Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.56902/irbe.2020.4.2.42
A. Kavitha, J. Maheswari
The onset of COVID-19, the global economy is set to undergo a sharp double-dip recession. As many international agencies have already forecasted, the global growth could be -3 per cent in 2020, which is a decline of about 6 percentage points from the baseline projection of positive 3 per cent growth with no pandemic. Such swings in growth forecasts are unprecedented, and this is due to both health scare with lots of deaths and infections and also due to the lockdown of a major part of the global economy. Added to this, the pandemic appears to be more severe in the industrialized economy. While the forecasts for 2021 suggest a sharp rebound, the trends suggest that the world may need to endure this for a longer period than expected. Unlike the global economy, Indian economy was already in a slowdown phase before the pandemic affected and there were expectations that the economy is on a recovery path. But, with the COVID-19 such hopes are not only dented rather down turn turning out to be much deeper. There are various forecasts that suggest a sharper slowdown. Some forecasts even suggest a negative growth, which was not heard in the past five decades. With the lockdown and with increasing infections, the uncertainty in the economy has increased manifolds. There are also discussions about the shape of the recovery – V or U or W. But, in our view, the most probabilistic recovery could see an elongated U shape.
{"title":"Covid – 19: Impact On The Indian Economy","authors":"A. Kavitha, J. Maheswari","doi":"10.56902/irbe.2020.4.2.42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56902/irbe.2020.4.2.42","url":null,"abstract":"The onset of COVID-19, the global economy is set to undergo a sharp double-dip recession. As many international agencies have already forecasted, the global growth could be -3 per cent in 2020, which is a decline of about 6 percentage points from the baseline projection of positive 3 per cent growth with no pandemic. Such swings in growth forecasts are unprecedented, and this is due to both health scare with lots of deaths and infections and also due to the lockdown of a major part of the global economy. Added to this, the pandemic appears to be more severe in the industrialized economy. While the forecasts for 2021 suggest a sharp rebound, the trends suggest that the world may need to endure this for a longer period than expected. Unlike the global economy, Indian economy was already in a slowdown phase before the pandemic affected and there were expectations that the economy is on a recovery path. But, with the COVID-19 such hopes are not only dented rather down turn turning out to be much deeper. There are various forecasts that suggest a sharper slowdown. Some forecasts even suggest a negative growth, which was not heard in the past five decades. With the lockdown and with increasing infections, the uncertainty in the economy has increased manifolds. There are also discussions about the shape of the recovery – V or U or W. But, in our view, the most probabilistic recovery could see an elongated U shape.","PeriodicalId":415549,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Business and Economics","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131697023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.56902/irbe.2020.4.2.61
G. Sasintha, G. Yoganandham
Schedule Caste Women had some basic problems and the different kinds of gender inequality were displayed in mortality, natality, basic facility, special opportunity professions, ownership, and household matters. Education can pave the way for an overall development of individuals and for the society. Female literacy is not only an end itself, but also serves as a catalyst for overall performance, in other segments too. Since women comprised the majority of the Schedule caste population in India. Among the Schedule Caste women, Arundhatiyar women population were below the poverty line and are very often in situations of extreme poverty, given the harsh realities of intra-household and social discrimination. this research paper mainly concentrates on status, survival and current dilemma of Scheduled Caste Arundhatiar women in Ranipet district of Tamil Nadu.
{"title":"Status, Survival And Current Diellema Of Schedule Caste Arundhathiyar Women In Ranipet District Of Tamilnadu","authors":"G. Sasintha, G. Yoganandham","doi":"10.56902/irbe.2020.4.2.61","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56902/irbe.2020.4.2.61","url":null,"abstract":"Schedule Caste Women had some basic problems and the different kinds of gender inequality were displayed in mortality, natality, basic facility, special opportunity professions, ownership, and household matters. Education can pave the way for an overall development of individuals and for the society. Female literacy is not only an end itself, but also serves as a catalyst for overall performance, in other segments too. Since women comprised the majority of the Schedule caste population in India. Among the Schedule Caste women, Arundhatiyar women population were below the poverty line and are very often in situations of extreme poverty, given the harsh realities of intra-household and social discrimination. this research paper mainly concentrates on status, survival and current dilemma of Scheduled Caste Arundhatiar women in Ranipet district of Tamil Nadu.","PeriodicalId":415549,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Business and Economics","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115369904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.56902/irbe.2018.1.3.13
R. S. Chellakan
Analyses of physical and chemical examinations were undertaken for the river and pond water resources of Kanyakumari district, Tamil Nadu, India. The study has chosen two main rivers and four ponds in the study area mainly because these water sources are used by village people for drinking and bathing purposes. Water quality parameters viz., Turbidity, Total dissolved solids, Electrical conductivity, pH, Total Hardness, Nitrite, Sulphite, Phosphate, Bacteriological examinations, and Faecal Coliform were analysed as per the Bharat Indian Standard. The laboratory results of pH, Nitrate (NO3), Sulphate (SO4) and Faecal Coliform per 100 ml are within the standard permissible limits for all four tap water samples. In Villukuri, the values of Turbidity, Total Harness, Electrical conductivity, Total Hardness, Nitrate, Nitrite and Sulphate have shown the highest among the four stations viz., 6 NTU, 740 mg/L, 1112 micS/cm, 312 mg/L, 022 , 10, and 39 mg/L respectively. The Faecal coliform and the E. coli counts exceeding acceptable limits are indicative of pollution from domestic wastes from several informal settlements located along the riverbank. Water uses in the area were determined and were found to be mainly domestic and recreational. The gross pollution of the river exposes the local people who depend on it for their primary water source to serious health risk.
对印度泰米尔纳德邦Kanyakumari地区的河流和池塘水资源进行了物理和化学检查分析。本研究选择研究区内的两条主要河流和四个池塘，主要是因为这些水源是村民饮用和洗浴用的。水质参数，即浊度，总溶解固体，电导率，pH值，总硬度，亚硝酸盐，亚硫酸盐，磷酸盐，细菌学检查和粪便大肠菌群根据巴拉特印度标准进行了分析。四份食水样本的酸碱度、硝酸盐(NO3)、硫酸盐(SO4)及粪便大肠菌群每百毫升的化验结果均符合标准容许限量。在Villukuri中，浊度、总线束、电导率、总硬度、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐和硫酸盐的值分别为6 NTU、740 mg/L、1112 mic /cm、312 mg/L、022、10和39 mg/L，在四个站点中显示最高。粪便大肠菌群和大肠杆菌数量超过可接受限度，表明来自河岸沿岸几个非正式住区的生活废物造成了污染。我们确定了该地区的用水情况，发现主要是家庭用水和娱乐用水。这条河的严重污染使依赖它作为主要水源的当地居民面临严重的健康风险。
{"title":"A Study on Water Quality in Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu, India","authors":"R. S. Chellakan","doi":"10.56902/irbe.2018.1.3.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56902/irbe.2018.1.3.13","url":null,"abstract":"Analyses of physical and chemical examinations were undertaken for the river and pond water resources of Kanyakumari district, Tamil Nadu, India. The study has chosen two main rivers and four ponds in the study area mainly because these water sources are used by village people for drinking and bathing purposes. Water quality parameters viz., Turbidity, Total dissolved solids, Electrical conductivity, pH, Total Hardness, Nitrite, Sulphite, Phosphate, Bacteriological examinations, and Faecal Coliform were analysed as per the Bharat Indian Standard. The laboratory results of pH, Nitrate (NO3), Sulphate (SO4) and Faecal Coliform per 100 ml are within the standard permissible limits for all four tap water samples. In Villukuri, the values of Turbidity, Total Harness, Electrical conductivity, Total Hardness, Nitrate, Nitrite and Sulphate have shown the highest among the four stations viz., 6 NTU, 740 mg/L, 1112 micS/cm, 312 mg/L, 022 , 10, and 39 mg/L respectively. The Faecal coliform and the E. coli counts exceeding acceptable limits are indicative of pollution from domestic wastes from several informal settlements located along the riverbank. Water uses in the area were determined and were found to be mainly domestic and recreational. The gross pollution of the river exposes the local people who depend on it for their primary water source to serious health risk.","PeriodicalId":415549,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Business and Economics","volume":"106 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115387960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.56902/irbe.2018.2.2.1
K. Ramaswamy
A selective survey of recent papers in the area of technological change, automation and employment is presented. The objective is to convey analytical ideas and the empirical evidence that have informed studies in this area of contemporary policy relevance. Automation occurs when a machine does work that might previously have been done by a person. How robots and automation affect the availability of jobs for labor force? There are very few emerging studies that address the issue with detailed data on robots usage and employment in different sectors of the economy. Based on our review of available studies and empirical evidence the following statements can be made: (1) Increasing automation and robots adoption do not seem to cause loss of employment in the aggregate (2) Low skilled workers in routine jobs are more likely to suffer job losses. (3) There will be demand for new types of skilled workers or new specializations within occupations. Prospective automation intensifies the degree of uncertainty in labor markets across countries.
{"title":"Technological Change, Automation and Employment: A Short Review of Theory and Evidence","authors":"K. Ramaswamy","doi":"10.56902/irbe.2018.2.2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56902/irbe.2018.2.2.1","url":null,"abstract":"A selective survey of recent papers in the area of technological change, automation and employment is presented. The objective is to convey analytical ideas and the empirical evidence that have informed studies in this area of contemporary policy relevance. Automation occurs when a machine does work that might previously have been done by a person. How robots and automation affect the availability of jobs for labor force? There are very few emerging studies that address the issue with detailed data on robots usage and employment in different sectors of the economy. Based on our review of available studies and empirical evidence the following statements can be made: (1) Increasing automation and robots adoption do not seem to cause loss of employment in the aggregate (2) Low skilled workers in routine jobs are more likely to suffer job losses. (3) There will be demand for new types of skilled workers or new specializations within occupations. Prospective automation intensifies the degree of uncertainty in labor markets across countries.","PeriodicalId":415549,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Business and Economics","volume":"103 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124052603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.56902/irbe.2020.4.2.29
C. K. Harini, K. Parimalam
The economic activity in global level with high COVID-19 cases suffering prolonged disruption as restrictions could continue longer. Indeed, given one of the most stringent lockdowns in the world, the worst-performing months for India this fiscal Year. The purpose of study is about highlights the need for urgent action to modify the epidemic’s health and economic consequences by the government in India and as global, and the extensive reform programs to improve the fundamental drivers of economic growth once the crisis lifts.
{"title":"Issues And Challenges Of India’s Unhealthy Economy During Covid-19 Pandemic With Global Outlook","authors":"C. K. Harini, K. Parimalam","doi":"10.56902/irbe.2020.4.2.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56902/irbe.2020.4.2.29","url":null,"abstract":"The economic activity in global level with high COVID-19 cases suffering prolonged disruption as restrictions could continue longer. Indeed, given one of the most stringent lockdowns in the world, the worst-performing months for India this fiscal Year. The purpose of study is about highlights the need for urgent action to modify the epidemic’s health and economic consequences by the government in India and as global, and the extensive reform programs to improve the fundamental drivers of economic growth once the crisis lifts.","PeriodicalId":415549,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Business and Economics","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125876361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.56902/irbe.2018.1.3.3
M. Arumugam, C. Vijai
Now a day, the go green policies are adopting in various environment management techniques. In India, the corporate world is going global; it’s become essential to explore green practices in the business as well as in an environment. This study focuses on various green HRM practices followed in the organization. The paper largely focuses on the various green HRM practices and the relationship between corporate social responsibility and the green human resource management. And the study extended giving suggestions to the human resource department about initiatives to make the organization green and utilization from those values.
{"title":"A Study on Green HRM Practices in an Organization","authors":"M. Arumugam, C. Vijai","doi":"10.56902/irbe.2018.1.3.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56902/irbe.2018.1.3.3","url":null,"abstract":"Now a day, the go green policies are adopting in various environment management techniques. In India, the corporate world is going global; it’s become essential to explore green practices in the business as well as in an environment. This study focuses on various green HRM practices followed in the organization. The paper largely focuses on the various green HRM practices and the relationship between corporate social responsibility and the green human resource management. And the study extended giving suggestions to the human resource department about initiatives to make the organization green and utilization from those values.","PeriodicalId":415549,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Business and Economics","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125925572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.56902/irbe.2021.5.1.6
Thilak Venkatesan, Samitha Ss
Payment banks are new era banks that provide limited services but with simple access. The Reserve Bank of India established it with an aim to offer remittance services to migrant labor workforce, low-income households, small businesses, and other unorganized sector entities. Awareness plays a major role in the mindset of the people towards the digitalized mode of the payment system. Payment banks are currently facing many challenges as they are not allowed to lend money. Their major source of income comes only from the interest of the government securities in which they can invest. Despite all these, payment banks are struggling with huge losses and their existence is in a dubious situation. Six out of eleven payment banks are assessing the option of converting themselves into a small finance bank. In this context, the study focusses to analyze the key factors contributing to sustainability of the of payment banks. A measure of the trust and its role was used to test the relationship along with perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use. Actual usage was observed as a perception of usefulness and ease of use among the respondents. Payment banks offer a paradigm shift in making India a digital economy.
支付银行是新时代的银行，提供有限的服务，但操作简单。印度储备银行(Reserve Bank of India)设立该银行的目的是向移民劳动力、低收入家庭、小企业和其他无组织部门实体提供汇款服务。意识在人们对支付系统的数字化模式的心态中起着重要作用。支付银行目前面临着许多挑战，因为它们不被允许放贷。他们的主要收入来源只是来自政府证券的利息，他们可以投资这些证券。尽管如此，支付银行仍在巨额亏损中挣扎，它们的生存状况令人怀疑。11家支付银行中有6家正在评估将自己转变为小型金融银行的选择。在此背景下，本研究着重分析了影响支付银行可持续发展的关键因素。信任和它的作用的测量是用来测试的关系，以及感知有用性和感知易用性。实际使用情况被观察为有用性和易用性的受访者之间的感知。支付银行为印度的数字经济转型提供了范式转变。
{"title":"A Study on Sustainability of Payment Banks in India using Technology Acceptance Model","authors":"Thilak Venkatesan, Samitha Ss","doi":"10.56902/irbe.2021.5.1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56902/irbe.2021.5.1.6","url":null,"abstract":"Payment banks are new era banks that provide limited services but with simple access. The Reserve Bank of India established it with an aim to offer remittance services to migrant labor workforce, low-income households, small businesses, and other unorganized sector entities. Awareness plays a major role in the mindset of the people towards the digitalized mode of the payment system. Payment banks are currently facing many challenges as they are not allowed to lend money. Their major source of income comes only from the interest of the government securities in which they can invest. Despite all these, payment banks are struggling with huge losses and their existence is in a dubious situation. Six out of eleven payment banks are assessing the option of converting themselves into a small finance bank. In this context, the study focusses to analyze the key factors contributing to sustainability of the of payment banks. A measure of the trust and its role was used to test the relationship along with perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use. Actual usage was observed as a perception of usefulness and ease of use among the respondents. Payment banks offer a paradigm shift in making India a digital economy.","PeriodicalId":415549,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Business and Economics","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129931447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.56902/irbe.2021.5.2.4
P. N. Warreir
Ramsey's inelasticity rule for optimum commodity taxation has been criticized for indicating tax rates for basic necessities which have lower elasticities of demand than luxury consumption items. However, it is noted that skillful marketing techniques tend to lower the demand elasticities of luxury items so that it is not evident that the Ramsey rule is inequitable. In this paper equity concerns from a macroeconomic viewpoint are introduced, modifying the Ramsey rule approach by including total employment in the decision-maker's utility function. Then it is seen that the relative tax rate of the product which is more labour-intensive in production is lower than under the original Ramsey rule. The weight given by the government to an additional unit of employment relative to additional tax revenue now enters the tax rule specification. It is also observed that when the employment objective is included, the relative tax rates of products such as furniture that are labour-intensive in production will be lower than under the pure Ramsey inelasticity rule.
{"title":"Optimum Commodity Taxation When Employment Matters","authors":"P. N. Warreir","doi":"10.56902/irbe.2021.5.2.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56902/irbe.2021.5.2.4","url":null,"abstract":"Ramsey's inelasticity rule for optimum commodity taxation has been criticized for indicating tax rates for basic necessities which have lower elasticities of demand than luxury consumption items. However, it is noted that skillful marketing techniques tend to lower the demand elasticities of luxury items so that it is not evident that the Ramsey rule is inequitable. In this paper equity concerns from a macroeconomic viewpoint are introduced, modifying the Ramsey rule approach by including total employment in the decision-maker's utility function. Then it is seen that the relative tax rate of the product which is more labour-intensive in production is lower than under the original Ramsey rule. The weight given by the government to an additional unit of employment relative to additional tax revenue now enters the tax rule specification. It is also observed that when the employment objective is included, the relative tax rates of products such as furniture that are labour-intensive in production will be lower than under the pure Ramsey inelasticity rule.","PeriodicalId":415549,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Business and Economics","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130574656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.56902/irbe.2023.8.1.2
S. Adeusi, Oluwabunmi Akindele Olawaye
Going concerns of business empires is predicated on the externality effect of environmental contingencies that influence the decisions of capital users. And the capability of capital users to circumnavigate both macro and micro environmental contingencies which cumulate to shareholders’ wealth maximization is crucial. Hence, the study aims of dissecting effect of macro and micro environmental contingences on the capital structure and firm performance. Generalized Method Moment (GMM) statistical tool is used to dissect perceived association amidst endogenous and exogenous variables. The results show that micro contingences such debt to equity, debt to assets and short-term liability have negative and statistically significant on firm performance and long-term debt to equity has positive and statistically significant influence on the firm performance. On the other side macro contingences such as lending interest rate, foreign exchange rate, and gross domestic products have negative and statistically influence on the performance of the firm while, inflation rate, foreign direct investment and fuel importation have positive and statistically impact of the performance. The dynamism of result also reveals of short run and long run consequence. Therefore, the study concludes due to mutuality or interdependency of both micro and macro environmental contingencies, they have impacted on the capital structure and performance of listed companies under the purview of this study. This shows that capital managers are not insusceptible by their controllability and capability of micro contingencies (capital structure/ internal forces) but, rather the macro/external contingencies have inroad to impacted the micro /internal forces directly or indirectly.
{"title":"The Environmental Contingencies, Capital Structure and Firm Performance of Listed Firms","authors":"S. Adeusi, Oluwabunmi Akindele Olawaye","doi":"10.56902/irbe.2023.8.1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56902/irbe.2023.8.1.2","url":null,"abstract":"Going concerns of business empires is predicated on the externality effect of environmental contingencies that influence the decisions of capital users. And the capability of capital users to circumnavigate both macro and micro environmental contingencies which cumulate to shareholders’ wealth maximization is crucial. Hence, the study aims of dissecting effect of macro and micro environmental contingences on the capital structure and firm performance. Generalized Method Moment (GMM) statistical tool is used to dissect perceived association amidst endogenous and exogenous variables. The results show that micro contingences such debt to equity, debt to assets and short-term liability have negative and statistically significant on firm performance and long-term debt to equity has positive and statistically significant influence on the firm performance. On the other side macro contingences such as lending interest rate, foreign exchange rate, and gross domestic products have negative and statistically influence on the performance of the firm while, inflation rate, foreign direct investment and fuel importation have positive and statistically impact of the performance. The dynamism of result also reveals of short run and long run consequence. Therefore, the study concludes due to mutuality or interdependency of both micro and macro environmental contingencies, they have impacted on the capital structure and performance of listed companies under the purview of this study. This shows that capital managers are not insusceptible by their controllability and capability of micro contingencies (capital structure/ internal forces) but, rather the macro/external contingencies have inroad to impacted the micro /internal forces directly or indirectly.","PeriodicalId":415549,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Business and Economics","volume":"36 10","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132153408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.56902/irbe.2020.4.2.1
Babu HB Syed
Business is an organization entity engaged in commercial, industrial or professional activities to make profit and nonprofit organization that operate to fulfill a charitable mission. Economics is a social concerned with the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services. It studies how individuals, business, governments and nations make choices on allocating resources to satisfy their wants and needs, trying to determine how these groups should organize and co-ordinate efforts to achieve maximum output. Economics has the solution for all the problems concerned with Gross Domestic Product, Per Capita Income and so on. In 8th Century B.C an economic thinker says to eradicate the scarcity labour, materials and time is needed but Adam Smith’s book in 1776 An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations explained with the help of changes in modern economy and expectations. Effective utilization of resources & increasing the productivity leads to develop an economy as whole. Changes are key factor of development hence developments require changes in the present business pattern today and tomorrow.
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