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Cross-country convergence of broadband Internet access 宽带互联网接入的跨国融合
IF 0.5 Q4 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.21638/spbu05.2023.201
J. Varlamova, O. Podkorytova
Technology diffusion contributes to the technological and economic convergence of countries. The rapid spread of Internet technologies creates bases to put forward a hypothesis about the convergence of countries in terms of their level of penetration. The purpose of the study is to identify a trend towards convergence or divergence in both fixed and mobile broadband for the countries of the world as a whole and for groups of countries identified on the basis of the following criteria: geographical (by geographic macro-regions), economic (by national income per capita), and institutional (according to membership in an international organization). The data sources were the open data of the International Telecommunication Union. The research methodology includes the construction of dynamic models on panel data to test the hypothesis of the presence of unconditional beta convergence. In addition, the absolute scale of the digital divide between groups of countries in terms of broadband Internet access was estimated using a sigma convergence model. The results of the study indicate the presence of beta convergence for both fixed and mobile broadband. This pattern is observed both for the full sample of countries and for geographic regions, with the exception of Oceania. Also, beta convergence is typical for groups of countries identified by the level of income per capita and participation in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. At the same time, the results of the study indicate a persistent digital divide between countries in terms of Internet broadband penetration. The practical significance includes recommendations developed on the basis of the research findings, aimed at implementing a strategy for accelerated technological development in order to stimulate the spread of mobile broadband access and expand the telecommunications infrastructure.
技术扩散有助于各国的技术和经济趋同。互联网技术的快速传播为提出国家在渗透水平上趋同的假设提供了基础。这项研究的目的是确定固定宽带和移动宽带趋同或分化的趋势,这种趋势适用于世界各国和根据以下标准确定的国家集团:地理(按地理宏观区域)、经济(按人均国民收入)和体制(按国际组织的成员资格)。数据来源为国际电信联盟的公开数据。研究方法包括在面板数据上构建动态模型来检验无条件贝塔收敛的假设。此外,使用sigma收敛模型估计了国家群组之间在宽带互联网接入方面的数字鸿沟的绝对规模。研究结果表明,固定宽带和移动宽带都存在贝塔收敛。除了大洋洲以外,在所有国家和地理区域的样本中都可以观察到这种模式。此外,贝塔趋同是按人均收入水平和参与经济合作与发展组织确定的国家集团的典型特征。与此同时,研究结果表明,在互联网宽带普及率方面,国家之间存在持续的数字鸿沟。其实际意义包括根据研究结果提出的建议,这些建议旨在执行一项加速技术发展的战略,以促进移动宽带接入的普及和扩大电信基础设施。
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引用次数: 0
Digital accessibility in the context of preference for financial services 金融服务偏好背景下的数字可及性
IF 0.5 Q4 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.21638/spbu05.2023.202
V. Ivanov, N. Lvova, S. Saksonova, Igor Lyukevich
The paper addresses the question of how digital access is related to the preference for financial services. The purpose of the research was to reveal the main types of interrelationships between digital and financial access by dividing and comparing countries with different corresponding characteristics. The research hypothesis suggested a negative correlation would exist between digital access and penetration of traditional financial services. To test this hypothesis, data from countries with advanced and developing markets were analyzed. The share of the population with Internet access was used as an indicator of digital access. To evaluate the availability of financial services, the IMF financial access index was considered. The countries were ranked by the level of digital and financial access, which allowed them to be divided into four groups according four sub-hypotheses: low financial and high digital penetration, high digital and financial penetration, low digital and high financial penetration, and low digital and financial penetration. The correlation analysis of the obtained data revealed a weak negative relationship between digital and financial access for each of the groups, and confirmed the tested hypotheses. It was concluded that digital access by itself is not a driver for expanding the availability of financial services, but it can contribute to innovative financial development through the formation of alternative financial services. This research contributes to the understanding of the ambiguous relationship between digital and financial access and, ultimately, to the criticism of the optimistic perception of digital finance, which has practical significance for financial regulation.
该论文解决了数字访问如何与金融服务偏好相关的问题。该研究的目的是通过划分和比较具有不同相应特征的国家,揭示数字和金融获取之间相互关系的主要类型。研究假设表明,数字访问与传统金融服务的渗透之间存在负相关关系。为了验证这一假设,我们分析了来自发达国家和发展中国家的数据。使用互联网接入人口的比例作为数字接入的指标。为了评估金融服务的可获得性,考虑了国际货币基金组织的金融获取指数。这些国家是根据数字和金融准入水平进行排名的,这使得它们可以根据四个子假设分为四组:低金融和高数字渗透率,高数字和金融渗透率,低数字和高金融渗透率,低数字和金融渗透率。对所获得数据的相关性分析显示,每个群体的数字和金融获取之间存在微弱的负相关关系,并证实了经过测试的假设。结论是,数字接入本身并不是扩大金融服务可用性的驱动因素,但它可以通过形成替代金融服务来促进金融创新发展。本研究有助于理解数字金融与金融准入之间的模糊关系,并最终对数字金融的乐观看法进行批判,对金融监管具有现实意义。
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引用次数: 0
Dynamics of demand for skills and industrial structure of economy: Developed and developing countries 技术需求和经济产业结构的动态:发达国家和发展中国家
IF 0.5 Q4 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.21638/spbu05.2022.103
Marina Telezhkina
The paper considers changes in the structure of employment by skill level in countries. Differences in dynamics of the shares of employed with high, medium and low skill levels is traditionally explained by differences in exposure to routine-biased technologies, participation in international trade, exposure to offshoring in the country. The current paper contributes to the literature about the drivers and determinants of changes in structure of employment by skill level considering the industrial structure to be the one of main factors. We assume that the dynamics of employees with high, medium and low skill levels depends on the shares of agriculture, manufacturing and service in the economy. Service industry has the largest share of employment; it is highly competitive and prone to the growing influence of large scale technologies. Using the data of 218 countries for the period 1989–2019 we prove that the greater the service industry in the economy, the higher the share of employed in high skill occupations in absolute value and relative to the share of employed in medium skill occupations. The faster the growth of service industry, the higher the growth rate of the number of employed in medium and high skill occupations. The share of manufacturing in GDP, the value of GDP per capita are the significant determinants of the dependent variables. We highlight substantial differences in the models of the structure of employment by skill level and its dynamics in the developed and developing countries, the oil exporting countries. The research results make it possible to identify and explain trends in structure of employment by skill level by the peculiarities of production in economy.
本文考虑了各国技能水平的就业结构变化。具有高、中、低技能水平的就业人员所占比例的动态差异,传统上可以用不同方面的情况来解释,如接触到有常规偏见的技术、参与国际贸易、接触到国内的离岸外包。本文将产业结构作为影响我国就业结构变化的主要因素之一,对技术水平影响我国就业结构变化的驱动因素和决定因素进行了研究。我们假设具有高、中、低技能水平的雇员的动态取决于农业、制造业和服务业在经济中的份额。服务业就业比重最大;它竞争激烈,容易受到大规模技术日益增长的影响。利用1989年至2019年期间218个国家的数据,我们证明了服务业在经济中所占的比重越大,高技能职业的就业占比的绝对值和相对于中等技能职业的就业占比就越高。服务业发展越快,中、高技能职业就业人数增速越高。制造业在GDP中的份额,人均GDP的价值是因变量的重要决定因素。我们强调,在发达国家和发展中国家,即石油出口国,按技能水平划分的就业结构模型及其动态存在重大差异。研究结果可以通过经济生产的特殊性来识别和解释就业结构的技术水平趋势。
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引用次数: 0
Unfair commercial practice (misseling) as a barrier to the ESG transformation of the Russian banking business 不公平的商业行为(不当销售)是俄罗斯银行业ESG转型的障碍
IF 0.5 Q4 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.21638/spbu05.2022.405
Alexander Kanaev, O. Kanaeva
The article is devoted to a little-studied phenomenon of the modern financial system, called “mis-seling”, which is a series of interrelated unfair practices and methods of selling financial services that cause significant damage to the reputation of Russian banks and undermine the long-term loyalty of their customers. The purpose of this article is to reveal the essence of misselling as a complex legal, social, commercial and financial phenomenon, study its forms and methods, analyze the reasons for its spread in Russia, and develop proposals for protecting consumers from these practices. Achievement of articles’ purpose is ensured by use of the historicalgenetic research method, analysis of the leading experts’ publications and regulatory documentation in the field of responsible finance, generalization of empirical monitoring studies on the rights of financial services consumer protection. Results: a reconceptualization of mis-selling was carried out, which made it possible to give an expanded interpretation of this phenomenon as unfair commercial practice that violates consumer rights and contradicts the principles of responsible business conduct. It is shown that the prospects for large-scale ESG-transformation of the banking business, its restructuring on the principles of sustainable development, to a decisive extent depend on the solution of tasks to strengthen consumer protection. Conclusions: the implementation of the course towards the development of a modern, efficiently functioning financial sector of the economy, based on the principles of trust and competition and using tools that meet the needs of stakeholders, involves strengthening the social orientation of the development of the banking business, which will be facilitated by: a serious modernization of the consumer protection system, measures to expanding the jurisdictional powers of the Bank of Russia in the field of preventing administrative offenses, improving non-financial reporting and increasing the financial literacy of the population of the country.
这篇文章致力于研究现代金融体系中一个很少被研究的现象,称为“不当销售”,这是一系列相互关联的销售金融服务的不公平做法和方法,对俄罗斯银行的声誉造成了重大损害,并破坏了客户的长期忠诚度。本文的目的是揭示不当销售作为一种复杂的法律、社会、商业和金融现象的本质,研究其形式和方法,分析其在俄罗斯蔓延的原因,并提出保护消费者免受这些行为侵害的建议。通过使用历史遗传学研究方法,分析负责任金融领域领先专家的出版物和监管文件,概括金融服务消费者保护权利的实证监测研究,确保了文章目的的实现。结果:对不当销售进行了重新定义,这使得有可能将这种现象扩大解释为侵犯消费者权利和与负责任的商业行为原则相矛盾的不公平商业行为。研究表明,银行业务能否实现大规模的esg转型,能否在可持续发展的原则下进行重组,在很大程度上取决于能否解决好加强消费者保护的任务。结论:在信任和竞争原则的基础上,利用满足利益相关者需求的工具,实施发展现代、高效运作的经济金融部门的方针,需要加强银行业发展的社会导向,这将通过以下方面得到促进:消费者保护体系的重大现代化,扩大俄罗斯银行在防止行政犯罪领域的管辖权的措施,改善非财务报告和提高该国人口的金融素养。
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引用次数: 1
Russian insurance market: Current state and prospects for development 俄罗斯保险市场现状及发展前景
IF 0.5 Q4 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.21638/spbu05.2022.406
S. Belozyorov, E. Zlobin, Igor Kotlobovskiy
The review describes the content and main results of the work of the traditional annual international insurance conference, which was organized by the All-Russian Union of Insurers, the only self-regulatory organization in the insurance market, and St Petersburg State University for teachers of economic disciplines of universities and colleges of the Russian Federation and neighboring countries. The conference was attended by representatives of the legislative (State Duma of the Russian Federation) and executive (Ministry of Finance of Russia) authorities. In addition to the current state of the insurance market, both global and Russian, forecasts and models of its development in modern conditions, a wide range of problems regarding certain types of insurance and reinsurance was also considered. Particular attention was paid to the implementation of the principles of sustainable development in the activities of insurance companies in the Russian economy. The consequences of the general digitalization of society for organizing the efficient operation of insurance companies, improving the quality of services provided to customers, developing fundamentally new insurance products, methods and channels for bringing them to consumers were comprehensively analyzed. The participants also discussed the problems of teaching students insurance disciplines and training personnel for insurance, organizing the educational process in the system of secondary vocational education, interaction between universities and colleges, educational institutions and insurance companies, and improving the financial literacy of the population. During the work of the postgraduate seminar, presentations were made by both young scientists from Russia and representatives of the People’s Republic of China and the Syrian Arab Republic.
该评论描述了传统的年度国际保险会议的工作内容和主要成果,该会议由保险市场上唯一的自律组织全俄保险公司联盟和圣彼得堡国立大学为俄罗斯联邦和邻国的大学和学院的经济学科教师组织。出席会议的有立法当局(俄罗斯联邦国家杜马)和行政当局(俄罗斯财政部)的代表。除了全球和俄罗斯保险市场的现状、在现代条件下其发展的预测和模式外,还审议了关于某些类型的保险和再保险的广泛问题。特别注意在俄罗斯经济中保险公司的活动中执行可持续发展原则。全面分析了社会普遍数字化对组织保险公司高效运作、提高向客户提供的服务质量、开发全新保险产品、将其带给消费者的方法和渠道的影响。与会者还讨论了学生保险学科教学和保险人才培养、组织中等职业教育体系教育过程、高校、教育机构和保险公司之间的互动、提高全民金融素养等问题。在研究生研讨会的工作中,来自俄罗斯的青年科学家以及中华人民共和国和阿拉伯叙利亚共和国的代表作了发言。
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引用次数: 0
ESG factors in reputational risk assessment of Russian banks 俄罗斯银行声誉风险评估中的ESG因素
IF 0.5 Q4 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.21638/spbu05.2022.303
Y. Evlakhova
This article discusses risks for financial institutions associated with the transition to sustainable development and aims to determine the role of ESG factors in maintaining the reputation of Russian banks based on the development of a reputation risk assessment methodology that assumes ESG factors, which we test using data of systemically important Russian banks. The achievement of this goal is mediated by methods of theoretical analysis of publications, the use of ratings and ranking, the quantitative methods. Key theoretical positions and conclusions are formulated within the concept of sustainable development and a green economy. The main hypothesis is that for systemically important Russian banks, the influence of ESG factors on business reputation is manifested in the same way as for foreign counterparts: positive changes and efforts of banks in achieving sustainable development goals contribute to positive changes in financial indicators and strengthening business reputation. It was revealed that the efforts of systemically important Russian banks in achieving sustainable development goals really contribute to the growth of the business reputation of banks, but they can occur against the background of both improvement and deterioration in the dynamics of financial indicators, that is, the study hypothesis was partially confirmed. A possible reason is the features of the modern stage of the formation of a green economy in Russia. Under these conditions, it becomes important to avoid alarmist sentiment and premature use of ESG ratings for the purposes of banking regulation or investment decisions.
本文讨论了与向可持续发展过渡相关的金融机构的风险,旨在确定ESG因素在维护俄罗斯银行声誉方面的作用,该方法基于假设ESG因素的声誉风险评估方法的发展,我们使用具有系统重要性的俄罗斯银行的数据进行测试。这一目标的实现是通过对出版物的理论分析、使用评级和排名、定量方法来实现的。在可持续发展和绿色经济的概念下,提出了关键的理论立场和结论。主要假设是,对于具有系统重要性的俄罗斯银行来说,ESG因素对商业声誉的影响表现与国外同行相同:银行在实现可持续发展目标方面的积极变化和努力有助于财务指标的积极变化和商业声誉的增强。研究发现,具有系统重要性的俄罗斯银行为实现可持续发展目标所做的努力确实有助于银行商业声誉的增长,但这可能发生在财务指标动态改善和恶化的背景下,即研究假设得到了部分证实。一个可能的原因是俄罗斯绿色经济形成的现代阶段的特点。在这种情况下,重要的是要避免危言耸听的情绪,以及为了银行业监管或投资决策而过早使用ESG评级。
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引用次数: 0
Modern monetary theory: A historical retrospective 现代货币理论:历史回顾
IF 0.5 Q4 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.21638/spbu05.2022.304
Alexandr Dubyanskiy
This article examines applied aspects of Modern Monetary Theory (MMT). Currently, this theory has gained popularity in wide academic circles and is the subject of wide discourse among both theoretical economists and practical economists. Scholars evaluate this theory ambiguously, and many researchers believe its main provisions are divorced from economic realities, contradictory and, therefore, not acceptable as instruments of macroeconomic policy. The author believes that the use of retrospective analysis could be productive for the verification of certain provisions of the MMT. The use of the historical experience of monetary circulation, in which similar principles were used, certainly has significant research potential. The article discusses the fundamental provisions of the MMT related to the peculiarities of the functioning of fiat money systems in a historical context. Knapp, creating his state theory of money, also relied on the Russian experience of paper-money circulation. In the presented work, using examples taken from Russian economic history, it is shown how monetary policy instruments similar to those proposed by MMT were used in the real economy. In particular, the history of the first Russian paper money-banknotes is considered. The Russian experience of paper-money circulation can be considered quite successful, because thanks to them, the financial situation of the country was quite stable, the national economy was actively developing. An important circumstance was that the models of monetary administration in Russia were applied creatively, and not dogmatically scrupulously. This is the way to approach the use of MMT in the modern Russian economy, which is under unprecedented sanctions.
本文考察了现代货币理论(MMT)的应用方面。目前,这一理论已经在广泛的学术界得到了普及,成为理论经济学家和实践经济学家广泛讨论的主题。学者们对这一理论的评价含糊不清,许多研究人员认为,它的主要条款与经济现实脱节,相互矛盾,因此不能接受作为宏观经济政策的工具。作者认为,使用回顾性分析可以有效地核查《军事军事条约》的某些条款。利用货币流通的历史经验,其中使用了类似的原则,当然具有重大的研究潜力。本文讨论了在历史背景下与法定货币系统功能的特殊性相关的MMT的基本规定。创立国家货币理论的纳普也依赖于俄罗斯的纸币流通经验。在提出的工作中,使用来自俄罗斯经济史的例子,它显示了货币政策工具类似于那些由MMT提出的是如何在实体经济中使用。特别是,第一个俄罗斯纸币的历史被认为是。俄罗斯的纸币流通经验可以被认为是相当成功的,因为由于他们,国家的财政状况相当稳定,国民经济正在积极发展。一个重要的情况是,俄罗斯货币管理模式的应用是创造性的,而不是教条主义的。这是在现代俄罗斯经济中使用MMT的方式,俄罗斯经济受到前所未有的制裁。
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引用次数: 1
EU — China trade cooperation in the context of the BRI: Analysis and perspectives on different examples of the EU countries “一带一路”背景下的欧中贸易合作:基于欧盟国家不同案例的分析与展望
IF 0.5 Q4 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.21638/spbu05.2022.101
E. Kašťáková, Anabela Luptáková, Barbora Družbacká
This paper aims to examine the EU’s foreign trade relations with China following the launch of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), assess trade intensity developments and identify the export potential of China’s largest trading partners in the EU. We established two hypotheses:1) in the context of the BRI, the intensity of Chinese trade to the EU was higher than the intensity of EU trade to China during the period considered; 2) the export potential of the EU’s most important partners to China in 2019 focused on higher value-added commodities in the context of the BRI. We used the trade intensity index to confirm hypothese 1. In the case of hypothese 2, the export potential indicator was used to identify products that have good prospects for further export. The EU is China’s largest trading partner with a growing trend in mutual trade. An examination of trade intensity has shown that trade flows between countries have been lower than expected given the position of economies in the world economy. German exporters recorded the highest activity, but the Netherlands recorded the highest intensity of Chinese exports to the EU. Coetaneous, we can say that Germany, France, Italy, and the Netherlands had the untapped export potential to China, which mainly concerned motor vehicles and parts, machinery, and pharmaceutical components. The BRI can be seen as a slightly positive impact on the development of trade and investment cooperation between the EU and China
本文旨在研究“一带一路”倡议启动后欧盟与中国的对外贸易关系,评估贸易强度的发展,并确定中国在欧盟最大贸易伙伴的出口潜力。我们建立了两个假设:1)在“一带一路”背景下,中国对欧盟的贸易强度高于欧盟对中国的贸易强度;2)在“一带一路”背景下,2019年欧盟最重要合作伙伴对华出口潜力主要集中在高附加值商品上。我们使用贸易强度指数来验证假设1。在假设2的情况下,出口潜力指标被用来确定具有良好的进一步出口前景的产品。欧盟是中国最大的贸易伙伴,双边贸易呈增长趋势。对贸易强度的审查表明,鉴于各经济体在世界经济中的地位,国与国之间的贸易流量低于预期。德国出口商的出口活动最为活跃,而荷兰则是中国对欧盟出口强度最高的国家。与此同时,我们可以说德国、法国、意大利和荷兰对中国的出口潜力尚未开发,主要涉及汽车及其零部件、机械和医药零部件。“一带一路”倡议对欧中贸易投资合作的发展产生了积极影响
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引用次数: 1
Incompleteness of information on the housing market under construction 关于在建住房市场的信息不完整
IF 0.5 Q4 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.21638/spbu05.2022.105
A. Tsyganov, D. Bryzgalov
The article analyzes the contradictions that have developed in the modern market for shared construction associated with the introduction and implementation of escrow accounts. The regulatory system that has developed in Russia by 2020 does not solve all the problems of incomplete information when deciding on the purchase of housing. It is shown that the development of the market for housing under construction and more effective participation of citizens in shared construction are constrained by the incompleteness of information that remains in the Russian primary real estate market — an insufficient level of knowledge about the construction object, the existing mechanisms of financial guarantees for the fulfillment of obligations by developers and about credible sources of information about their activities. It is assumed that this “market failure” should become the subject of state regulation in terms of creating modern information resources and a task in the policy of increasing the financial literacy of the population. The presence and influence of incompleteness of information among citizens — potential buyers of real estate in terms of insufficient information about the object and possible tools for protecting investments in new construction — are proved, mechanisms for overcoming the incompleteness of information are proposed. It was found that in modern Russian conditions, the continuing incompleteness of information among buyers in the shared construction market, and the dominant position of developers contributes to the preservation of citizens’ distrust in equity participation instruments and prevents the achievement of strategic goals for the provision and affordability of housing.
本文分析了现代共享建设市场中随着托管账户的引入和实施而产生的矛盾。到2020年,俄罗斯发展起来的监管体系并没有解决决定购买住房时信息不完整的所有问题。研究表明,在建住房市场的发展和公民更有效地参与共享建设受到俄罗斯一级房地产市场中信息不完整的制约——对建筑对象的了解程度不足,对开发商履行义务的现有财务担保机制以及有关其活动的可靠信息来源。在创造现代信息资源方面,这种“市场失灵”应该成为国家监管的主题,并在提高人口金融素养的政策中成为一项任务。证明了公民中信息不完备的存在及其影响——潜在的房地产购买者对标的信息不充分,以及保护新建筑投资的可能工具——并提出了克服信息不完备的机制。研究发现,在现代俄罗斯条件下,在共享建筑市场中,买家之间的信息持续不完整,以及开发商的主导地位,有助于保持公民对股权参与工具的不信任,并阻碍了住房供应和负担能力战略目标的实现。
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引用次数: 0
International trading system: Up the down staircase? 国际贸易体系:上下楼梯?
IF 0.5 Q4 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.21638/spbu05.2022.106
A. Koval, Alejandro Gamboa-Alder, D.M. Van Gorp, S. Sutyrin, Carlos Uriarte Sánchez
The future of the international trading system under modern challenges is uncertain. The surge of protectionism, the re-balancing of power between nations, and a recent pandemic along with expanding digitalization demonstrate the necessity of rethinking global trade governance. The paper aims to reveal the key challenges of modern international trading system and provide possible ways to address them. Participants in the debate indicated that protectionism inevitably remains in modern trade policy, although liberalization and multilateral trade talks could provide incentives for more fair trade. The global interconnectivity in the framework of global value chains requires a new trade agenda. It is clear that states, especially in modern circumstances, primarily defend their national interests. However, strategically all WTO members will benefit from the development of multilateral cooperation. The responsibility of national policy makers and companies, especially those most powerful, is to maintain sustainable economic development. COVID-19 made more evident the core problems of the development of the international trading system. It has also provoked “pandemic-specific” protectionism, which should be taken into account in future developments of global governance. Digital technologies will certainly re-shape the modern structure of international trade, regardless of whether it happens in a revolutionary or evolutionary manner. The globalization leads to the digital divide among nations and the necessity to adjust the national policies. The World Trade Organization is not obliged to cope with all these issues, but its members are.
在现代挑战下,国际贸易体系的未来是不确定的。保护主义的抬头、国家间力量的重新平衡、最近的大流行以及数字化的不断扩大,都表明了重新思考全球贸易治理的必要性。本文旨在揭示现代国际贸易体系面临的主要挑战,并提供解决这些挑战的可能途径。参加辩论的人指出,现代贸易政策中不可避免地仍然存在保护主义,尽管自由化和多边贸易谈判可以为更公平的贸易提供激励。全球价值链框架下的全球互联互通要求制定新的贸易议程。很明显,国家,尤其是在现代环境下,主要是捍卫自己的国家利益。然而,从战略上讲,所有世贸组织成员都将受益于多边合作的发展。国家决策者和公司的责任,特别是那些最有权力的,是保持可持续的经济发展。新冠肺炎疫情使国际贸易体系发展的核心问题更加凸显。它还引发了“针对特定疫情”的保护主义,这在未来的全球治理发展中应予以考虑。数字技术必将重塑国际贸易的现代结构,无论是革命性的还是渐进式的。全球化导致了国家间的数字鸿沟和国家政策调整的必要性。世界贸易组织没有义务处理所有这些问题,但其成员有义务。
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引用次数: 2
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