed. An analysis is offered in terms of event pluralization, with ‘N-Preposition-N’ a pluractional modifier. This is embedded in a general theory of plural predication.","PeriodicalId":415128,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Grammatical Number","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126725336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-06DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.29
M. Zimmermann
The chapter provides a general overview of the formal marking of pluractionality in Chadic languages and its observable interpretive effects, with a special focus of Hausa. Section 29.2 introduces the three major strategies for marking pluractionality in Chadic (reduplication, infixing/ablauting, suffixation), before discussing possible correspondences between formal marking and interpretation. The empirical focus lies on languages that do not figure prominently in earlier works on pluractionality in Chadic. The section also contains a case study on the interpretation of different ways of pluractional marking in West Chadic Bole. Section 29.3 introduces the basic patterns of pluractional marking in Hausa, and their basic semantic interpretation in terms of distribution over participants or places. It then discusses secondary, pragmatically inferred meaning effects in terms of abundance, individuation, or intensification. The chapter ends with a discussion of why pluractional marking in Hausa does not easily allow for iterative event interpretations.
{"title":"Verbal Number in Chadic, with Special Reference to Hausa","authors":"M. Zimmermann","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.29","url":null,"abstract":"The chapter provides a general overview of the formal marking of pluractionality in Chadic languages and its observable interpretive effects, with a special focus of Hausa. Section 29.2 introduces the three major strategies for marking pluractionality in Chadic (reduplication, infixing/ablauting, suffixation), before discussing possible correspondences between formal marking and interpretation. The empirical focus lies on languages that do not figure prominently in earlier works on pluractionality in Chadic. The section also contains a case study on the interpretation of different ways of pluractional marking in West Chadic Bole. Section 29.3 introduces the basic patterns of pluractional marking in Hausa, and their basic semantic interpretation in terms of distribution over participants or places. It then discusses secondary, pragmatically inferred meaning effects in terms of abundance, individuation, or intensification. The chapter ends with a discussion of why pluractional marking in Hausa does not easily allow for iterative event interpretations.","PeriodicalId":415128,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Grammatical Number","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124392362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-06DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.10
J. Doetjes
This chapter describes various ways in which numeral classifiers interact with semantic number and number marking across languages. According to the Sanches–Greenberg–Slobin generalizations, languages in which the use of numeral classifiers is obligatory do not have obligatory number marking on nouns, and in the presence of numeral classifiers, nouns are normally not marked for number. An empirical and theoretical discussion of these generalizations is followed by a description of data from the Austronesian language Mokilese, an obligatory numeral classifier language with obligatory number marking on definite and indefinite markers. Finally, the chapter turns to number marking on classifiers (i.e. the form of the numeral classifier used with the numeral for ‘one’ differs from the form used with other numerals), as well as number marking by means of classifiers (i.e. cases where numeral classifiers play a role in the semantic number-marking strategies that a language has).
{"title":"Number and Numeral Classifiers","authors":"J. Doetjes","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.10","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter describes various ways in which numeral classifiers interact with semantic number and number marking across languages. According to the Sanches–Greenberg–Slobin generalizations, languages in which the use of numeral classifiers is obligatory do not have obligatory number marking on nouns, and in the presence of numeral classifiers, nouns are normally not marked for number. An empirical and theoretical discussion of these generalizations is followed by a description of data from the Austronesian language Mokilese, an obligatory numeral classifier language with obligatory number marking on definite and indefinite markers. Finally, the chapter turns to number marking on classifiers (i.e. the form of the numeral classifier used with the numeral for ‘one’ differs from the form used with other numerals), as well as number marking by means of classifiers (i.e. cases where numeral classifiers play a role in the semantic number-marking strategies that a language has).","PeriodicalId":415128,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Grammatical Number","volume":"2 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114029867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-06DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.19
Nisrine Al-Zahre
This chapter examines the morphology and semantic interpretation of the dual in Standard Arabic and Syrian Arabic. In the evolution from classical Arabic to modern dialects dual agreement was lost entirely and only a few dialects such as Syrian Arabic have preserved productive dual marking on nouns. Even though the forms of dual agreement in Syrian Arabic are syncretic with the plural agreement forms the agreement pattern of duals remain clearly distinct from plural agreement with plural DPs and nouns modified by higher numerals. Furthermore, while the plural in Standard and Syrian Arabic allows inclusive readings, the dual expresses exact cardinality of two and does not allow the equivalent inclusive duals.
{"title":"Dual in Standard and Syrian Arabic","authors":"Nisrine Al-Zahre","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.19","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the morphology and semantic interpretation of the dual in Standard Arabic and Syrian Arabic. In the evolution from classical Arabic to modern dialects dual agreement was lost entirely and only a few dialects such as Syrian Arabic have preserved productive dual marking on nouns. Even though the forms of dual agreement in Syrian Arabic are syncretic with the plural agreement forms the agreement pattern of duals remain clearly distinct from plural agreement with plural DPs and nouns modified by higher numerals. Furthermore, while the plural in Standard and Syrian Arabic allows inclusive readings, the dual expresses exact cardinality of two and does not allow the equivalent inclusive duals.","PeriodicalId":415128,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Grammatical Number","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117319088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-06DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.23
Lindsay K. Butler
This chapter examines the morphosyntactic properties of optional, non-inflectional plural marking in Yucatec Maya. Evidence is presented that suggests that the non-inflectional plural in Yucatec Maya adjoins to the Determiner Phrase rather than heading the Number Phrase as in better-known languages. Plural marking cannot occur inside of compounds, derivational morphology, or on a prenominal adjective. Additionally, it can adjoin to the second linear noun of a conjoined noun phrase and modify either or both of the conjuncts. The results of a sentence production experiment with speakers of Yucatec Maya are summarized and provide additional support for the Determiner Phrase–adjoined hypothesis. The Yucatec Maya facts are discussed in the wider context of cross-linguistic variation in the typology of plural marking and the implications for linguistic theory and models of language processing.
{"title":"Non-inflectional plural in yucatec maya","authors":"Lindsay K. Butler","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.23","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the morphosyntactic properties of optional, non-inflectional plural marking in Yucatec Maya. Evidence is presented that suggests that the non-inflectional plural in Yucatec Maya adjoins to the Determiner Phrase rather than heading the Number Phrase as in better-known languages. Plural marking cannot occur inside of compounds, derivational morphology, or on a prenominal adjective. Additionally, it can adjoin to the second linear noun of a conjoined noun phrase and modify either or both of the conjuncts. The results of a sentence production experiment with speakers of Yucatec Maya are summarized and provide additional support for the Determiner Phrase–adjoined hypothesis. The Yucatec Maya facts are discussed in the wider context of cross-linguistic variation in the typology of plural marking and the implications for linguistic theory and models of language processing.","PeriodicalId":415128,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Grammatical Number","volume":"113 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116177516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-06DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.8
Martina Wiltschko
This chapter explores the syntactic significance of number marking based on distributional, formal, and interpretive properties and its parameters of variation. On the basis of these properties, various syntactic analyses of number marking are evaluated. The hypothesis that number marking is hosted in a functional category NumP is introduced and it is shown that it can account for some, but crucially not all, of the properties of number marking. However, the assumption that number marking associates with a functional category, does not imply that it will associate with the same functional category across all languages, nor that it will associate in the same way. Diagnostics are provided to identify where and how on the nominal spine a given number marker associates.
{"title":"The Syntax of Number Markers","authors":"Martina Wiltschko","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.8","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores the syntactic significance of number marking based on distributional, formal, and interpretive properties and its parameters of variation. On the basis of these properties, various syntactic analyses of number marking are evaluated. The hypothesis that number marking is hosted in a functional category NumP is introduced and it is shown that it can account for some, but crucially not all, of the properties of number marking. However, the assumption that number marking associates with a functional category, does not imply that it will associate with the same functional category across all languages, nor that it will associate in the same way. Diagnostics are provided to identify where and how on the nominal spine a given number marker associates.","PeriodicalId":415128,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Grammatical Number","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127180147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-06DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.26
L. Marten
Noun classes are a prominent grammatical feature of Bantu languages where typically each noun (or noun stem) is assigned to one of between fifteen and eighteen noun classes. Noun classes are often analysed as a form of nominal classification system and seen as belonging to the same domain as grammatical gender systems. Number in Bantu languages is mediated by the noun class system and the intricate interaction between noun class and number in Bantu has given rise to different theoretical analyses. The chapter focuses on three approaches to analysing grammatical number in Bantu languages—approaches based on an inflectional notion of number, those which analyse number as a derivational relation, and approaches adopting notions of polysemy and paradigms for analysing Bantu noun class systems.
{"title":"Noun Classes and Plurality in Bantu Languages","authors":"L. Marten","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.26","url":null,"abstract":"Noun classes are a prominent grammatical feature of Bantu languages where typically each noun (or noun stem) is assigned to one of between fifteen and eighteen noun classes. Noun classes are often analysed as a form of nominal classification system and seen as belonging to the same domain as grammatical gender systems. Number in Bantu languages is mediated by the noun class system and the intricate interaction between noun class and number in Bantu has given rise to different theoretical analyses. The chapter focuses on three approaches to analysing grammatical number in Bantu languages—approaches based on an inflectional notion of number, those which analyse number as a derivational relation, and approaches adopting notions of polysemy and paradigms for analysing Bantu noun class systems.","PeriodicalId":415128,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Grammatical Number","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129417524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.21
Scott Grimm
This chapter examines the inverse number system in Dagaare (Gur; Niger–Congo). Inverse number systems possess a number morpheme which for some nouns encodes the plural interpretation while for others it encodes the singular interpretation. This chapter argues that a principled lexical semantic classification underlies the inverse number strategy in Dagaare, guiding whether for a particular noun the inverse morpheme codes the singular or the plural interpretation. The chapter further explores the functional grounding of inverse number, in terms of frequency and individuation, and presents a formal semantic account of the inverse number system.
{"title":"Inverse number in dagaare","authors":"Scott Grimm","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.21","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the inverse number system in Dagaare (Gur; Niger–Congo). Inverse number systems possess a number morpheme which for some nouns encodes the plural interpretation while for others it encodes the singular interpretation. This chapter argues that a principled lexical semantic classification underlies the inverse number strategy in Dagaare, guiding whether for a particular noun the inverse morpheme codes the singular or the plural interpretation. The chapter further explores the functional grounding of inverse number, in terms of frequency and individuation, and presents a formal semantic account of the inverse number system.","PeriodicalId":415128,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Grammatical Number","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129231638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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