M. Serra, M. Carmona, E. M. García-Roger, R. Ortells
Studying evolution in the face of environmental uncertainty is crucial to understand biological diversity, because diversifying life strategies is key to survival and reproduction in uncertain environments. Rotifers are planktonic microinvertebrates that live in inland water bodies. Their complex life cycle combines sexual and asexual reproduction and, together with their small size and short generation times, makes them excellent model organisms in evolutionary ecology studies. Here we present field population and laboratory experimental evolution studies which show that these organisms can adapt by locally diversifying their life cycle to face unpredictable fluctuations in their environment.
{"title":"Adaptación e incertidumbre ambiental","authors":"M. Serra, M. Carmona, E. M. García-Roger, R. Ortells","doi":"10.7203/metode.10.14398","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7203/metode.10.14398","url":null,"abstract":"Studying evolution in the face of environmental uncertainty is crucial to understand biological diversity, because diversifying life strategies is key to survival and reproduction in uncertain environments. Rotifers are planktonic microinvertebrates that live in inland water bodies. Their complex life cycle combines sexual and asexual reproduction and, together with their small size and short generation times, makes them excellent model organisms in evolutionary ecology studies. Here we present field population and laboratory experimental evolution studies which show that these organisms can adapt by locally diversifying their life cycle to face unpredictable fluctuations in their environment.","PeriodicalId":41648,"journal":{"name":"Metode Science Studies Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71305591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It is currently widely believed that Einstein’s first wife, Mileva Maric, made significant contributions to his scientific work. Numerous publications since 1990 have variously contended that she co-authored his celebrated 1905 papers, did the mathematics for the special relativity paper, or even continued to collaborate with him up to the time of the birth of the couple’s second son in 1910. In this article the author cites the mostly widely disseminated claims and provides evidence that they do not withstand close examination. Citations are given for more detailed refutations of these claims. It is concluded that there is no good evidence that Mileva Maric was Einstein’s secret collaborator.
{"title":"The story of Mileva Maric: Did Einstein’s first wife contribute to his scientific work?","authors":"A. Esterson","doi":"10.7203/metode.10.14142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7203/metode.10.14142","url":null,"abstract":"It is currently widely believed that Einstein’s first wife, Mileva Maric, made significant contributions to his scientific work. Numerous publications since 1990 have variously contended that she co-authored his celebrated 1905 papers, did the mathematics for the special relativity paper, or even continued to collaborate with him up to the time of the birth of the couple’s second son in 1910. In this article the author cites the mostly widely disseminated claims and provides evidence that they do not withstand close examination. Citations are given for more detailed refutations of these claims. It is concluded that there is no good evidence that Mileva Maric was Einstein’s secret collaborator.","PeriodicalId":41648,"journal":{"name":"Metode Science Studies Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"6-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46562957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For decades, Franz Termer (1894–1968) was professor of ethnology at the University of Hamburg. His area of research was Central America. Between 1935 and 1962 he was also the director of the Museum of Ethnology in Hamburg. His academic career coincides with one of the most decisive periods in German history, National Socialism. He was a founding member of the famous journal Zeitschrift für Geopolitik and admired Friedrich Ratzel and his «political geography». The concept of «blood and soil» as a historical determinant can be found in Termer’s work ten years before the Nazis used it as their state’s official ideology. After the fall of Nazism, he declared himself «adversary» and «victim» of that policy. However, a careful reading of his texts reveals that he supported National Socialism, colonialism, anti-Semitism, and racism for five decades.
{"title":"«RAZA Y TIERRA» GEOGRAFÍA, ETNOLOGÍA Y nazismo - EL CASO DE FRANZ TERMER [1894-1968]","authors":"Wolfgang Kophamel","doi":"10.7203/metode.10.13560","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7203/metode.10.13560","url":null,"abstract":"For decades, Franz Termer (1894–1968) was professor of ethnology at the University of Hamburg. His area of research was Central America. Between 1935 and 1962 he was also the director of the Museum of Ethnology in Hamburg. His academic career coincides with one of the most decisive periods in German history, National Socialism. He was a founding member of the famous journal Zeitschrift für Geopolitik and admired Friedrich Ratzel and his «political geography». The concept of «blood and soil» as a historical determinant can be found in Termer’s work ten years before the Nazis used it as their state’s official ideology. After the fall of Nazism, he declared himself «adversary» and «victim» of that policy. However, a careful reading of his texts reveals that he supported National Socialism, colonialism, anti-Semitism, and racism for five decades.","PeriodicalId":41648,"journal":{"name":"Metode Science Studies Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71305911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nazi Germany saw Eastern Europe as an opportunity to expand its territory, its living space. Poland would become the laboratory for an inhumane colonisation plan, the Generalplan Ost (“General Plan for the East”), which involved the replacement of non-Aryan population with Germanic farmers. The anti-urban management of that lobotomised territory was scientifically drafted by a group of architects, geographers, and agronomists working under the orders of Heinrich Himmler. The urban planning aspects of this utopian plan, based on central place theory, self-sufficiency, and the neighborhood unit, are of great technical interest and influenced the creation of new communities in Franco’s regime. However, we cannot overlook that, had the Nazi plan been completed, it would have resulted in the forced relocation of 31 million Europeans.
{"title":"El Plan General del Este: La ordenación territorial como ciencia para la colonización nazi de Polonia","authors":"Unai Fernández de Betoño","doi":"10.7203/metode.10.13009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7203/metode.10.13009","url":null,"abstract":"Nazi Germany saw Eastern Europe as an opportunity to expand its territory, its living space. Poland would become the laboratory for an inhumane colonisation plan, the Generalplan Ost (“General Plan for the East”), which involved the replacement of non-Aryan population with Germanic farmers. The anti-urban management of that lobotomised territory was scientifically drafted by a group of architects, geographers, and agronomists working under the orders of Heinrich Himmler. The urban planning aspects of this utopian plan, based on central place theory, self-sufficiency, and the neighborhood unit, are of great technical interest and influenced the creation of new communities in Franco’s regime. However, we cannot overlook that, had the Nazi plan been completed, it would have resulted in the forced relocation of 31 million Europeans.","PeriodicalId":41648,"journal":{"name":"Metode Science Studies Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71306009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One of the main pillars of bioanthropological studies are the identified osteological collections. The goal of this document is to describe this heritage and show its importance. Since the nineteenth century, several countries have collected sets of skulls and skeletons from people about whom we know some biographical data; among other details, their age when they died and their sex. There are currently around fifty collections in different countries of North and South America, Africa, Europe, and Asia. Researching into them has applications for the study of human evolution, past populations, palaeopathology, and the history of medicine, among others. The need to increase the number of individuals and extend the geographic distribution of samples leads to the continuous development of these collections.
{"title":"Coleções osteológicas identificadas: importância para a antropologia","authors":"Ana Luísa Batista Santos","doi":"10.7203/metode.10.13711","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7203/metode.10.13711","url":null,"abstract":"One of the main pillars of bioanthropological studies are the identified osteological collections. The goal of this document is to describe this heritage and show its importance. Since the nineteenth century, several countries have collected sets of skulls and skeletons from people about whom we know some biographical data; among other details, their age when they died and their sex. There are currently around fifty collections in different countries of North and South America, Africa, Europe, and Asia. Researching into them has applications for the study of human evolution, past populations, palaeopathology, and the history of medicine, among others. The need to increase the number of individuals and extend the geographic distribution of samples leads to the continuous development of these collections.","PeriodicalId":41648,"journal":{"name":"Metode Science Studies Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71305973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Continuous advances in DNA analysis for forensic purposes have set milestones in the search for genetic identity in criminal cases, disasters, and disappearances. Technological advances in the study of our genome allow us to infer who was the owner of remains found, for example, in a mass grave or an anonymous tomb: where they lived, their physical appearance, or their family origin. The analysis of DNA of forensic interest manages, thanks to a series of fixed variations between individuals, to identify them individually via their genetic profile. This identification can be carried out by comparing the profile of the human remains with known profiles or by their compatibility with the DNA inherited by their relatives.
{"title":"El ADN reescribe nuestra memoria","authors":"Á. C. Álvarez","doi":"10.7203/metode.10.13691","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7203/metode.10.13691","url":null,"abstract":"Continuous advances in DNA analysis for forensic purposes have set milestones in the search for genetic identity in criminal cases, disasters, and disappearances. Technological advances in the study of our genome allow us to infer who was the owner of remains found, for example, in a mass grave or an anonymous tomb: where they lived, their physical appearance, or their family origin. The analysis of DNA of forensic interest manages, thanks to a series of fixed variations between individuals, to identify them individually via their genetic profile. This identification can be carried out by comparing the profile of the human remains with known profiles or by their compatibility with the DNA inherited by their relatives.","PeriodicalId":41648,"journal":{"name":"Metode Science Studies Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71305960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We present key elements for forensic intervention as a method to obtain formal evidence that can be used in historical memory claims in Spain since the year 2000, within the general framework of human rights. There are enough human and material resources to meet this social demand, but the help of all the public administrations is required. By way of example, we present the unusual phenomenon of brain preservation at the mass grave of La Pedraja 1. The study of these brains has allowed us to know about the potential existence of ante-mortem injuries. This represents a way to deepen forensic investigation eighty years after the historic facts.
{"title":"Aportación de las ciencias forenses a la Memoria Histórica en España: un ejemplo concreto sobre la preservación tejidos blandos.","authors":"F. Etxeberría, Fernando Serrulla","doi":"10.7203/metode.10.13295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7203/metode.10.13295","url":null,"abstract":"We present key elements for forensic intervention as a method to obtain formal evidence that can be used in historical memory claims in Spain since the year 2000, within the general framework of human rights. There are enough human and material resources to meet this social demand, but the help of all the public administrations is required. By way of example, we present the unusual phenomenon of brain preservation at the mass grave of La Pedraja 1. The study of these brains has allowed us to know about the potential existence of ante-mortem injuries. This represents a way to deepen forensic investigation eighty years after the historic facts.","PeriodicalId":41648,"journal":{"name":"Metode Science Studies Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71306033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Science has developed as a particularly extensive and intense intellectual activity since the end of the nineteenth century. Its results, and those from a complex set of technologies, are shaping the lives of our citizens and influencing some of the global parameters of our planet. In this context, science professionals formulate their objectives in terms of the problems faced by their disciplines as a result of internal dynamics as well as the demands made by society. For scientists, reflecting on these different perspectives to define research activities is a necessity. Thus, they should also participate in reflecting on the issues that are considered important for the future of our society.
{"title":"Reptes de la ciència:\u0000Una reflexió sobre el paper de la recerca científica enfront dels\u0000reptes que es presenten en els propers\u0000anys","authors":"Pere Puigdomènech","doi":"10.7203/metode.10.12536","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7203/metode.10.12536","url":null,"abstract":"Science\u0000has developed as a particularly extensive and intense intellectual\u0000activity since the end of the nineteenth century. Its results, and\u0000those from a complex set of technologies, are shaping the lives of our\u0000citizens and influencing some of the global parameters of our\u0000planet. In this context, science professionals formulate their\u0000objectives in terms of the problems faced by their disciplines as a\u0000result of internal dynamics as well as the demands made by\u0000society. For scientists, reflecting on these different perspectives to\u0000define research activities is a necessity. Thus, they should also\u0000participate in reflecting on the issues that are considered important\u0000for the future of our\u0000society.","PeriodicalId":41648,"journal":{"name":"Metode Science Studies Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71305786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Guaranteeing access to food for a growing human population – based on sustainability criteria and in the face of the climate change threat – is the main challenge for twenty-first-century agriculture. The solutions are inevitably complex, require a variety of coordinated measures, and essentially, are dependent on the progress of science and the development of technologies to make more efficient use of available resources to increase crop yields and food quality to feed the world. Technologies such as genomics, computing, robotics, and nanotechnology, along with their correct application – which will require highly qualified users – will also be crucial elements to reach these objectives.
{"title":"Ciència i Tecnologia\u0000per a l’Agricultura del\u0000Futur","authors":"Pere Arús","doi":"10.7203/metode.10.12546","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7203/metode.10.12546","url":null,"abstract":"Guaranteeing\u0000access to food for a growing human population – based on\u0000sustainability criteria and in the face of the climate change threat –\u0000is the main challenge for twenty-first-century agriculture. The\u0000solutions are inevitably complex, require a variety of coordinated\u0000measures, and essentially, are dependent on the progress of science\u0000and the development of technologies to make more efficient use of\u0000available resources to increase crop yields and food quality to feed\u0000the world. Technologies such as genomics, computing, robotics, and\u0000nanotechnology, along with their correct application – which will\u0000require highly qualified users – will also be crucial elements to\u0000reach these objectives.","PeriodicalId":41648,"journal":{"name":"Metode Science Studies Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71305854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Energy is the blood that moves today’s society and is one of the factors that has decisively contributed to improving humanity’s quality of life. The energy needs of the world’s population are expected to double by 2050 and so, considering that available fossil fuels are becoming exhausted, as well as their negative environmental impact, new strategies are needed for sustainable development. This paper addresses the potential challenges and opportunities in the development of global energy systems, emphasising how deeply interconnected the energy and climate debates are.
{"title":"LA ENCRUCIJADA\u0000ENERGÉTICA: ¿dónde terminaremos si no cambiamos de dirección en las\u0000tendencias energéticas\u0000globales?","authors":"C. Hidalgo","doi":"10.7203/metode.10.12469","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7203/metode.10.12469","url":null,"abstract":"Energy\u0000is the blood that moves today’s society and is one of the factors that\u0000has decisively contributed to improving humanity’s quality of\u0000life. The energy needs of the world’s population are expected to\u0000double by 2050 and so, considering that available fossil fuels are\u0000becoming exhausted, as well as their negative environmental impact,\u0000new strategies are needed for sustainable development. This paper\u0000addresses the potential challenges and opportunities in the\u0000development of global energy systems, emphasising how deeply\u0000interconnected the energy and climate debates\u0000are.","PeriodicalId":41648,"journal":{"name":"Metode Science Studies Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71305773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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