Vulnerability and resilience of urban waters, under the shifting paradigm of climate change and urbanization, needs to be evaluated from both quantitative and qualitative perspectives. We evaluated the vulnerability of urban waters of Guwahati, the largest city in Northeastern India, and Colombo, the coastal National Capital Territory of Sri Lanka, by analyzing the concurrence of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs), enteric virus, antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB), metal, faecal contamination and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), as well as long-term changes in precipitation and temperature. Escherichia coli (E. coli) ranged from 10-27 cfu ml-1 in the Kelani river, and from below detection limit to 49 cfu ml-1 in the Brahmaputra. E. coli strains isolated from the water were evaluated for resistance to the antibiotics norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, kanamycin monosulphate, tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole. In both countries, most of the isolates were resistant to multiple drugs and the resistance was greater for older generation antibiotics. The Brahmaputra River showed greater resistance to all of the antibiotics than the Kelani and Gin rivers. Antibiotic resistance genes gyrA, tetW, sul1 and ampC were detected in the Kelani River, while aac-(6’)-1b-cr, gyrA, tetW, sul1, ampC and blaTEM were detected in the Brahmaputra River. Antibiotic resistance appears to be not correlated with the prevalence of PPCPs and E. coli, but with anthropogenic pollution and lifestyle. CSIRO and MIROC models predict more than a 1.2 °C increase in average yearly temperature, whereas average yearly precipitation is likely to remain the same, with some abnormalities in high and low extremes. A resilient framework is needed that ensures participation of every stakeholder by defining specific roles in the implementation process. Climate change, Emerging contaminant, Resilience, Urban waters, Vulnerability
{"title":"Vulnerability of urban waters to emerging contaminants in India and Sri Lanka: Resilience framework and strategy","authors":"Manish Kumar, T. Chaminda, R. Honda, H. Furumai","doi":"10.30852/sb.2019.799","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30852/sb.2019.799","url":null,"abstract":"Vulnerability and resilience of urban waters, under the shifting paradigm of climate change and urbanization, needs to be evaluated from both quantitative and qualitative perspectives. We evaluated the vulnerability of urban waters of Guwahati, the largest city in Northeastern India, and Colombo, the coastal National Capital Territory of Sri Lanka, by analyzing the concurrence of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs), enteric virus, antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB), metal, faecal contamination and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), as well as long-term changes in precipitation and temperature. Escherichia coli (E. coli) ranged from 10-27 cfu ml-1 in the Kelani river, and from below detection limit to 49 cfu ml-1 in the Brahmaputra. E. coli strains isolated from the water were evaluated for resistance to the antibiotics norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, kanamycin monosulphate, tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole. In both countries, most of the isolates were resistant to multiple drugs and the resistance was greater for older generation antibiotics. The Brahmaputra River showed greater resistance to all of the antibiotics than the Kelani and Gin rivers. Antibiotic resistance genes gyrA, tetW, sul1 and ampC were detected in the Kelani River, while aac-(6’)-1b-cr, gyrA, tetW, sul1, ampC and blaTEM were detected in the Brahmaputra River. Antibiotic resistance appears to be not correlated with the prevalence of PPCPs and E. coli, but with anthropogenic pollution and lifestyle. CSIRO and MIROC models predict more than a 1.2 °C increase in average yearly temperature, whereas average yearly precipitation is likely to remain the same, with some abnormalities in high and low extremes. A resilient framework is needed that ensures participation of every stakeholder by defining specific roles in the implementation process. Climate change, Emerging contaminant, Resilience, Urban waters, Vulnerability","PeriodicalId":415129,"journal":{"name":"APN Science Bulletin","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128764138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Rowlings, A. Liyanage, J. Kholová, Shanthi Jagadabhi, S. Ranwala, A. Whitbread
Aggressive fertilizer subsidies throughout South Asia have led to a rapid increase in the use of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers such as urea at the farm level. While this has been successful in increasing yields, significant yield gaps remain between potential and actual farm yields, while unbalanced or over application of fertilizers potentially damages soil and environmental health. This project examined organic amendment (OA) application in India and Sri Lanka on productivity, soil properties and greenhouse gas emissions. In India, poultry, farm-yard manure and vermi-compost were applied to a paddy rice crop, and the potential benefits followed through to a post-rice chickpea crop. In Sri Lanka, we tested the optimal combination of synthetic nitrogen fertilizer rates when using municipal-waste compost in a multi-year maize-soybean rotation. Results at both trial sites saw an increase in crop yields under OA application; in particular chickpea yields from farm-yard manure and after repeated application of municipal-waste compost. However, all OA treatments increased emissions of the greenhouse gases nitrous oxide and methane due to additional nitrogen or carbon availability. Furthermore, the low nutrient content and relatively high cost of the OA’s, particularly the composts, made them uneconomical as nutrient sources compared to conventional fertilizers.
{"title":"Developing an economic, environmental and agronomic case for the increased use of organic amendments in South Asia","authors":"D. Rowlings, A. Liyanage, J. Kholová, Shanthi Jagadabhi, S. Ranwala, A. Whitbread","doi":"10.30852/sb.2019.780","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30852/sb.2019.780","url":null,"abstract":"Aggressive fertilizer subsidies throughout South Asia have led to a rapid increase in the use of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers such as urea at the farm level. While this has been successful in increasing yields, significant yield gaps remain between potential and actual farm yields, while unbalanced or over application of fertilizers potentially damages soil and environmental health. This project examined organic amendment (OA) application in India and Sri Lanka on productivity, soil properties and greenhouse gas emissions. In India, poultry, farm-yard manure and vermi-compost were applied to a paddy rice crop, and the potential benefits followed through to a post-rice chickpea crop. In Sri Lanka, we tested the optimal combination of synthetic nitrogen fertilizer rates when using municipal-waste compost in a multi-year maize-soybean rotation. Results at both trial sites saw an increase in crop yields under OA application; in particular chickpea yields from farm-yard manure and after repeated application of municipal-waste compost. However, all OA treatments increased emissions of the greenhouse gases nitrous oxide and methane due to additional nitrogen or carbon availability. Furthermore, the low nutrient content and relatively high cost of the OA’s, particularly the composts, made them uneconomical as nutrient sources compared to conventional fertilizers.","PeriodicalId":415129,"journal":{"name":"APN Science Bulletin","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129055791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Non-economic loss and damage (NELD) could constitute a major proportion of the total loss and damage caused by any climate-related disasters. Despite this, most NELD has not been well measured and reported in most post-disaster reports and databases and has often not been given the attention it deserves in most disaster risk assessments and risk reduction interventions. Issues include a lack of proper recognition among the stakeholders engaged in disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation of the value that society attaches to NELD, and a lack of simple methods to identify, prioritize and measure NELD. Keeping these barriers in view, this research aimed to develop an assessment framework to identify and prioritize NELD in key vulnerable sectors and make policy recommendations for addressing NELD. In this paper, results from case studies conducted in Japan and Bangladesh, two of the five project countries, are presented for a better understanding on this subject. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was used to identify and prioritize key NELD caused by climate-related disasters and to identify important risk reduction practices that could address NELD. The findings show that mental health disorders can be one common and important NELD in both Bangladesh and Japan despite their contrasting developmental situations. Inaccessible sanitation and waterborne diseases were Bangladesh-specific NELD, while poor risk governance and risk communication between local governments and communities were Japan-specific NELD. Climate change adaptation, Climaterelated disasters, Community, Disaster risk reduction, Loss and damage, Mental health, Non-economic loss and damage
{"title":"Addressing non-economic loss and damage associated with climatic events: Cases of Japan and Bangladesh","authors":"Yohei Chiba, S. Prabhakar, Md. Atikul Islam","doi":"10.30852/SB.2019.740","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30852/SB.2019.740","url":null,"abstract":"Non-economic loss and damage (NELD) could constitute a major proportion of the total loss and damage caused by any climate-related disasters. Despite this, most NELD has not been well measured and reported in most post-disaster reports and databases and has often not been given the attention it deserves in most disaster risk assessments and risk reduction interventions. Issues include a lack of proper recognition among the stakeholders engaged in disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation of the value that society attaches to NELD, and a lack of simple methods to identify, prioritize and measure NELD. Keeping these barriers in view, this research aimed to develop an assessment framework to identify and prioritize NELD in key vulnerable sectors and make policy recommendations for addressing NELD. In this paper, results from case studies conducted in Japan and Bangladesh, two of the five project countries, are presented for a better understanding on this subject. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was used to identify and prioritize key NELD caused by climate-related disasters and to identify important risk reduction practices that could address NELD. The findings show that mental health disorders can be one common and important NELD in both Bangladesh and Japan despite their contrasting developmental situations. Inaccessible sanitation and waterborne diseases were Bangladesh-specific NELD, while poor risk governance and risk communication between local governments and communities were Japan-specific NELD. Climate change adaptation, Climaterelated disasters, Community, Disaster risk reduction, Loss and damage, Mental health, Non-economic loss and damage","PeriodicalId":415129,"journal":{"name":"APN Science Bulletin","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131773389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Pereira, J. Pulhin, Nyda Chhinh, T. Trong, Siti Khadijah Satari
Slow onset processes were investigated in five pilot areas in Southeast Asia, i.e., Kampong Speu Province (Cambodia), Selangor State (Malaysia), Thatdama Kyun Village (Myanmar), Kanan Watershed (Philippines), and Quang Ngai Province (Vietnam). Pilot areas with low-lying coasts are exposed to floods, saline intrusion and sea-level rise while some are also affected by storms and typhoons. Floodplains are exposed to floods and river bank erosion while highlands are affected by flash floods, mudslides, landslides and forest degradation. Dry conditions and high temperatures are not confined to a specific geomorphological setting. The assessment of L+D is a challenge as many impacts are not directly attributed to anthropogenic climate change. However, where science has clearly linked global warming and sea-level rise to anthropogenic causes, and human influence in a particular area is minimal, L+D assessments are relevant to policy platforms such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The land use planning system is a potential entry point for integrating DRR, CCA and L+D. Climate change adaptation, Climate hazards, Disaster risk reduction, Loss and damage, Slow onset hazards, Southeast Asia
{"title":"Appraising slow onset hazards for loss and damage: Case studies in Southeast Asia","authors":"J. Pereira, J. Pulhin, Nyda Chhinh, T. Trong, Siti Khadijah Satari","doi":"10.30852/SB.2019.720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30852/SB.2019.720","url":null,"abstract":"Slow onset processes were investigated in five pilot areas in Southeast Asia, i.e., Kampong Speu Province (Cambodia), Selangor State (Malaysia), Thatdama Kyun Village (Myanmar), Kanan Watershed (Philippines), and Quang Ngai Province (Vietnam). Pilot areas with low-lying coasts are exposed to floods, saline intrusion and sea-level rise while some are also affected by storms and typhoons. Floodplains are exposed to floods and river bank erosion while highlands are affected by flash floods, mudslides, landslides and forest degradation. Dry conditions and high temperatures are not confined to a specific geomorphological setting. The assessment of L+D is a challenge as many impacts are not directly attributed to anthropogenic climate change. However, where science has clearly linked global warming and sea-level rise to anthropogenic causes, and human influence in a particular area is minimal, L+D assessments are relevant to policy platforms such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The land use planning system is a potential entry point for integrating DRR, CCA and L+D. Climate change adaptation, Climate hazards, Disaster risk reduction, Loss and damage, Slow onset hazards, Southeast Asia","PeriodicalId":415129,"journal":{"name":"APN Science Bulletin","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126700054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Seeking a more integrative understanding of the coupled human-environment system to tackle critical issues is currently a key concern for policymakers and the scientific community, especially in developing countries. This study developed an agent-based model (ABM) to simulate spatiotemporal changes of land use functions (LUFs) in the environmentally fragile region of Guyuan in western China to better understand local issues. We employed both the Framework of Participatory Impact Assessment (FoPIA) and a questionnaire survey to combine human factors with environmental data. We concluded that: (1) Our ABM well represented spatiotemporal LUF changes in Guyuan; and (2) Land abandonment is a critical problem in Guyuan. Thus, the promotion of land cultivation and the improvement of cultivated land-use efficiency is urgently needed. Our model has great potential for land-use policy scenario simulations and could benefit policymakers in recognizing land-use issues and recommending land management policies.
{"title":"Simulating spatiotemporal changes in land-use functions in Guyuan, China, using an agent-based model dependent on multi-level stakeholder participation","authors":"Zhichao Xue, L. Zhen","doi":"10.30852/SB.2019.705","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30852/SB.2019.705","url":null,"abstract":"Seeking a more integrative understanding of the coupled human-environment system to tackle critical issues is currently a key concern for policymakers and the scientific community, especially in developing countries. This study developed an agent-based model (ABM) to simulate spatiotemporal changes of land use functions (LUFs) in the environmentally fragile region of Guyuan in western China to better understand local issues. We employed both the Framework of Participatory Impact Assessment (FoPIA) and a questionnaire survey to combine human factors with environmental data. We concluded that: (1) Our ABM well represented spatiotemporal LUF changes in Guyuan; and (2) Land abandonment is a critical problem in Guyuan. Thus, the promotion of land cultivation and the improvement of cultivated land-use efficiency is urgently needed. Our model has great potential for land-use policy scenario simulations and could benefit policymakers in recognizing land-use issues and recommending land management policies.","PeriodicalId":415129,"journal":{"name":"APN Science Bulletin","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126398541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Mishra, Abeer Mansoor, C. Saraswat, Arjun Gautam
Urban water management has become more challenging and expensive in the global change context. The major shortcomings of existing research on water management systems are the neglect of uncertainty in climate change, inadequate knowledge of infrastructural response sensitivity, the lack of holistic water management framework and limited consideration of local aspects in adaptation strategies formulation. The main goals of this research are to (1) analyse climate change impact on extreme precipitation patterns, and (2) conduct iterative stormwater simulation for alternative on-site stormwater capture measures for climate change adaptation and sustainable urban development. Impacts of climate change were investigated by considering precipitation projections of multiple GCMs (Global Climate Models) over Yato Watershed, Tokyo. Precipitation IDF curves of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100-year return periods for present and future climates revealed that, for all return periods and durations, the precipitation intensities are significantly greater for the future climate than the present climate. The HEC-HMS tool enabled simulation of flood hydrographs for current and future climate conditions. The simulated results indicated that there would be an increase of 11–20% in peak discharge at the Yato Watershed outlet at the end of this century. It was observed that Kinuta Park is in a strategic location which can be used to construct a storage facility of 180,163.14 m3 for reducing flood events. The study proposes maintaining the stability of the water cycle of the urban catchment as an alternative for sustainable water management. Climate change, GCM Rainfall IDF, Runoff, Stormwater, Yato Watershed
{"title":"Climate change adaptation through optimal stormwater capture measures","authors":"B. Mishra, Abeer Mansoor, C. Saraswat, Arjun Gautam","doi":"10.30852/SB.2019.590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30852/SB.2019.590","url":null,"abstract":"Urban water management has become more challenging and expensive in the global change context. The major shortcomings of existing research on water management systems are the neglect of uncertainty in climate change, inadequate knowledge of infrastructural response sensitivity, the lack of holistic water management framework and limited consideration of local aspects in adaptation strategies formulation. The main goals of this research are to (1) analyse climate change impact on extreme precipitation patterns, and (2) conduct iterative stormwater simulation for alternative on-site stormwater capture measures for climate change adaptation and sustainable urban development. Impacts of climate change were investigated by considering precipitation projections of multiple GCMs (Global Climate Models) over Yato Watershed, Tokyo. Precipitation IDF curves of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100-year return periods for present and future climates revealed that, for all return periods and durations, the precipitation intensities are significantly greater for the future climate than the present climate. The HEC-HMS tool enabled simulation of flood hydrographs for current and future climate conditions. The simulated results indicated that there would be an increase of 11–20% in peak discharge at the Yato Watershed outlet at the end of this century. It was observed that Kinuta Park is in a strategic location which can be used to construct a storage facility of 180,163.14 m3 for reducing flood events. The study proposes maintaining the stability of the water cycle of the urban catchment as an alternative for sustainable water management. Climate change, GCM Rainfall IDF, Runoff, Stormwater, Yato Watershed","PeriodicalId":415129,"journal":{"name":"APN Science Bulletin","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132494219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xin Zhou, B. Mitra, D. Sharma, G. Islam, R. Malla, D. Herran
The Ganges basin provides essential water for drinking, irrigation, industrial use and power generation. Global climate change will affect the water availability in the basin and inevitably intensify the competition for water among major users, particularly from thermal power generation. Knowledge on the spatial distribution of water supply-demand gaps and the water stress for meeting the cooling water requirements is crucial for effective energy planning and water resource management. This article presents the outcomes from the India case study based on an integrated assessment of the water-energy nexus in the Ganges sub-basins focusing on water stress assessment for thermal power plants up to 2050 under climate change conditions. The results from the hydrological modelling show that the overall water availability in the four studied sub-basins, namely Chambal, Damodar, Gandak and Yamuna, will increase by 13%, 33%, 21% and 28%, respectively, in 2050 compared with the levels in 2010 under the greenhouse gas Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenario 4.5. However, water availability will not be evenly distributed throughout the year and in some sub-basins water will be less available in the dry seasons. For example, Yamuna will have 25% less water in the dry season in the 2050s. Steady growth of water demand will cause serious water deficit in 30 out of 40 districts in Yamuna and 18 out of 33 districts in Gandak in 2050 under RCP 4.5. Consequently, 40% of the existing and planned thermal power plants in Damodar and almost all in Gandak and Yamuna will face high water risks in the future, endangering the energy security in India. Energy development planning and water resource management therefore need to take into account the water risks posed to future thermal power generation and consider the relocation of the planned installations from water-stressed areas (particularly Gandak) to alternative locations with water surplus (such as Chambal). It is also important to adopt less water-intensive power generation technologies and cooling systems for the planned and new installations. Ganges sub-basins, Integrated assessment, Water stress for thermal power generation, Water supply-demand gaps, Water-energy nexus
{"title":"An integrated assessment of climate-affected long-term water availability and its impacts on energy security in the Ganges sub-basins","authors":"Xin Zhou, B. Mitra, D. Sharma, G. Islam, R. Malla, D. Herran","doi":"10.30852/SB.2019.612","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30852/SB.2019.612","url":null,"abstract":"The Ganges basin provides essential water for drinking, irrigation, industrial use and power generation. Global climate change will affect the water availability in the basin and inevitably intensify the competition for water among major users, particularly from thermal power generation. Knowledge on the spatial distribution of water supply-demand gaps and the water stress for meeting the cooling water requirements is crucial for effective energy planning and water resource management. This article presents the outcomes from the India case study based on an integrated assessment of the water-energy nexus in the Ganges sub-basins focusing on water stress assessment for thermal power plants up to 2050 under climate change conditions. The results from the hydrological modelling show that the overall water availability in the four studied sub-basins, namely Chambal, Damodar, Gandak and Yamuna, will increase by 13%, 33%, 21% and 28%, respectively, in 2050 compared with the levels in 2010 under the greenhouse gas Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenario 4.5. However, water availability will not be evenly distributed throughout the year and in some sub-basins water will be less available in the dry seasons. For example, Yamuna will have 25% less water in the dry season in the 2050s. Steady growth of water demand will cause serious water deficit in 30 out of 40 districts in Yamuna and 18 out of 33 districts in Gandak in 2050 under RCP 4.5. Consequently, 40% of the existing and planned thermal power plants in Damodar and almost all in Gandak and Yamuna will face high water risks in the future, endangering the energy security in India. Energy development planning and water resource management therefore need to take into account the water risks posed to future thermal power generation and consider the relocation of the planned installations from water-stressed areas (particularly Gandak) to alternative locations with water surplus (such as Chambal). It is also important to adopt less water-intensive power generation technologies and cooling systems for the planned and new installations. Ganges sub-basins, Integrated assessment, Water stress for thermal power generation, Water supply-demand gaps, Water-energy nexus","PeriodicalId":415129,"journal":{"name":"APN Science Bulletin","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129600048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Arifwidodo, Orana Chandrasiri, R. Abdulharis, T. Kubota
This study is part of a regional research project aimed at understanding the effects of Urban Heat Island (UHI) on urban residents. Using two case studies in Bangkok, Thailand and Bandung, Indonesia, the study focuses on the effects of UHI on household energy consumption and health and well-being. A survey questionnaire of 400 respondents from each city was employed. Household energy consumption is measured using a proxy variable of average monthly electricity consumption. UHI intensity is measured using a cooling degree days (CDD) variable constructed from the temperature difference between urban and suburban weather stations. The perceived health effect is measured by heat stress, physical health impacts, mental health impacts and health and well-being outcomes. The data are then analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics. The result indicates that the presence of UHI in Bangkok plays a significant role in household energy consumption. UHI is found to have a positive association with the ownership of air conditioning equipment in Bangkok and Bandung and is found to increase the monthly electricity bill. In terms of health effects, it is found that UHI affects health directly through heat stress and indirectly through lowering the health and well-being outcomes. Results from the two case studies indicate that UHI has affected the daily lives of urban residents in terms of increasing household energy consumption for cooling and disruption of activities such as working, sleeping, and general health and well-being. Bandung, Bangkok, Health and well-being, Household energy consumption, Sustainable urban development, Urban heat island
{"title":"Exploring the effects of urban heat island: A case study of two cities in Thailand and Indonesia","authors":"S. Arifwidodo, Orana Chandrasiri, R. Abdulharis, T. Kubota","doi":"10.30852/SB.2019.539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30852/SB.2019.539","url":null,"abstract":"This study is part of a regional research project aimed at understanding the effects of Urban Heat Island (UHI) on urban residents. Using two case studies in Bangkok, Thailand and Bandung, Indonesia, the study focuses on the effects of UHI on household energy consumption and health and well-being. A survey questionnaire of 400 respondents from each city was employed. Household energy consumption is measured using a proxy variable of average monthly electricity consumption. UHI intensity is measured using a cooling degree days (CDD) variable constructed from the temperature difference between urban and suburban weather stations. The perceived health effect is measured by heat stress, physical health impacts, mental health impacts and health and well-being outcomes. The data are then analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics. The result indicates that the presence of UHI in Bangkok plays a significant role in household energy consumption. UHI is found to have a positive association with the ownership of air conditioning equipment in Bangkok and Bandung and is found to increase the monthly electricity bill. In terms of health effects, it is found that UHI affects health directly through heat stress and indirectly through lowering the health and well-being outcomes. Results from the two case studies indicate that UHI has affected the daily lives of urban residents in terms of increasing household energy consumption for cooling and disruption of activities such as working, sleeping, and general health and well-being. Bandung, Bangkok, Health and well-being, Household energy consumption, Sustainable urban development, Urban heat island","PeriodicalId":415129,"journal":{"name":"APN Science Bulletin","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122532389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Nagabhatla, Ngo Tho Hung, Luong Thi Tuyen, V. Cam, J. Dhanraj, Nguyen Thi Thien, F. Swierczek
Coastal ecosystems contribute significantly to socio-economic development in the Southeast Asia Region. The emerging question is how to achieve sustainable development through innovative thinking, smart planning and better insights derived from an ecosystem-based approach (EbA). Based on experience gained while implementing the Sustainable Management and Governance of Coastal Ecosystems (ENGAGE) project funded by the Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research (APN), we contribute to addressing this question by proposing an emerging EbA as a complementary concept for implementing Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM). A strong emphasis on strengthening the capacity of development actors and local communities remains pertinent in formulating this eco-centric policy for resource governance. This synthesis is described in three sections presenting an overview of EbA and ICZM in selected countries in the region. The first section reflects the review of coastal management frameworks and institutions, with a focus on policy strengths and gaps in the integration of EbA, particularly in the context of climate change adaptation. The second section explains different procedures adopted or proposed in the region for sustainable development of coastal ecosystems. The third section demonstrates how regional-scale initiatives like ENGAGE can facilitate the exchange of data, information, and knowledge, and stimulate cooperation for realizing the 2030 Agenda for Transformation, and the coastal zone-related SDGs and targets. Capacity building, Coastal ecosystem, Integrated management, Southeast Asia
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F. Tangang, Supari Supari, J. Chung, F. Cruz, E. Salimun, Sheau Tieh Ngai, L. Juneng, J. Santisirisomboon, Jaruthat Santisirisomboon, T. Ngo‐Duc, T. Phan‐Van, G. Narisma, P. Singhruck, D. Gunawan, E. Aldrian, A. Sopaheluwakan, G. Nikulin, Hongwei Yang, A. Remedio, D. Sein, David Hein-Griggs
THIS ARTICLE PROVIDES detailed information on projected changes in annual precipitation extremes over Southeast Asia under global warming of 2°C based on the multi-model simulations of the Southeast Asia Regional Climate Downscaling/Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment Southeast Asia (SEACLID/CORDEX-SEA). Four indices of extreme precipitation are considered: annual total precipitation (PRCPTOT), consecutive dry days (CDD), frequency of rainfall exceeding 50 mm/day (R50mm), and intensity of extreme precipitation (RX1day). The ensemble mean of 10 simulations showed reasonable performance in simulating observed characteristics of extreme precipitation during the historical period of 1986–2005. The year 2041 was taken as the year when global mean temperature reaches 2°C above pre-industrial levels under unmitigated climate change scenario based on Karmalkar and Bradley (2017). Results indicate that the most prominent changes during the period of 2031–2051 were largely significant. Robust increases in CDD imply impending drier conditions over Indonesia, while increases in RX1day suggest more intense rainfall events over most of Indochina under 2°C global warming scenario. Furthermore, northern Myanmar is projected to experience increases in CDD, R50mm and RX1day, suggesting that the area may face more serious repercussions than other areas in Southeast Asia.
本文基于东南亚区域气候降尺度/协调东南亚区域气候降尺度试验(SEACLID/CORDEX-SEA)的多模式模拟，详细介绍了全球变暖2°C下东南亚地区年极端降水的变化。考虑了极端降水的4个指标:年总降水量(PRCPTOT)、连续干旱日数(CDD)、超过50mm /d的降水频率(R50mm)和极端降水强度(RX1day)。10次模拟的集合平均值对1986—2005年极端降水的观测特征具有较好的模拟效果。Karmalkar and Bradley(2017)将2041年作为气候变化不减缓情景下全球平均气温比工业化前水平高出2°C的年份。结果表明，2031-2051年期间的变化最为显著。此外，预计缅甸北部的CDD、r50毫米和r71天将增加，这表明该地区可能面临比东南亚其他地区更严重的影响。
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