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An optoelectronic system for controlling a direct current motor 用于控制直流电机的光电系统
IF 0.1 Pub Date : 2022-12-19 DOI: 10.31648/ts.8257
Z. Syroka
An optoelectronic system for controlling a direct current (DC) motor is presented in Part 1 of the article. The software for the designed motor is described in Part 2. A system for processing data from an infrared transmitter was built. The project was upgraded in successive stages of development, and it ultimately evolved into a small computer with a motor controller. The designed system automatically adjusts the motor’s rotation and speed. The user is tasked only with conveying operational commands. The entire system is based on a single microcontroller.  The designed optoelectronic system receives user commands (the program can be modified to support free-space optical communication networks conforming to all communication standards). The system activates the motor, counts the number of rotations and adjusts the motor’s position. The designed system operates on the following principle: the user sends commands to the motor via a remote control with an infrared diode. The keys on the remote control have been programmed with different commands. The transmitted data are processed by the system which activates the motor and sets the desired motor speed. The task is completed, and the system is ready to process the next command. If the number of rotations differs from the preset value, the motor’s position is adjusted. If the physical position of the rotor axis is altered, the system corrects the offset to the last programmed position. The designed system can be easily adapted to various types of motors and IR controllers.
本文第1部分介绍了一种用于控制直流电机的光电系统。第二部分描述了所设计电机的软件。建立了红外发射机数据处理系统。该项目在连续的开发阶段不断升级,最终演变成一台带有电机控制器的小型计算机。所设计的系统可以自动调节电机的转速和转速。用户的任务只是传达操作命令。整个系统基于单个微控制器。所设计的光电系统接收用户命令(程序可以修改以支持符合所有通信标准的自由空间光通信网络)。该系统激活电机,计算旋转次数并调整电机的位置。设计的系统工作原理如下:用户通过带有红外二极管的遥控器向电机发送命令。遥控器上的按键已经编好了不同的指令。传输的数据由系统处理,该系统激活电机并设置所需的电机速度。任务完成,系统准备处理下一个命令。如果旋转次数与预设值不同,则调整电机的位置。如果转子轴的物理位置被改变,系统将偏移量校正到最后的编程位置。所设计的系统可以很容易地适应各种类型的电机和红外控制器。
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引用次数: 0
Analysis of the Possibility of Achieving Energy Self-Sufficiency on the Communal Level in North-Eastern Poland 波兰东北部社区层面实现能源自给的可能性分析
IF 0.1 Pub Date : 2022-12-07 DOI: 10.31648/ts.7822
S. Lipiński, T. Olkowski
The pursuit of energy self-sufficiency is understandable, as there can exist many reasons standing behind such pursuit. When considering commune level, many factors can influence the possibility of achieving energy self-sufficiency, but one thing is certain - this idea can be achieved by utilizing local renewable sources of energy, saving energy and using it more efficiently. Such approach allows dealing with both climate change and energy crisis and can be beneficial for the local population, environment and economy. The main aim of the work is to answer the question whether it is possible to achieve energy self-sufficiency on the communal level in north-eastern Poland. Five communes were analysed in terms of achieving both electric and heat self-sufficiency. We also checked whether there is an impact of selected municipal parameters on the value of energy potential of local energy sources. The results of our study indicate that achieving self-sufficiency is easier in terms of electricity than in terms of heat and local factors have great influence on energy potential of individual communes.
追求能源自给自足是可以理解的,因为这种追求背后可能存在许多原因。在考虑公社一级时,有许多因素会影响实现能源自给自足的可能性,但有一点是肯定的——这一想法可以通过利用当地可再生能源、节约能源和更有效地利用能源来实现。这种方法既可以应对气候变化,又可以应对能源危机,对当地人口、环境和经济都是有益的。这项工作的主要目的是回答一个问题,即在波兰东北部的公共层面上是否有可能实现能源自给自足。从实现电和热自给自足的角度对五个公社进行了分析。我们还检查了所选市政参数是否对当地能源的能源潜力值有影响。我们的研究结果表明,实现自给自足在电力方面比在热量方面更容易,当地因素对个别公社的能源潜力有很大影响。
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引用次数: 0
STRATEGY OPTIMIZATION FOR RESPONDING TO PRIMARY, SECONDARY AND RESIDUAL RISKS CONSIDERING COST AND TIME DIMENSIONS IN PETROCHEMICAL PROJECTS 考虑成本和时间维度的石化项目一次、二次和剩余风险响应策略优化
IF 0.1 Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.59456/afts.2022.0227.033t
Asl Maryam Tabatabay, Asl Saeedeh Tabababay

Risk management throughout the project life cycle, from the initial phase beginning to the final phase, ended continuously and dynamically, is one of the basic requirements for the success of any project oriented organization. To effectively identify and manage risks at all stages of the project, careful selection must be made at all levels of the organization. In some cases, implementing the response may eliminate the risk but reciprocally create additional risks for the project. Most of the available risk selection methods mainly focus on eliminating the primary risks without understanding the secondary and residual risks that may arise during the project implementation. The occurrence of secondary risk can be a direct result of performing an activity that responds to a primary risk. This study proposes an optimization model to select risk response measures for primary and secondary risks. The difference between our proposed method and Zhao method (2018) will be that the proposed one does not lead to selecting a predetermined strategy. This method examines the two dimensions of time and costs in response to primary and secondary risks. In addition, the genetic metaheuristic algorithm has been used to solve the problem in the dimensions mentioned above.

整个项目生命周期的风险管理,从最初阶段开始到最后阶段,持续而动态地结束,是任何以项目为导向的组织成功的基本要求之一。为了在项目的各个阶段有效地识别和管理风险,必须在组织的各个层面进行仔细的选择。在某些情况下,实施响应可能会消除风险,但也会给项目带来额外的风险。大多数可用的风险选择方法主要侧重于消除主要风险,而不了解项目实施过程中可能出现的次要和剩余风险。次要风险的发生可能是对主要风险作出反应的活动的直接结果。本研究提出了一个优化模型来选择一级和二级风险的风险应对措施。我们提出的方法与赵方法(2018)的不同之处在于,提出的方法不会导致选择预先确定的策略。该方法考察了应对主要风险和次要风险的时间和成本两个维度。此外,遗传元启发式算法已被用于解决上述维度的问题。
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引用次数: 0
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF OLD-GROWTH STANDS JANJ AND LOM USING VEGETATION INDICES 利用植被指数对JANJ和LOM老林的比较分析
IF 0.1 Pub Date : 2022-11-16 DOI: 10.7251/afts.2022.1427.057g
Z. Govedar, N. Anikić, Srđan Bilić
Old-growth forests represent a very valuable field for research of natural processes. The application of remote sensing was carried out on two old-growth forests in the northwestern part of the Republic of Srpska. The sample plots from OG Janj show relatively higher mean values (NDVI, SAVI and EVI) compared to OG Lom, with the exception of the VARI. Karstified terrain and poor delay of snags in the top-layer of stand due to the impact of weather disasters and the tendency of OG Janj toward the terminal phase of old-growth forest development are potential reasons for the higher mean value of the VARI index.
古老的森林是研究自然过程的一个非常有价值的领域。遥感应用于斯普斯卡共和国西北部的两片古老森林。OG Janj的样本图显示,除VARI外,与OG Lom相比,平均值(NDVI、SAVI和EVI)相对较高。由于天气灾害的影响,干旱的地形和林分顶层障碍物的延迟性较差,以及OG Janj向老林发展末期的趋势,是VARI指数平均值较高的潜在原因。
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引用次数: 0
STRATEGY OPTIMIZATION FOR RESPONDING TO PRIMARY, SECONDARY AND RESIDUAL RISKS CONSIDERING COST AND TIME DIMENSIONS IN PETROCHEMICAL PROJECTS 考虑成本和时间维度的石化项目主要、次要和剩余风险应对策略优化
IF 0.1 Pub Date : 2022-11-16 DOI: 10.7251/afts.2022.1427.033t
Maryam Asl Tabatabay, Saeedeh Asl Tabababay
Risk management throughout the project life cycle, from the initial phase beginning to the final phase, ended continuously and dynamically, is one of the basic requirements for the success of any project-oriented organization. To effectively identify and manage risks at all stages of the project, careful selection must be made at all levels of the organization. In some cases, implementing the response may eliminate the risk but reciprocally create additional risks for the project. Most of the available risk selection methods mainly focus on eliminating the primary risks without understanding the secondary and residual risks that may arise during the project implementation. The occurrence of secondary risk can be a direct result of performing an activity that responds to a primary risk. This study proposes an optimization model to select risk response measures for primary and secondary risks. The difference between our proposed method and Zhao method (2018) will be that the proposed one does not lead to selecting a predetermined strategy. This method examines the two dimensions of time and costs in response to primary and secondary risks. In addition, the genetic metaheuristic algorithm has been used to solve the problem in the dimensions mentioned above.
整个项目生命周期的风险管理,从最初阶段开始到最后阶段,持续而动态地结束,是任何以项目为导向的组织成功的基本要求之一。为了在项目的各个阶段有效地识别和管理风险,必须在组织的各个层面进行仔细的选择。在某些情况下,实施响应可能会消除风险,但也会给项目带来额外的风险。大多数可用的风险选择方法主要侧重于消除主要风险,而不了解项目实施过程中可能出现的次要和剩余风险。次要风险的发生可能是对主要风险作出反应的活动的直接结果。本研究提出了一个优化模型来选择一级和二级风险的风险应对措施。我们提出的方法与赵方法(2018)的不同之处在于,提出的方法不会导致选择预先确定的策略。该方法考察了应对主要风险和次要风险的时间和成本两个维度。此外,遗传元启发式算法已被用于解决上述维度的问题。
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引用次数: 0
THE SIGNIF ICANCE OF HARVEST RESIDUES IN THE SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF ARABLE LAND. II. HARVEST RESIDUES MANAGEMENT 收获残余物在耕地可持续管理中的意义。2收获残留物管理
IF 0.1 Pub Date : 2022-11-16 DOI: 10.7251/afts.2022.1427.049p
N. Pržulj, V. Tunguz, Z. Jovović, A. Velimirović
Harvest residues (HR) are one of the important aspects of sustainable management in agriculture, representing a significant portion of organic matter (OM) that can be retained or removed from agro-ecosystems. There are several ways to manage plant residues: (i) burning, (ii) incorporation in soil, (iii) leaving plant residues after harvest on the soil surface in form of mulch, (iv) undersowing crops in HR and (v) baling and removing HR from the plot. Burning is the most unreasonable action in agricultural production, which is prohibited by legal regulations in force. The burning means a complete loss of OM - N and S are irretrievably lost in the air, mineral substances remain in ash, and microorganisms in the soil surface layer are destroyed. Incorporation of HR may be complete or partial, depending on the soil cultivation method applied. This HR management method has a number of soil benefits: increases content of nutrients, OM and humus; increases microbiological activity; improves soil water, air and physical properties; improves soil structure, ultimately contributing to the increase in soil fertility and plant growth. Two practical approaches that were once common, have been neglected. Namely, undersowing and mixed cultivation where various species are simultaneously grown with or between plantings of a main crop. Removal of HR indirectly leads to a decrease of the organic matter in the soil. In essence, there is a need to determine the size of acceptors and the return rates of organic residues of different quality, and to increase the efficiency of nutrient cycling from residues through various land acceptors and crops, with minimal losses from the system.
收获残留物是农业可持续管理的重要方面之一,代表了农业生态系统中可以保留或去除的有机物的很大一部分。有几种方法可以管理植物残留物:(i)焚烧,(ii)掺入土壤,(iii)收获后将植物残留物以覆盖物的形式留在土壤表面,(iv)在HR中播种作物,(v)打捆并从地块中去除HR。焚烧是农业生产中最不合理的行为,现行法律法规禁止焚烧。燃烧意味着OM-N和S在空气中的完全损失,矿物质残留在灰烬中,土壤表层的微生物被破坏。HR的加入可能是完全的,也可能是部分的,这取决于所采用的土壤培养方法。这种HR管理方法具有许多土壤效益:增加养分、OM和腐殖质的含量;增加微生物活性;改善土壤水分、空气和物理特性;改善土壤结构,最终有助于提高土壤肥力和植物生长。曾经很常见的两种实用方法被忽视了。也就是说,在种植主要作物的同时或在种植之间种植各种物种的欠种和混合种植。HR的去除间接导致土壤中有机质的减少。本质上,需要确定受体的大小和不同质量的有机残留物的返回率,并提高残留物通过各种土地受体和作物的营养循环效率,同时将系统的损失降至最低。
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引用次数: 0
LANDSLIDE REMEDIATION ON LOCATION ČOLE, THE SETTLEMENT ŽELJEZNO POLJE, ŽEPČE MUNICIPALITY 滑坡整治地点Čole,安置地点Željezno polje, ŽepČe直辖市
IF 0.1 Pub Date : 2022-11-16 DOI: 10.7251/afts.2022.1427.009t
Zlatan Talić, Dženita Cerić, Ajla Rekić, Anela Hrnjica
The aim of this paper is to present a landslide's remediation conducted on the basis of research and testing of samples, and list those measures that will help to remediate the landslide or partially mitigate its further effects. These measures include: closing cracks, collecting and draining surface water from landslides, terrain planning, making supports from stone materials, drainage trenches, draining water from traffic areas, repairing water supply and sewerage systems, and establishing monitoring. The paper analyzes the phenomenon of instability and its causes, and presents the results of research at site in question before and after the remediation of instability. The geological profile and remediation methods will be determined after the presentation of the results.
本文的目的是在样本研究和测试的基础上,介绍滑坡的修复方法,并列出有助于修复滑坡或部分减轻其进一步影响的措施。这些措施包括:封堵裂缝、收集和排放山体滑坡的地表水、规划地形、用石材制作支架、排水沟、从交通区域排水、修复供水和污水系统以及建立监测。分析了失稳现象及其产生的原因,介绍了失稳修复前后在问题现场的研究结果。地质剖面和修复方法将在报告结果后确定。
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引用次数: 0
ON THE ABRASIVE WEAR HIGH STRENGTH COATING LAYERS ON MACHINE PARTS TESTING 对磨料磨损进行高强度涂层层对机械零件的磨损试验
IF 0.1 Pub Date : 2022-11-16 DOI: 10.7251/afts.2022.1427.025k
P. Kovac, B. Savković, D. Ješić, Ildico Mankova
Plasma coating technology was applied to machine parts. During application, the jet formed hits the surface of the material and particles are deposited on the surface. In this way, layers of high thickness can be applied and thus revitalize worn machine parts. The paper examines the abrasion resistance of Al2O3 and Al2O3 phosphate layers applied to the base material using plasma technology. The abrasion resistance of the applied layers was tested using the ASTM G 65-85 method. The results of the tests on the loss of the material due to abrasion wear for the two types of coatings in each of the three tested samples are presented. The results of the loss of the material volume at different speeds of the test device wheel are also presented. The phosphate impregnated layer on Al2O3 samples showed significantly higher abrasion wear resistance.
将等离子喷涂技术应用于机械零件。在应用过程中,形成的射流撞击材料表面,颗粒沉积在表面上。通过这种方式,可以应用高厚度的层,从而使磨损的机器部件恢复活力。本文采用等离子体技术研究了Al2O3和Al2O3磷酸盐层在基体材料上的耐磨性。使用ASTM G 65-85方法测试所施加的层的耐磨性。给出了三个测试样品中每一个样品中两种类型涂层由于磨损而导致的材料损失的测试结果。文中还给出了试验装置转轮在不同转速下材料体积损失的结果。Al2O3样品上的磷酸盐浸渍层显示出显著更高的耐磨性。
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引用次数: 0
GIS BASED VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF ILLEGAL WASTE DISPOSAL – CASE STUDY EAST SARAJEVO 基于GIS的非法废弃物处置脆弱性评估&以萨拉杰沃东部为例
IF 0.1 Pub Date : 2022-11-16 DOI: 10.7251/afts.2022.1427.063k
Mitar Krsmanović, Sanda Šušnjar, Jelena Golijanin, A. Valjarević
This research represents the results of field work conducted in the period from March 29 to May 29. 2020, to determine and record the location of illegal waste disposal sites in the municipalities of Istočno Novo Sarajevo and Istočna Ilidža. The location of illegal waste disposal sites was analyzed based on two groups of factors: space exposure and space sensitivity. The analysis included following exposure factors: distance from urban settlements, distance from roads and population density and sensitivity factors: land cover, hydrogeological characteristics of the substrate, distance from springs and watercourses and land slope. In addition to the location of illegal waste disposal sites, it was analyzed the potential vulnerability of space based on both groups of factors. Final map of spatial vulnerability was created using multi-factor analysis. This work emphasizes the possibility of using easily accessible devices for recording the locations of illegal waste disposal sites, as well as the importance of geographic information systems in the analysis and monitoring of the state of the environment. Based on the example presented in the work, the possibility of applying a similar model on the territory of other municipalities is given, with the aim of preventing the negative consequences of pollution on human health and the environment.
这项研究代表了3月29日至5月29日期间进行的实地工作的结果。2020年,确定并记录萨拉热窝新伊斯托奇诺市和伊斯托奇纳伊利德日市非法废物处理场的位置。基于空间暴露和空间敏感性两组因素分析了非法废物处理场的位置。分析包括以下暴露因素:与城市住区的距离、与道路的距离和人口密度,以及敏感因素:土地覆盖、基底的水文地质特征、与泉水和水道的距离以及土地坡度。除了非法废物处理场的位置外,还基于这两组因素分析了空间的潜在脆弱性。使用多因素分析创建了空间脆弱性的最终地图。这项工作强调了使用易于访问的设备记录非法废物处理场位置的可能性,以及地理信息系统在分析和监测环境状况方面的重要性。根据工作中的例子,给出了在其他城市的领土上应用类似模式的可能性,目的是防止污染对人类健康和环境的负面影响。
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引用次数: 0
GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF DOLOMITE DEPOSIT NIKOLIN POTOK NEAR BUGOJNO 布戈吉诺附近白云岩矿床NIKOLIN-POTOK的地质经济特征
IF 0.1 Pub Date : 2022-11-16 DOI: 10.7251/afts.2022.1427.001f
Dževad Forčaković, R. Dervišević
This paper presents the results of detailed geological investigations of the Middle Triassic dolomite deposit of Nikolin Potok, which is located west of Bugojno. Based on the established borders of surface distribution and research results, geological reserves of about 4.6 million m3 have been determined in the wider area of the deposit. The dolomite reserves that have been established so far in this area are at a low level of geological exploration. For this reason, the level of research should be significantly increased, because the calculated and confirmed reserves are very modest compared to the potential possibilities. The paper contains a description of the geological characteristics of the area and the qualitative-quantitative characteristics of dolomite. The results of the conducted research point that the general geological and technical-exploitation factors are favorable and indicate profitable exploitation of the deposit in the coming period as well. Taking into account the significant raw material potential, and the possibility of expanding the existing raw material base, this area has a special significance for the perspective development of dolomite exploitation and its use in the production of technical-building stone.
本文介绍了布戈伊诺西部Nikolin Potok地区中三叠统白云岩矿床的详细地质调查结果。根据已确定的地表分布边界和研究成果,已确定该矿床更大范围内的地质储量约为460万立方米。该区迄今已探明的白云岩储量处于低地质勘探水平。因此,研究水平应该大大提高,因为计算和确认的储量与潜在的可能性相比是非常有限的。本文介绍了该区的地质特征和白云岩的质定量特征。研究结果表明,该矿床的总体地质和技术开发条件有利,预示着今后一段时期内的有利开采。考虑到该地区具有巨大的原料潜力和扩大现有原料基础的可能性,该地区对白云岩的开发前景及其在技术建筑石材生产中的应用具有特殊的意义。
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引用次数: 0
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