Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.21608/ejars.2022.276152
A. M., Kalil, H., M. M.
: This study presents the results of various analytical techniques applied to a painted wooden stela in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. The examined elements of the stela included the wooden support, the prepared layer, and the various colors overlaying it. The techniques applied were the analysis of a cross-section from the wooden support using a USB digital microscope, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy with Attenuated Total Reflection (FTIR), and Visible-induced Infrared Luminescence (VIL). The study also focused on the most active fungi that grow on the wood. The analysis of the pigments revealed the presence of Egyptian green and blue, hematite, calcium carbonate, and orpiment. These were applied on an orpiment background. An organic binder in the form of gum Arabic was detected, indicating the application of the tempera technique. The wooden support was made of sycamore wood. The preparation layer consisted of calcium carbonate with silicon as the base layer, followed by a layer of calcite.
{"title":"EXAMINATION AND ANALYSIS OF A PAINTED WOODEN FUNERARY STELA FROM THE LATE PERIOD AT THE EGYPTIAN MUSEUM IN CAIRO","authors":"A. M., Kalil, H., M. M.","doi":"10.21608/ejars.2022.276152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/ejars.2022.276152","url":null,"abstract":": This study presents the results of various analytical techniques applied to a painted wooden stela in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. The examined elements of the stela included the wooden support, the prepared layer, and the various colors overlaying it. The techniques applied were the analysis of a cross-section from the wooden support using a USB digital microscope, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy with Attenuated Total Reflection (FTIR), and Visible-induced Infrared Luminescence (VIL). The study also focused on the most active fungi that grow on the wood. The analysis of the pigments revealed the presence of Egyptian green and blue, hematite, calcium carbonate, and orpiment. These were applied on an orpiment background. An organic binder in the form of gum Arabic was detected, indicating the application of the tempera technique. The wooden support was made of sycamore wood. The preparation layer consisted of calcium carbonate with silicon as the base layer, followed by a layer of calcite.","PeriodicalId":41512,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43072093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.21608/ejars.2022.276150
H. Y.
: Basalt represents one of the most common stones used in the construction of our archaeological structures. However, basalt is a very dense, compact and hard igneous stone; it is highly deterior-ated by physicochemical deterioration factors especially in the open air environments. Cracks are among the dangerous deterioration aspects in basaltic stones. They significantly contribute to accelerate their deterioration rates. Consequently, the cracks in basaltic stones have to be filled with a suitable mortar to stop their harmful impacts. In the present work, four types of organic binder based mortars were prepared and comparatively evaluated to select the best one for filling the cracks occurring in the studied archaeological basaltic stones at Abu Sir area. Examinations and analytical study were performed using transmission electron microscope, polarizing microscope, x-ray diffraction, colourimetric measurement, static water contact angle, compressive strength and scanning electron microscope attached with EDS. The results declared that the mortar named M4 (Acryclirsil + basaltic powder) is the most suitable composite for filling the cracks in the studied basalt.
{"title":"EXPERIMENTAL STUDY TO PREAPARE A COMPATIBLE MORTAR FOR FILLING THE CRACKS IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL BASALTIC STONES AT ABU SIR, EGYPT","authors":"H. Y.","doi":"10.21608/ejars.2022.276150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/ejars.2022.276150","url":null,"abstract":": Basalt represents one of the most common stones used in the construction of our archaeological structures. However, basalt is a very dense, compact and hard igneous stone; it is highly deterior-ated by physicochemical deterioration factors especially in the open air environments. Cracks are among the dangerous deterioration aspects in basaltic stones. They significantly contribute to accelerate their deterioration rates. Consequently, the cracks in basaltic stones have to be filled with a suitable mortar to stop their harmful impacts. In the present work, four types of organic binder based mortars were prepared and comparatively evaluated to select the best one for filling the cracks occurring in the studied archaeological basaltic stones at Abu Sir area. Examinations and analytical study were performed using transmission electron microscope, polarizing microscope, x-ray diffraction, colourimetric measurement, static water contact angle, compressive strength and scanning electron microscope attached with EDS. The results declared that the mortar named M4 (Acryclirsil + basaltic powder) is the most suitable composite for filling the cracks in the studied basalt.","PeriodicalId":41512,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44439981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.21608/ejars.2022.276166
Abo-Taleb, Th.
: The discoloration of natural ultramarine is related to the change in the molecular structure and crystal arrangements of the minerals due to the release of sulfur in acidic conditions. The acid breaks the Al-O bands and causes the cage to open permanently to allow access to the chromophore responsible for the color, released from the crystal structure and the loss of aluminum. Thus, a color change allows the release of the color-bearing radical anions. Thus, it is due to the natural ultramarine that has a stimulating effect on the dissolution of the binder (linseed oil), which leads to the appearance of a white dotted surface or heterogeneous white lines on the surface of the blue color or darkening dark gray more homogeneous. The study aims to study the mechanism of color change to grey whiteness in one of the oil paintings dating back to the late nineteenth century from the Gezira Museum in Cairo. It was carried out several examinations using stereo microscopy, polarized microscopy, spectroscopy photo by (VIS-UV-IR-IRFC), and analyses by color photometer, Raman and XRD methods, and related techniques (such as FTIR ART and SEM-EDX).
{"title":"A STUDY OF THE DEGRADATION OF NATURAL ULTRAMARINE BLUE IN OIL PAINTINGS DUE TO THE INFLUENCE OF THE LOW SULFUR CONTENT CHROMOPHORE IN THE COMPOSITION BY RAMAN ANALYSIS","authors":"Abo-Taleb, Th.","doi":"10.21608/ejars.2022.276166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/ejars.2022.276166","url":null,"abstract":": The discoloration of natural ultramarine is related to the change in the molecular structure and crystal arrangements of the minerals due to the release of sulfur in acidic conditions. The acid breaks the Al-O bands and causes the cage to open permanently to allow access to the chromophore responsible for the color, released from the crystal structure and the loss of aluminum. Thus, a color change allows the release of the color-bearing radical anions. Thus, it is due to the natural ultramarine that has a stimulating effect on the dissolution of the binder (linseed oil), which leads to the appearance of a white dotted surface or heterogeneous white lines on the surface of the blue color or darkening dark gray more homogeneous. The study aims to study the mechanism of color change to grey whiteness in one of the oil paintings dating back to the late nineteenth century from the Gezira Museum in Cairo. It was carried out several examinations using stereo microscopy, polarized microscopy, spectroscopy photo by (VIS-UV-IR-IRFC), and analyses by color photometer, Raman and XRD methods, and related techniques (such as FTIR ART and SEM-EDX).","PeriodicalId":41512,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47633471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.21608/ejars.2022.276167
Orabi, E., S. A.
: This paper focuses on the environmental hazards affecting the building materials at the Sharia Judge tomb in Aswan, abreast with finding out the appropriate Nano consolidant, to achieve the afore-mentioned purpose; the ambient environmental factors were studied and the deterioration products were noticed, building materials were studied using SEM-EDX, XRD and FTIR. Through SEM investigation; it was found that the plaster layers had a significant deterioration in addition to the spread of gaps, sepa-rations, cracks, and lack of interconnection between the grains. The analyses by EDX and XRD proved that the two layers of the plaster consist of calcium carbonate CaCO 3 and quartz SiO 2 with a percentage of halite NaCl, whitewash from gypsum CaSO 4 .2H 2 O with a percentage of halite. Through FTIR analytical results it was find out the type of organic media used. It turned out that the media was from animal glue. The study aims to consolidate the layers of plaster that suffer from complete or partial separation by applying the consolidation with calcium nano hydroxide mix with TiO 2 nanoparticles in different concentrations to consolidate the layers of the separated plaster on models similar i n composition to the composition of the original plaster layers. The results indicated that the mixture consisting of calcium nano hydroxide
{"title":"DAMAGE ASSESSMENT AND NANO TREATMENT OF THE SHARIA JUDGE TOMB AT THE FATIMID CEMETERY, ASWAN - EGYPT","authors":"Orabi, E., S. A.","doi":"10.21608/ejars.2022.276167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/ejars.2022.276167","url":null,"abstract":": This paper focuses on the environmental hazards affecting the building materials at the Sharia Judge tomb in Aswan, abreast with finding out the appropriate Nano consolidant, to achieve the afore-mentioned purpose; the ambient environmental factors were studied and the deterioration products were noticed, building materials were studied using SEM-EDX, XRD and FTIR. Through SEM investigation; it was found that the plaster layers had a significant deterioration in addition to the spread of gaps, sepa-rations, cracks, and lack of interconnection between the grains. The analyses by EDX and XRD proved that the two layers of the plaster consist of calcium carbonate CaCO 3 and quartz SiO 2 with a percentage of halite NaCl, whitewash from gypsum CaSO 4 .2H 2 O with a percentage of halite. Through FTIR analytical results it was find out the type of organic media used. It turned out that the media was from animal glue. The study aims to consolidate the layers of plaster that suffer from complete or partial separation by applying the consolidation with calcium nano hydroxide mix with TiO 2 nanoparticles in different concentrations to consolidate the layers of the separated plaster on models similar i n composition to the composition of the original plaster layers. The results indicated that the mixture consisting of calcium nano hydroxide","PeriodicalId":41512,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42341053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.21608/ejars.2022.276165
N. A., A. M
: In numismatics, coins are considered as a reflection of the economy and culture of a nation or civilization. Relative proportion of major/minor elements in coins provides valuable information on changes in monetary theory, economic conditions, material technologies, political aspect, religion, cultural heritage and art of minting at the time. Ten silver coins issued by Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah, a ruler of the Bengal Sultanate, were selected from the collection of Bangladesh National Museum and analyzed using EDXRF for elemental composition and comparative study. Shamsuddin Iliyas Shah ascended the throne about the end of the year 1342 CE (743 Hijri) and had a reign of 16 years and some months. The main element, silver was estimated along with trace elements copper and gold. Silver was found in all coins and varied between 97% and 99% indicating the better economic condition of the regime of Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah. Moreover, copper was delib-erately added to silver during coin fabrication for hardening purposes.
{"title":"COMPOSITIONAL STUDY OF SILVER COINS OF SHAMSUDDIN ILYAS SHAH, A SULTAN OF BENGAL (14TH CENTURY CE) USING EDXRF","authors":"N. A., A. M","doi":"10.21608/ejars.2022.276165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/ejars.2022.276165","url":null,"abstract":": In numismatics, coins are considered as a reflection of the economy and culture of a nation or civilization. Relative proportion of major/minor elements in coins provides valuable information on changes in monetary theory, economic conditions, material technologies, political aspect, religion, cultural heritage and art of minting at the time. Ten silver coins issued by Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah, a ruler of the Bengal Sultanate, were selected from the collection of Bangladesh National Museum and analyzed using EDXRF for elemental composition and comparative study. Shamsuddin Iliyas Shah ascended the throne about the end of the year 1342 CE (743 Hijri) and had a reign of 16 years and some months. The main element, silver was estimated along with trace elements copper and gold. Silver was found in all coins and varied between 97% and 99% indicating the better economic condition of the regime of Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah. Moreover, copper was delib-erately added to silver during coin fabrication for hardening purposes.","PeriodicalId":41512,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41600775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.21608/ejars.2022.276151
E. M., M. M., Redwan, M.
: Stone bleeding affecting the sandstone artifacts is considered one of the most deterioration forms that dominated the Karnak temples complex . This symptom is a serious deterioration form resulting essentially due to losing the binding material of the stone as a result of the synergistic deterioration factors and their related mechanisms (witting/drying & heating/cooling) cycles . This form is composed of an external hard crust with weak interior components that can be loosed by scratching, causing the bleeding of quartz grains. Some analytical techniques were used, such as SEM-EDX, XRD, and AAS, to define the main essence of this symptom and understand the chemical and mineralogical components. The main results of this study showed that stone bleeding is formed essentially by environmental deterioration factors, especially saline groundwater that causes the weakening of the interior components of the stone and dissolving the binding of its materials.
{"title":"THE STONE BLEEDING PHENOMENON AFFECTING SOME SANDSTONE INSCRIPTIONS IN THE KARNAK TEMPLES","authors":"E. M., M. M., Redwan, M.","doi":"10.21608/ejars.2022.276151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/ejars.2022.276151","url":null,"abstract":": Stone bleeding affecting the sandstone artifacts is considered one of the most deterioration forms that dominated the Karnak temples complex . This symptom is a serious deterioration form resulting essentially due to losing the binding material of the stone as a result of the synergistic deterioration factors and their related mechanisms (witting/drying & heating/cooling) cycles . This form is composed of an external hard crust with weak interior components that can be loosed by scratching, causing the bleeding of quartz grains. Some analytical techniques were used, such as SEM-EDX, XRD, and AAS, to define the main essence of this symptom and understand the chemical and mineralogical components. The main results of this study showed that stone bleeding is formed essentially by environmental deterioration factors, especially saline groundwater that causes the weakening of the interior components of the stone and dissolving the binding of its materials.","PeriodicalId":41512,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47036201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.21608/ejars.2022.246574
A. M., A. M., Abou Seif, N.
: The poor conditions of storage in the basement of the Egyptian Museum were the reason for severe damage to an unknown multi-piece mummy cartonnage dating back to the Late Period (780 BC-332 BC). This mummy consists of five separated pieces (a mask, a pectoral, an apron, a stomach , and a foot) on canvas support topped by a ground layer decorated with green, yellow, red, black, and white colors and a gilded layer . All the pieces of the mummy cartonnage have damage in the form of separations, cracks, discoloration, tears, and brit tleness in the layers of the canvas support. The research paper presents the result of an examination and analytical study for the layers' structure of the mummy cartonnage. Therefore, the Optical Microscope (LOM), visible light, Scanning Electronic Microscope (SEM), EDX, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and XRF Spectroscopy were used. The results showed that canvas support made of linen in the form of four layers of thin fiber was used in the mask, stomach, and apron pieces . In contrast, one layer of thick fiber canvas was used in other pieces (mask, foot, and pectoral). The ground layer consisted of calcium carbonate, traces of gypsum, and quartz. The painted layer included Egyptian green, malachite , hematite, goethite, goethite with orpiment, graphite, and under layer of Egyptian blue below the green, red, and yellow pigments in a unique technique, especially in the pectoral and foot pieces. It was also noted that animal glue was used in all pigments and colors as a binding medium.
{"title":"AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF A LATE PERIOD MULTI-PIECE CARTONNAGE FROM THE EGYPTIAN MUSEUM IN CAIRO","authors":"A. M., A. M., Abou Seif, N.","doi":"10.21608/ejars.2022.246574","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/ejars.2022.246574","url":null,"abstract":": The poor conditions of storage in the basement of the Egyptian Museum were the reason for severe damage to an unknown multi-piece mummy cartonnage dating back to the Late Period (780 BC-332 BC). This mummy consists of five separated pieces (a mask, a pectoral, an apron, a stomach , and a foot) on canvas support topped by a ground layer decorated with green, yellow, red, black, and white colors and a gilded layer . All the pieces of the mummy cartonnage have damage in the form of separations, cracks, discoloration, tears, and brit tleness in the layers of the canvas support. The research paper presents the result of an examination and analytical study for the layers' structure of the mummy cartonnage. Therefore, the Optical Microscope (LOM), visible light, Scanning Electronic Microscope (SEM), EDX, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and XRF Spectroscopy were used. The results showed that canvas support made of linen in the form of four layers of thin fiber was used in the mask, stomach, and apron pieces . In contrast, one layer of thick fiber canvas was used in other pieces (mask, foot, and pectoral). The ground layer consisted of calcium carbonate, traces of gypsum, and quartz. The painted layer included Egyptian green, malachite , hematite, goethite, goethite with orpiment, graphite, and under layer of Egyptian blue below the green, red, and yellow pigments in a unique technique, especially in the pectoral and foot pieces. It was also noted that animal glue was used in all pigments and colors as a binding medium.","PeriodicalId":41512,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49141334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.21608/ejars.2022.246579
A. N.
: One of the most important problems facing the restorer in stained glass restoration is the completion of missing glass pieces to which vitreous paints containing metal oxides were applied that require a high temperature for installation, starting from 550 °C and increasing according to the colored oxide nature and the smelter used. The present paper discusses the preparation of blue vitreous paint for nanoparticles Co 3 O 4 to improve its thermal and color properties. It compares the color prepared from the cobalt nano oxide Co 3 O 4 and cobalt oxide CoO mainly used to color the glass blue since the pharaonic periods. Examination and analysis methods , i.e., XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDX, and TEM, were used in characterizing the cobalt nano oxide. STEM, SEM, and stereo microscope were used to study the prepared color samples. Results showed that the particles size of the prepared Co 3 O 4 of 0.78 nm gave an excellent blue color when applied to the glass at a temperature of 620 °C compared to the color resulting from CoO, which was installed at a temperature of 700 °C according to mixing rates. That paved the way for reducing the proportion of the smelter in the color mixture to increase color resistance to weathering deterioration factors, especially moisture. of 620 °C; 80 °C lower than the color obtained from CoO , which allowed reducing the percentage of smelt in the color mixture. These properties help in facilitating the color completion of stained glass panels, which is an important problem facing the restorer during the restoration of archaeological glass panels. They also enhance the resistance of glass panels to weather deterioration factors, esp ecially humidity. Therefore, this study can con-tribute and pave the way in reserving stained glass panels considered a great part of the history of art.
{"title":"PREPARATION OF BLUE VITREOUS PAINT FROM CO3O4 NANOPARTICLES FOR APPLICATION ON STAINED GLASS AT LOW TEMPERATURES AN EXPERIMENTAL","authors":"A. N.","doi":"10.21608/ejars.2022.246579","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/ejars.2022.246579","url":null,"abstract":": One of the most important problems facing the restorer in stained glass restoration is the completion of missing glass pieces to which vitreous paints containing metal oxides were applied that require a high temperature for installation, starting from 550 °C and increasing according to the colored oxide nature and the smelter used. The present paper discusses the preparation of blue vitreous paint for nanoparticles Co 3 O 4 to improve its thermal and color properties. It compares the color prepared from the cobalt nano oxide Co 3 O 4 and cobalt oxide CoO mainly used to color the glass blue since the pharaonic periods. Examination and analysis methods , i.e., XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDX, and TEM, were used in characterizing the cobalt nano oxide. STEM, SEM, and stereo microscope were used to study the prepared color samples. Results showed that the particles size of the prepared Co 3 O 4 of 0.78 nm gave an excellent blue color when applied to the glass at a temperature of 620 °C compared to the color resulting from CoO, which was installed at a temperature of 700 °C according to mixing rates. That paved the way for reducing the proportion of the smelter in the color mixture to increase color resistance to weathering deterioration factors, especially moisture. of 620 °C; 80 °C lower than the color obtained from CoO , which allowed reducing the percentage of smelt in the color mixture. These properties help in facilitating the color completion of stained glass panels, which is an important problem facing the restorer during the restoration of archaeological glass panels. They also enhance the resistance of glass panels to weather deterioration factors, esp ecially humidity. Therefore, this study can con-tribute and pave the way in reserving stained glass panels considered a great part of the history of art.","PeriodicalId":41512,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49175635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.21608/ejars.2022.246577
Mahmoud, G.
: A bronze statuette in the form of Osiris is dating back to the late period. It was manufactured by casting method. The statuette in the Osiris position shows the wand, the sceptre and the royal crown and has a cobra snake. The hooked chin and facial details reveal a calm smile. On the outside, the statuette suffered from deterioration phenomena, for example different layers of soil mixed with sand and corrosion products on the statuette's surface. Bronze disease appears in separ ate areas of the statuette. Various examinations and analyses were performed on the samples that represent the places of damage on the statuette. The layers on the statuette surface were studied using stereo microscope examination, polarizing microscope and scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX). Examinations show that the surface layers consist of clay minerals, sand and corrosion products in various colors. The mineral composition of the samples was determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. The analysis revealed the presence of cuprite, ata c-amite as Corrosion products, in addition to quartz. Calcifications have been removed using appropriate tools such brushes and blunt scalpels. Treatment processes of the bronze statuette include mechanical and chemical cleaning in addition to apply benzotriazole inhibitor by 3%. A protective layer of paraloid B 82 by 3% was applied. Finally, the bronze statuette was displayed in Al- Arish museum.
{"title":"CORROSION CHARACTERISTICS AND CONSERVATION OF ANCIENT EGYPTIAN BRONZE OSIRIS STATUETTE FROM AL-ARISH MUSEUM","authors":"Mahmoud, G.","doi":"10.21608/ejars.2022.246577","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/ejars.2022.246577","url":null,"abstract":": A bronze statuette in the form of Osiris is dating back to the late period. It was manufactured by casting method. The statuette in the Osiris position shows the wand, the sceptre and the royal crown and has a cobra snake. The hooked chin and facial details reveal a calm smile. On the outside, the statuette suffered from deterioration phenomena, for example different layers of soil mixed with sand and corrosion products on the statuette's surface. Bronze disease appears in separ ate areas of the statuette. Various examinations and analyses were performed on the samples that represent the places of damage on the statuette. The layers on the statuette surface were studied using stereo microscope examination, polarizing microscope and scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX). Examinations show that the surface layers consist of clay minerals, sand and corrosion products in various colors. The mineral composition of the samples was determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. The analysis revealed the presence of cuprite, ata c-amite as Corrosion products, in addition to quartz. Calcifications have been removed using appropriate tools such brushes and blunt scalpels. Treatment processes of the bronze statuette include mechanical and chemical cleaning in addition to apply benzotriazole inhibitor by 3%. A protective layer of paraloid B 82 by 3% was applied. Finally, the bronze statuette was displayed in Al- Arish museum.","PeriodicalId":41512,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48935835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.21608/ejars.2022.246576
O. A., Gad, A.
: This research deals with some defects resulting from the compensation of granite artifacts by direct casting including the leakage of a used liquid or plastic substance on the surface of the artifact causing its distortion. It also includes the subsequent treatment that is carried out to clean such leakage by using mechanical abrasive tools resulting in scratches, cracks, surface deformation, loss, etc. Additionally, the application of unsuitable materials such as white cement h as its defects. This work aims to make a blank of the missing area and then mould and cast it away from the object as an alternative gap-filling technique. That was applied on a granitic sarcophagus of Tjay tomb 23. An original sample was taken from the broken fractures of the sarcophagus and examined in terms of color, texture, and strength, then the same type of granite was brought from Aswan and crushed, then mixed with two types of Araldites, and white cement as binders. After evaluation of different mixtures, Araldite 1092 PY was chosen to be applied with coarse granite grains to be pre-casted and reinstalled. Compared to the traditional method of compensation, the authors' opinion described technique will provide a useful example of an alternative casting technique reducing the potential for any damage.
{"title":"PRE-CASTING AS AN ALTERNATIVE TECHNIQUE FOR COMPENSATION OF MISSING PARTS: APPLIED TO THE LID OF THE GRANITIC SARCOPHAGUS OF TJAY, TOMB -TT23 AT LUXOR-QURNA","authors":"O. A., Gad, A.","doi":"10.21608/ejars.2022.246576","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/ejars.2022.246576","url":null,"abstract":": This research deals with some defects resulting from the compensation of granite artifacts by direct casting including the leakage of a used liquid or plastic substance on the surface of the artifact causing its distortion. It also includes the subsequent treatment that is carried out to clean such leakage by using mechanical abrasive tools resulting in scratches, cracks, surface deformation, loss, etc. Additionally, the application of unsuitable materials such as white cement h as its defects. This work aims to make a blank of the missing area and then mould and cast it away from the object as an alternative gap-filling technique. That was applied on a granitic sarcophagus of Tjay tomb 23. An original sample was taken from the broken fractures of the sarcophagus and examined in terms of color, texture, and strength, then the same type of granite was brought from Aswan and crushed, then mixed with two types of Araldites, and white cement as binders. After evaluation of different mixtures, Araldite 1092 PY was chosen to be applied with coarse granite grains to be pre-casted and reinstalled. Compared to the traditional method of compensation, the authors' opinion described technique will provide a useful example of an alternative casting technique reducing the potential for any damage.","PeriodicalId":41512,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47722404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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