Dietary guidelines are educational tools based on scientific evidence and on the characteristics of the target population. They must make it easier for people to make better food choices and therefore improve their health, as well as take better care of their environment. The first guidelines used different graphic ideas, until the triangle or pyramid was popularised in the 1990s and remained as the representation of reference for decades. Lately, the healthy plate has complemented or replaced the pyramid in many contexts, despite the fact that other organisations have chosen to change the approach and design different and innovative guidelines, as is the case with the Catalan Public Health Agency.
{"title":"Evolució de les guies alimentàries a Catalunya","authors":"María Manera, Gemma Salvador","doi":"10.7203/metode.11.16274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7203/metode.11.16274","url":null,"abstract":"Dietary guidelines are educational tools based on scientific evidence and on the characteristics of the target population. They must make it easier for people to make better food choices and therefore improve their health, as well as take better care of their environment. The first guidelines used different graphic ideas, until the triangle or pyramid was popularised in the 1990s and remained as the representation of reference for decades. Lately, the healthy plate has complemented or replaced the pyramid in many contexts, despite the fact that other organisations have chosen to change the approach and design different and innovative guidelines, as is the case with the Catalan Public Health Agency. ","PeriodicalId":41648,"journal":{"name":"Metode Science Studies Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71306281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This work addresses the food system as a complex system, connected to the environment just as living organisms. It uses the contributions from multiple fields (anthropology, nutrition, medicine, and economics, among others), establishing connections between analytically separated parts to point out their transformations over time and space. It also studies social organisation over millions of years to understand the synergy between the environment, extraction technology, economic and political structure, and the resulting cooking environments (each with their own social construction of tastes) as conditioning factors for sickness and death. In short, it delves into food anthropology relying on three main pillars: critical thinking, a relational approach, and historicity.
{"title":"Feeding, cooking, sharing: A brief social history of food","authors":"P. Aguirre","doi":"10.7203/METODE.11.16091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7203/METODE.11.16091","url":null,"abstract":"This work addresses the food system as a complex system, connected to the environment just as living organisms. It uses the contributions from multiple fields (anthropology, nutrition, medicine, and economics, among others), establishing connections between analytically separated parts to point out their transformations over time and space. It also studies social organisation over millions of years to understand the synergy between the environment, extraction technology, economic and political structure, and the resulting cooking environments (each with their own social construction of tastes) as conditioning factors for sickness and death. In short, it delves into food anthropology relying on three main pillars: critical thinking, a relational approach, and historicity.","PeriodicalId":41648,"journal":{"name":"Metode Science Studies Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44604446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
José Miguel Soriano del Castillo, M. Inmaculada Zarzo Llobell
Globally, 1.9 billion adults are overweight, 650 million of which are obese, which in turn impacts both health and economy. Treating obesity involves strategies such as physical activity and dietary planning, always under the supervision of healthcare professionals. Recent decades have brought many fad diets. They originated at the beginning of the twentieth century and can lead to health problems among their users. A practical way to detect them is that they promise rapid weight loss (more than 1 kg per week), they are allegedly effortless, impose excessive energy restrictions, and exclude food or nutrients from the diet.
{"title":"Falsas dietas y dietas falsas","authors":"José Miguel Soriano del Castillo, M. Inmaculada Zarzo Llobell","doi":"10.7203/metode.11.16193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7203/metode.11.16193","url":null,"abstract":"Globally, 1.9 billion adults are overweight, 650 million of which are obese, which in turn impacts both health and economy. Treating obesity involves strategies such as physical activity and dietary planning, always under the supervision of healthcare professionals. Recent decades have brought many fad diets. They originated at the beginning of the twentieth century and can lead to health problems among their users. A practical way to detect them is that they promise rapid weight loss (more than 1 kg per week), they are allegedly effortless, impose excessive energy restrictions, and exclude food or nutrients from the diet. ","PeriodicalId":41648,"journal":{"name":"Metode Science Studies Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71306271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nutritional epidemiology currently studie s the diet-disease relationship s . In order to evaluate these associations, an a ccurate estimation of nutritional exposure is essential . Traditional dietary questionnaires are being complemented with the measurement of nutritional biomarkers. New methodologies, including the use of new dietary assessments, metabolomics for increasing the quantity and quality of biomarkers, and statistical approaches to combine both techniques , are required to move forward this field. In this review, we have selected five of the more relev ant accomplishments in this field as examples of the importance of dietary factors in the prevention of non-communicable diseases . This theoretical knowledge need s to be finally translated by public health experts in to dietary recommendations to the general population.
{"title":"Diet-disease relationships: Recent advances in nutritional epidemiology","authors":"R. Zamora-Ros, C. González","doi":"10.7203/METODE.11.16205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7203/METODE.11.16205","url":null,"abstract":"Nutritional epidemiology currently studie s the diet-disease relationship s . In order to evaluate these associations, an a ccurate estimation of nutritional exposure is essential . Traditional dietary questionnaires are being complemented with the measurement of nutritional biomarkers. New methodologies, including the use of new dietary assessments, metabolomics for increasing the quantity and quality of biomarkers, and statistical approaches to combine both techniques , are required to move forward this field. In this review, we have selected five of the more relev ant accomplishments in this field as examples of the importance of dietary factors in the prevention of non-communicable diseases . This theoretical knowledge need s to be finally translated by public health experts in to dietary recommendations to the general population.","PeriodicalId":41648,"journal":{"name":"Metode Science Studies Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46639249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Blanco-Gandía, Macarena Gonzalez-Portilla, Marta Rodriguez-Arias
El consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados altos en grasas y azucares nos resulta tremendamente placentero porque produce una liberacion de dopamina en el circuito cerebral de la recompensa, el mismo sistema neuronal que activan las drogas. En un contexto social, en el que los habitos alimentarios no saludables y el consumo de drogas son habituales desde la adolescencia, es importante investigar cuales son sus consecuencias. En este articulo resumimos la compleja relacion que existe entre la ingesta de la denominada comida palatable, el sistema de refuerzo cerebral y las drogas de abuso. Los estudios con modelos animales han demostrado que una ingesta intermitente de una dieta alta en grasa y azucares durante la adolescencia incrementa el consumo de cocaina y etanol. Los resultados obtenidos hasta la fecha ponen de relieve el papel fundamental de la dieta, tanto en la adquisicion como en el tratamiento de las adicciones.
{"title":"Título: Dieta, drogas y cerebro. Subtítulo:¿Podría ser la comida ultraprocesada una puerta de entrada a la adicción?","authors":"M. Blanco-Gandía, Macarena Gonzalez-Portilla, Marta Rodriguez-Arias","doi":"10.7203/METODE.11.16195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7203/METODE.11.16195","url":null,"abstract":"El consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados altos en grasas y azucares nos resulta tremendamente placentero porque produce una liberacion de dopamina en el circuito cerebral de la recompensa, el mismo sistema neuronal que activan las drogas. En un contexto social, en el que los habitos alimentarios no saludables y el consumo de drogas son habituales desde la adolescencia, es importante investigar cuales son sus consecuencias. En este articulo resumimos la compleja relacion que existe entre la ingesta de la denominada comida palatable, el sistema de refuerzo cerebral y las drogas de abuso. Los estudios con modelos animales han demostrado que una ingesta intermitente de una dieta alta en grasa y azucares durante la adolescencia incrementa el consumo de cocaina y etanol. Los resultados obtenidos hasta la fecha ponen de relieve el papel fundamental de la dieta, tanto en la adquisicion como en el tratamiento de las adicciones.","PeriodicalId":41648,"journal":{"name":"Metode Science Studies Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44385603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Durante decadas, los biologos moleculares han estado eliminando o insertando genes en todo tipo de organismos con una intencionalidad biotecnologica o simplemente para generar conocimiento fundamental. La Biologia Sintetica (SynBio) da un paso mas alla incorporando marcos conceptuales procedentes de la computacion, la electronica y el diseno industrial. Este cambio permite plantear la creacion de objetos biologicos complejos que anteriormente se consideraban demasiado dificiles de ensamblar. Para ello hay que adoptar las etapas de cualquier proceso de produccion industrial: diseno, fabricacion de los componentes, montaje y manufactura final. Este objetivo hace necesario estandarizar los formatos fisicos y funcionales de los componentes implicados, los metodos de ensamblaje de ADN, las medidas de actividad y los lenguajes descriptivos.
{"title":"Y la biología se convirtió en ingeniería: La adopción de estándares para sistemas vivos","authors":"V. Lorenzo","doi":"10.7203/metode.11.15975","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7203/metode.11.15975","url":null,"abstract":"Durante decadas, los biologos moleculares han estado eliminando o insertando genes en todo tipo de organismos con una intencionalidad biotecnologica o simplemente para generar conocimiento fundamental. La Biologia Sintetica (SynBio) da un paso mas alla incorporando marcos conceptuales procedentes de la computacion, la electronica y el diseno industrial. Este cambio permite plantear la creacion de objetos biologicos complejos que anteriormente se consideraban demasiado dificiles de ensamblar. Para ello hay que adoptar las etapas de cualquier proceso de produccion industrial: diseno, fabricacion de los componentes, montaje y manufactura final. Este objetivo hace necesario estandarizar los formatos fisicos y funcionales de los componentes implicados, los metodos de ensamblaje de ADN, las medidas de actividad y los lenguajes descriptivos.","PeriodicalId":41648,"journal":{"name":"Metode Science Studies Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43024292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The concept of standard strongly evokes machines, industries, electric or mechanic devices, vehicles, or furniture. Indeed, our technological civilization would not be possible – at least in the terms it is structured today – without universal, reliable components, whose acknowledged use results in competitive costs, robustness and interchangeability. For example, an Ikea screw can be used in a wide set of structurally dissimilar furniture and an app can be run in many different smartphones. The very concept of standardization is linked to the industrial revolution and mass production of goods through assembly lines. The question we will try to answer in the present paper is the extent to which standards and the standardization process can be accomplished in the biological realm.
{"title":"Can life be standardized? Current challenges in biological standardization","authors":"J. Peretó, M. Porcar","doi":"10.7203/metode.11.15981","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7203/metode.11.15981","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of standard strongly evokes machines, industries, electric or mechanic devices, vehicles, or furniture. Indeed, our technological civilization would not be possible – at least in the terms it is structured today – without universal, reliable components, whose acknowledged use results in competitive costs, robustness and interchangeability. For example, an Ikea screw can be used in a wide set of structurally dissimilar furniture and an app can be run in many different smartphones. The very concept of standardization is linked to the industrial revolution and mass production of goods through assembly lines. The question we will try to answer in the present paper is the extent to which standards and the standardization process can be accomplished in the biological realm.","PeriodicalId":41648,"journal":{"name":"Metode Science Studies Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41446721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The plants we eat are the outcome of a humans’ long history of domestication of wild species. The introduction of CRISPR/Cas gene-editing technology has provided a new approach to crop improvement and offers an interesting range of possibilities for obtaining varieties with new and healthier characteristics. The technology is based on two fundamental pillars: on the one hand, knowing complete genome sequences, and on the other, identifying gene functions. In less than a decade, the prospect of being able to design plants on demand is now no longer a dream, but a real possibility.
{"title":"LA EDICIÓN DE GENOMAS: PLANTAS A LA CARTA","authors":"Concha Gómez-Mena","doi":"10.7203/metode.11.15507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7203/metode.11.15507","url":null,"abstract":"The plants we eat are the outcome of a humans’ long history of domestication of wild species. The introduction of CRISPR/Cas gene-editing technology has provided a new approach to crop improvement and offers an interesting range of possibilities for obtaining varieties with new and healthier characteristics. The technology is based on two fundamental pillars: on the one hand, knowing complete genome sequences, and on the other, identifying gene functions. In less than a decade, the prospect of being able to design plants on demand is now no longer a dream, but a real possibility.","PeriodicalId":41648,"journal":{"name":"Metode Science Studies Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71305793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The topic of Big Data is today extensively discussed, not only on the technical ground. This also depends on the fact that Big Data are frequently presented as allowing an epistemological paradigm shift in scientific research, which would be able to supersede the traditional hypothesis-driven method. In this piece, I critically scrutinize two key claims that are usually associated with this approach, namely, the fact that data speak for themselves, deflating the role of theories and models, and the primacy of correlation over causation. My intention is both to acknowledge the value of Big Data analytics as innovative heuristics and to provide a balanced account of what could be expected and what not from it.
{"title":"On Big Data: How should we make sense of them?","authors":"F. Mazzocchi","doi":"10.7203/metode.11.15258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7203/metode.11.15258","url":null,"abstract":"The topic of Big Data is today extensively discussed, not only on the technical ground. This also depends on the fact that Big Data are frequently presented as allowing an epistemological paradigm shift in scientific research, which would be able to supersede the traditional hypothesis-driven method. In this piece, I critically scrutinize two key claims that are usually associated with this approach, namely, the fact that data speak for themselves, deflating the role of theories and models, and the primacy of correlation over causation. My intention is both to acknowledge the value of Big Data analytics as innovative heuristics and to provide a balanced account of what could be expected and what not from it.","PeriodicalId":41648,"journal":{"name":"Metode Science Studies Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48897354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Space exploration will require life support systems, in which plants can provide nutrients, oxygen, moisture, and psychological well-being and eliminate wastes. In alien environments, plants must adapt to a different gravity force, even the zero gravity of spaceflight. Under these conditions, essential cellular and molecular features related to plant development are altered and changes in gene expression occur. In lunar gravity, the effects are comparable to microgravity, while the gravity of Mars produces milder alterations. Nevertheless, it has been possible to develop and reproduce plants in space. Current research seeks to identify signals replacing gravity for driving plant growth, such as light. Counteracting gravitational stress will help in enabling agriculture in extraterrestrial habitats.
{"title":"Space explorers need to be space farmers: What we know and what we need to know about plant growth in space","authors":"F. Medina","doi":"10.7203/metode.11.14606","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7203/metode.11.14606","url":null,"abstract":"Space exploration will require life support systems, in which plants can provide nutrients, oxygen, moisture, and psychological well-being and eliminate wastes. In alien environments, plants must adapt to a different gravity force, even the zero gravity of spaceflight. Under these conditions, essential cellular and molecular features related to plant development are altered and changes in gene expression occur. In lunar gravity, the effects are comparable to microgravity, while the gravity of Mars produces milder alterations. Nevertheless, it has been possible to develop and reproduce plants in space. Current research seeks to identify signals replacing gravity for driving plant growth, such as light. Counteracting gravitational stress will help in enabling agriculture in extraterrestrial habitats.","PeriodicalId":41648,"journal":{"name":"Metode Science Studies Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71305746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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