Cristina Llopis-Belenguer, Isabel Blasco-Costa, J. Balbuena
In modern ecology, the traditional diversity indexes (usually of richness, abundance, and species evenness) have been highly revealing and useful for monitoring community and ecosystem processes. However, around two decades ago, a pioneering research team noticed that these indexes did not completely resolve their open questions. Thus, they suggested changing the way biodiversity was measured. At its base, this new methodology considers the distance between species (in phylogenetic or functional terms) before subsequently applying the appropriate biodiversity indexes. Including phylogenetic and functional elements in the evaluation of diversity allows us to approach the concept of biodiversity in a more comprehensive way.
{"title":"Biodiversidad en el\u0000Siglo XXI: más allá del conteo de\u0000especies","authors":"Cristina Llopis-Belenguer, Isabel Blasco-Costa, J. Balbuena","doi":"10.7203/metode.9.11186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7203/metode.9.11186","url":null,"abstract":"In\u0000modern ecology, the traditional diversity indexes (usually of\u0000richness, abundance, and species evenness) have been highly revealing\u0000and useful for monitoring community and ecosystem processes. However,\u0000around two decades ago, a pioneering research team noticed that these\u0000indexes did not completely resolve their open questions. Thus, they\u0000suggested changing the way biodiversity was measured. At its base,\u0000this new methodology considers the distance between species\u0000(in phylogenetic or functional terms) before subsequently applying the\u0000appropriate biodiversity indexes. Including phylogenetic and\u0000functional elements in the evaluation of diversity allows us to\u0000approach the concept of biodiversity in a more comprehensive\u0000way. ","PeriodicalId":41648,"journal":{"name":"Metode Science Studies Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71307196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stefano Ambroso, Janire Salazar, J. M. G. Sardà, Rebeca Zapata Guardiola
The study of pristine places is very important for learning about the state of the oceans before the impact of human beings. Because of the extreme environmental conditions of the Antarctic continental shelf – its distance from other continents, depth, and the weight of the continental ice – it offers us a great opportunity to better understand how a pristine ecosystem would normally be. In addition to a high level of biodiversity, Antarctic benthic organisms present patterns of demographic and spatial distribution that are different from the communities of the continental platforms in other seas and oceans of the world. This makes Antarctic benthic communities look, more than one might think, like the communities with the highest known biodiversity in the world.
{"title":"La paradoxa de la\u0000biodiversitat marina\u0000antàrtica","authors":"Stefano Ambroso, Janire Salazar, J. M. G. Sardà, Rebeca Zapata Guardiola","doi":"10.7203/METODE.9.11324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7203/METODE.9.11324","url":null,"abstract":"The\u0000study of pristine places is very important for learning about the\u0000state of the oceans before the impact of human beings. Because of the\u0000extreme environmental conditions of the Antarctic continental shelf –\u0000its distance from other continents, depth, and the weight of the\u0000continental ice – it offers us a great opportunity to better\u0000understand how a pristine ecosystem would normally be. In addition to\u0000a high level of biodiversity, Antarctic benthic organisms present\u0000patterns of demographic and spatial distribution that are different\u0000from the communities of the continental platforms in other seas and\u0000oceans of the world. This makes Antarctic benthic communities look,\u0000more than one might think, like the communities with the highest known\u0000biodiversity in the world.","PeriodicalId":41648,"journal":{"name":"Metode Science Studies Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71307225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Species richness is not homogeneous in space and it normally presents differences when comparing among different sites. These differences often respond to gradients in one or several factors which create biodiversity patterns in space and are scale-dependent. At a local scale, diversity patterns depend on the habitat size (species-area relationship), the productivity, the environmental harshness, the frequency and intensity of disturbance, or the regional species pool. Regional diversity may be influenced by environmental heterogeneity (increasing dissimilarity), although it could act also at smaller or larger spatial scales, and the connectivity among habitats. Finally, at a global scale, diversity patterns are found with the latitude, the altitude or the depth, although these factors are surrogates or one or several environmental variables (productivity, area, isolation, or harshness).
{"title":"The map of\u0000biodiversity: From local to global\u0000scales","authors":"María Teresa Antón Pardo","doi":"10.7203/metode.9.11333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7203/metode.9.11333","url":null,"abstract":"Species\u0000richness is not homogeneous in space and it normally presents\u0000differences when comparing among different sites. These differences\u0000often respond to gradients in one or several factors which create\u0000biodiversity patterns in space and are scale-dependent. At a local\u0000scale, diversity patterns depend on the habitat size (species-area\u0000relationship), the productivity, the environmental harshness, the\u0000frequency and intensity of disturbance, or the regional species\u0000pool. Regional diversity may be influenced by environmental\u0000heterogeneity (increasing dissimilarity), although it could act also\u0000at smaller or larger spatial scales, and the connectivity among\u0000habitats. Finally, at a global scale, diversity patterns are found\u0000with the latitude, the altitude or the depth, although these factors\u0000are surrogates or one or several environmental variables\u0000(productivity, area, isolation, or\u0000harshness).","PeriodicalId":41648,"journal":{"name":"Metode Science Studies Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71307284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the onset of our journey as a governing team, many feelings and ideas intermingle. In my case, as the new Vice-Principal for Research of the University of Valencia, I enthusiastically take on the responsibility of coordinating and facilitating the work of the researchers of the University of Valencia. Evidently, many challenges exist and resources are limited, but in recent years we have also managed to maintain and even increase research activity in science and humanities. Carlos Hermenegildo. Vice-Principal for Research of the University of Valencia (Spain).
{"title":"Challenges and difficulties for a Vice-Principal for Research","authors":"C. Hermenegildo","doi":"10.7203/METODE.8.12738","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7203/METODE.8.12738","url":null,"abstract":"In the onset of our journey as a governing team, many feelings and ideas intermingle. In my case, as the new Vice-Principal for Research of the University of Valencia, I enthusiastically take on the responsibility of coordinating and facilitating the work of the researchers of the University of Valencia. Evidently, many challenges exist and resources are limited, but in recent years we have also managed to maintain and even increase research activity in science and humanities. Carlos Hermenegildo. Vice-Principal for Research of the University of Valencia (Spain).","PeriodicalId":41648,"journal":{"name":"Metode Science Studies Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"5-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47248780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Science is the human activity aimed at acquiring knowledge by means of a very specific method, the scientific method, in which logical reasoning is put at the service of empirical and observable evidence. We perfectly understand what it means to be able to focus our scientific perspective on a problem: we want to understand it reasonably, according to the observation, and different observers will obtain an equivalent result. More and more fields of knowledge are diving into scientific analysis. Experimental sciences are based on it, but other fields of knowledge have also found themselves needing it in order to gain social acceptance and recognised explanatory possibilities. Jaume Bertranpetit . Institute of Evolutionary Biology. Pompeu Fabra University. Barcelona (Spain).
{"title":"Towards a new biological science of language","authors":"J. Bertranpetit","doi":"10.7203/METODE.8.12739","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7203/METODE.8.12739","url":null,"abstract":"Science is the human activity aimed at acquiring knowledge by means of a very specific method, the scientific method, in which logical reasoning is put at the service of empirical and observable evidence. We perfectly understand what it means to be able to focus our scientific perspective on a problem: we want to understand it reasonably, according to the observation, and different observers will obtain an equivalent result. More and more fields of knowledge are diving into scientific analysis. Experimental sciences are based on it, but other fields of knowledge have also found themselves needing it in order to gain social acceptance and recognised explanatory possibilities. Jaume Bertranpetit . Institute of Evolutionary Biology. Pompeu Fabra University. Barcelona (Spain).","PeriodicalId":41648,"journal":{"name":"Metode Science Studies Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42627192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Communication is essential in all areas of society, but science is one of the inescapable keys. Communicating is sharing, showing, teaching, transferring discoveries, observations, and findings both to colleagues and to society in general. That’s why good communication must always accompany good science. CRISPR genetic editing tools allow us to modify at will the genome of any living organism, including our species. In this text I review different relevant communicative events in the short but intense life of these molecular scissors, so called for their ability to cut the DNA molecule effectively and with precision.
{"title":"Edición genética y\u0000comunicación","authors":"Lluís Montoliu","doi":"10.7203/metode.9.11288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7203/metode.9.11288","url":null,"abstract":"Communication\u0000is essential in all areas of society, but science is one of the\u0000inescapable keys. Communicating is sharing, showing, teaching,\u0000transferring discoveries, observations, and findings both to\u0000colleagues and to society in general. That’s why good communication\u0000must always accompany good science. CRISPR genetic editing tools allow\u0000us to modify at will the genome of any living organism, including our\u0000species. In this text I review different relevant communicative events\u0000in the short but intense life of these molecular scissors, so called\u0000for their ability to cut the DNA molecule effectively and with\u0000precision.","PeriodicalId":41648,"journal":{"name":"Metode Science Studies Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71307212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Biotechnological research has made significant progress; however, some of its results are controversial because of their health and environmental risks, and these limit their application because of the precautionary measures applied to them. The dissemination and communication of information about biotechnology is now more necessary than ever to spread knowledge about innovations clearly, rigorously, and comprehensibly. At the same time, we must also inform about the certainties, uncertainties, and potential conflicts of interest these technologies pose in order to properly disseminate the available scientific evidence and promote autonomous, free, and informed decision-making: a key objective in any democratic society.
{"title":"Biotecnología y\u0000comunicación en la sociedad\u0000democrática","authors":"Mª Ángela Bernardo-Álvarez","doi":"10.7203/metode.9.10388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7203/metode.9.10388","url":null,"abstract":"Biotechnological\u0000research has made significant progress; however, some of its results\u0000are controversial because of their health and environmental risks, and\u0000these limit their application because of the precautionary measures\u0000applied to them. The dissemination and communication of information\u0000about biotechnology is now more necessary than ever to spread\u0000knowledge about innovations clearly, rigorously, and\u0000comprehensibly. At the same time, we must also inform about the\u0000certainties, uncertainties, and potential conflicts of interest these\u0000technologies pose in order to properly disseminate the available\u0000scientific evidence and promote autonomous, free, and informed\u0000decision-making: a key objective in any democratic\u0000society.","PeriodicalId":41648,"journal":{"name":"Metode Science Studies Journal","volume":"132 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71307117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The lack of information from institutions and organisations regarding the use of animals in scientific research produces a specialised communication niche which non-scientific groups have exploited to make public opinion sympathetic to them. Public opinion is linked to societal development. Ignorance leads to the creation of unfounded opinions that are alien to scientific and technological development and contribute to the introduction of progressively more restrictive measures that are detrimental to scientific research and social development. Conversely, an informed society can and must participate in the development of responsible research that aligns inquiry and its potential benefits with the needs of society itself from the earliest stages.
{"title":"La transparencia es la\u0000clave","authors":"Emma Martínez","doi":"10.7203/metode.9.10288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7203/metode.9.10288","url":null,"abstract":"The\u0000lack of information from institutions and organisations regarding the\u0000use of animals in scientific research produces a specialised\u0000communication niche which non-scientific groups have exploited to make\u0000public opinion sympathetic to them. Public opinion is linked to\u0000societal development. Ignorance leads to the creation of unfounded\u0000opinions that are alien to scientific and technological development\u0000and contribute to the introduction of progressively more restrictive\u0000measures that are detrimental to scientific research and social\u0000development. Conversely, an informed society can and must participate\u0000in the development of responsible research that aligns inquiry and its\u0000potential benefits with the needs of society itself from the earliest\u0000stages.","PeriodicalId":41648,"journal":{"name":"Metode Science Studies Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71307104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During a period dominated by positivist thinking, metaphors seemed incompatible with science, at least for the most common manifestations of scientific discourse. However, this apparent transgression is now considered essential and even advantageous for the construction of knowledge. The terminology of specialised knowledge, like that from the field of biotechnology, undoubtedly contains metaphors. In the discourse related to scientific dissemination and the mass media, the use of metaphors is more original which makes them more attractive as strategies to increase the intelligibility of concepts and to stimulate layperson audiences. Thus, anthropomorphic projections are one of the types of metaphor which performs the best in the context of this type of discourse.
{"title":"Pecats rendibles. La\u0000metàfora en el discurs de la\u0000biotecnologia","authors":"Vicent Salvador","doi":"10.7203/metode.9.10940","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7203/metode.9.10940","url":null,"abstract":"During\u0000a period dominated by positivist thinking, metaphors seemed\u0000incompatible with science, at least for the most common manifestations\u0000of scientific discourse. However, this apparent transgression is now\u0000considered essential and even advantageous for the construction of\u0000knowledge. The terminology of specialised knowledge, like that from\u0000the field of biotechnology, undoubtedly contains metaphors. In the\u0000discourse related to scientific dissemination and the mass media, the\u0000use of metaphors is more original which makes them more attractive as\u0000strategies to increase the intelligibility of concepts and to\u0000stimulate layperson audiences. Thus, anthropomorphic projections are\u0000one of the types of metaphor which performs the best in the context of\u0000this type of discourse.","PeriodicalId":41648,"journal":{"name":"Metode Science Studies Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71307166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Hodge conjecture is one of the seven millennium problems, and is framed within differential geometry and algebraic geometry. It was proposed by William Hodge in 1950 and is currently a stimulus for the development of several theories based on geometry, analysis, and mathematical physics. It proposes a natural condition for the existence of complex submanifolds within a complex manifold. Manifolds are the spaces in which geometric objects can be considered. In complex manifolds, the structure of the space is based on complex numbers, instead of the most intuitive structure of geometry, based on real numbers.
{"title":"The Hodge conjecture: The complications of understanding the shape of geometric spaces","authors":"Vicente Muñoz Velázquez","doi":"10.7203/metode.0.8253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7203/metode.0.8253","url":null,"abstract":"The Hodge conjecture is one of the seven millennium problems, and is framed within differential geometry and algebraic geometry. It was proposed by William Hodge in 1950 and is currently a stimulus for the development of several theories based on geometry, analysis, and mathematical physics. It proposes a natural condition for the existence of complex submanifolds within a complex manifold. Manifolds are the spaces in which geometric objects can be considered. In complex manifolds, the structure of the space is based on complex numbers, instead of the most intuitive structure of geometry, based on real numbers.","PeriodicalId":41648,"journal":{"name":"Metode Science Studies Journal","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71305720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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