After the end of the Second World War, Mao Zedong managed to drive Chiang Kai-Shek to Taiwan in October 1949. Mao decided to annex Tibet, a soft under-belly of China, by exercising the Chinese suzerain rights. On 17 March 1959, after the 14th Dalai Lama fled to India, Tibet was incorporated into the People's Republic of China (PRC). The erstwhile Nepal-Tibet border remained open and abandoned from the Nepali security perspective as thousands of Tibetans sought refuge in Nepal during the annexation of Tibet. Ultimately, the Tibetan refugees (Khampas) were militarily trained and financially assisted by the foreign powers to establish operational bases in the remote stretches of Northern Nepal and wage the protracted war against the PLA to regain their lost motherland. Nepal still maintains a non-aligned foreign policy and is staunchly against harboring elements that engage against the security interests of its two neighbors. Hence, the Government of Nepal had to stop such detrimental activities resolutely thereby as it is inferred to eliminate the entire Khampa guerrilla movement and their hideouts. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to explore contributions of Nepali government and its politico-historical perspectives, leading to disarming of the Khampa guerrillas. To address this objective, this study has conducted an elaborate reconnaissance of various forward operational and logistics bases up to Kora-La pass as part of the field work.
{"title":"Disarming Khampa Guerrillas by the Nepal Government: A Politico-Historical Perspective","authors":"Arjun Basnet","doi":"10.3126/jps.v22i1.43035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jps.v22i1.43035","url":null,"abstract":"After the end of the Second World War, Mao Zedong managed to drive Chiang Kai-Shek to Taiwan in October 1949. Mao decided to annex Tibet, a soft under-belly of China, by exercising the Chinese suzerain rights. On 17 March 1959, after the 14th Dalai Lama fled to India, Tibet was incorporated into the People's Republic of China (PRC). The erstwhile Nepal-Tibet border remained open and abandoned from the Nepali security perspective as thousands of Tibetans sought refuge in Nepal during the annexation of Tibet. Ultimately, the Tibetan refugees (Khampas) were militarily trained and financially assisted by the foreign powers to establish operational bases in the remote stretches of Northern Nepal and wage the protracted war against the PLA to regain their lost motherland. Nepal still maintains a non-aligned foreign policy and is staunchly against harboring elements that engage against the security interests of its two neighbors. Hence, the Government of Nepal had to stop such detrimental activities resolutely thereby as it is inferred to eliminate the entire Khampa guerrilla movement and their hideouts. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to explore contributions of Nepali government and its politico-historical perspectives, leading to disarming of the Khampa guerrillas. To address this objective, this study has conducted an elaborate reconnaissance of various forward operational and logistics bases up to Kora-La pass as part of the field work. ","PeriodicalId":41810,"journal":{"name":"Romanian Journal of Political Science","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80518183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
People with disability have been increasing nowadays with changing patterns of migration, urbanization and development. There is a dearth of research knowledge on the discovery of disability and its reactions, especially in Nepal. Therefore, this paper focuses on the discovery of acquired and inborn disability in people with disability and their reactions over the time of life trajectory. This study follows a qualitative research approach, collecting field data in 25 people with disability aged 23 years and above in Pokhara Metropolitan City using face-to-face in-depth interviews during the period August–December 2019. There are both acquired and inborn disabilities in the study area. Working long hours with hard duty, winding roads, poor treatment, poor economic condition, unavailability of the hospital, and weak political system are all associated with being disabled in the life of people with disability. This study shows that gained disability is more distressful than inborn disability.
{"title":"People with Disabilities in Pokhara: Socio-Economic and Political Perspectives on Inequality","authors":"R. Aryal, B. Aryal","doi":"10.3126/jps.v22i1.43036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jps.v22i1.43036","url":null,"abstract":"People with disability have been increasing nowadays with changing patterns of migration, urbanization and development. There is a dearth of research knowledge on the discovery of disability and its reactions, especially in Nepal. Therefore, this paper focuses on the discovery of acquired and inborn disability in people with disability and their reactions over the time of life trajectory. This study follows a qualitative research approach, collecting field data in 25 people with disability aged 23 years and above in Pokhara Metropolitan City using face-to-face in-depth interviews during the period August–December 2019. There are both acquired and inborn disabilities in the study area. Working long hours with hard duty, winding roads, poor treatment, poor economic condition, unavailability of the hospital, and weak political system are all associated with being disabled in the life of people with disability. This study shows that gained disability is more distressful than inborn disability.","PeriodicalId":41810,"journal":{"name":"Romanian Journal of Political Science","volume":"76 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83124670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article aims to analyze the foreign policy behaviour of Nepal, viewed from the lens of small power. The international system has remained under the dominance of greater powers despite numerous small powers. Most small powers have faced the problem of survival and it is their prime concern to protect sovereignty, territorial integrity and political independence. Several internal and external elements always threaten their interest. Nepal, a small South Asian country, is situated in a very sensitive region from a geostrategic point of view. It has its own determinants in its external behaviour. Nepal exhibited different behaviours in different modes of history by considering the matter of security and stability. However, history tells that a policy of independence, a policy of isolation, Indo-centric special relations, non-alignment, neutrality and balanced relation remained in practice in its foreign policy behaviour. The research is qualitative and data are collected from the secondary sources. It is prepared in descriptive and analytical design.
{"title":"Foreign Policy Behaviour of Small Power: A Study of Nepal","authors":"B. Baral","doi":"10.3126/jps.v22i1.43039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jps.v22i1.43039","url":null,"abstract":"This article aims to analyze the foreign policy behaviour of Nepal, viewed from the lens of small power. The international system has remained under the dominance of greater powers despite numerous small powers. Most small powers have faced the problem of survival and it is their prime concern to protect sovereignty, territorial integrity and political independence. Several internal and external elements always threaten their interest. Nepal, a small South Asian country, is situated in a very sensitive region from a geostrategic point of view. It has its own determinants in its external behaviour. Nepal exhibited different behaviours in different modes of history by considering the matter of security and stability. However, history tells that a policy of independence, a policy of isolation, Indo-centric special relations, non-alignment, neutrality and balanced relation remained in practice in its foreign policy behaviour. The research is qualitative and data are collected from the secondary sources. It is prepared in descriptive and analytical design.","PeriodicalId":41810,"journal":{"name":"Romanian Journal of Political Science","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77071448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rehabilitation of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) is an important agenda in the peace process of Nepal. The Ministry of Peace and Reconstruction and particularly, the Nepal Peace Trust Fund (NPTF) supported the rehabilitation process of these IDPs who were displaced during the Maoist insurgency. This paper has tried to analyze the process of rehabilitation of IDPs and the challenges faced during the process. It has also tried to assess the support of NPTF in the rehabilitation of IDPs. The research was carried out in the Gorkha district. It has applied a qualitative method during the process of research. The interview was used as the primary tool for collecting data. The IDPs registered at the District Administration Office (DAO) were purposively selected and interviewed till the theoretical saturation. The IDPs returned to their place of origin after the signing of CPA in 2006. But they faced a lot of challenges in the rehabilitation process, such as the condition of insecurity, difficulty in reestablishing secured livelihood conditions, psychological effects, lack of proper housing and lack of an appropriate local mechanism to facilitate the rehabilitation process. Most of the IDPs have received the relief package of Rs. 7200 through DAO provided by NPTF. This is the very minimum amount; and the IDPs used it as a household expense rather than using it in the rehabilitation process. So, the NPTF’s relief package did not have a significant contribution to the rehabilitation of IDPs.
{"title":"Rehabilitation of Internally Displaced Persons and the Support of Nepal Peace Trust Fund in Gorkha District","authors":"Shibaji Gurung","doi":"10.3126/jps.v22i1.43037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jps.v22i1.43037","url":null,"abstract":"Rehabilitation of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) is an important agenda in the peace process of Nepal. The Ministry of Peace and Reconstruction and particularly, the Nepal Peace Trust Fund (NPTF) supported the rehabilitation process of these IDPs who were displaced during the Maoist insurgency. This paper has tried to analyze the process of rehabilitation of IDPs and the challenges faced during the process. It has also tried to assess the support of NPTF in the rehabilitation of IDPs. The research was carried out in the Gorkha district. It has applied a qualitative method during the process of research. The interview was used as the primary tool for collecting data. The IDPs registered at the District Administration Office (DAO) were purposively selected and interviewed till the theoretical saturation. The IDPs returned to their place of origin after the signing of CPA in 2006. But they faced a lot of challenges in the rehabilitation process, such as the condition of insecurity, difficulty in reestablishing secured livelihood conditions, psychological effects, lack of proper housing and lack of an appropriate local mechanism to facilitate the rehabilitation process. Most of the IDPs have received the relief package of Rs. 7200 through DAO provided by NPTF. This is the very minimum amount; and the IDPs used it as a household expense rather than using it in the rehabilitation process. So, the NPTF’s relief package did not have a significant contribution to the rehabilitation of IDPs.","PeriodicalId":41810,"journal":{"name":"Romanian Journal of Political Science","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72721467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The relation between politics and gender is contentious, which is further implied in the feminist critique of the state. This paper assumes that the nature of the state is gendered. With this ontological position of critical worldview, it aims to synthesize the gendered nature of politics. Methodologically, it is based on the secondary literature and thus the authors did not offer their empirical data to synthesize the major arguments so far. It has first discussed the feminist theoretical debates about the worldview of the state and then offered the empirical issues of power and citizenship. It argues that the state is constructed with contradictions in terms of uneven allocation of resources, gendered institutions, androcentric leadership, and male-biased policies. In this context, the paper analyzes the state as an androcentric construction that is political, coupled with uneven gender relations. The authors also agree that politics eventually makes up the state - the supreme of power and hegemony against the women. The paper finally observes a need for further research works to critique the regimes, hegemony, and institutions of the state at the macro-level and identity, self-dignity, and citizenship of women in the state at the micro-level.
{"title":"Gender and Politics: A Feminist Critique of the State","authors":"Mahendra Sapkota, Kabita Dahal","doi":"10.3126/jps.v22i1.43041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jps.v22i1.43041","url":null,"abstract":"The relation between politics and gender is contentious, which is further implied in the feminist critique of the state. This paper assumes that the nature of the state is gendered. With this ontological position of critical worldview, it aims to synthesize the gendered nature of politics. Methodologically, it is based on the secondary literature and thus the authors did not offer their empirical data to synthesize the major arguments so far. It has first discussed the feminist theoretical debates about the worldview of the state and then offered the empirical issues of power and citizenship. It argues that the state is constructed with contradictions in terms of uneven allocation of resources, gendered institutions, androcentric leadership, and male-biased policies. In this context, the paper analyzes the state as an androcentric construction that is political, coupled with uneven gender relations. The authors also agree that politics eventually makes up the state - the supreme of power and hegemony against the women. The paper finally observes a need for further research works to critique the regimes, hegemony, and institutions of the state at the macro-level and identity, self-dignity, and citizenship of women in the state at the micro-level. ","PeriodicalId":41810,"journal":{"name":"Romanian Journal of Political Science","volume":"118 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85931795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This is a public lecture delivered in a symposium jointly organized by Surya Ratna Shakya Foundation, Pokhara and Department of Political Science, Prithvi Narayan Campus, Pokhara on December 12, 2021.
{"title":"Civil Society: The Worthy Soul of Democracy","authors":"D. Dahal","doi":"10.3126/jps.v22i1.43043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jps.v22i1.43043","url":null,"abstract":"This is a public lecture delivered in a symposium jointly organized by Surya Ratna Shakya Foundation, Pokhara and Department of Political Science, Prithvi Narayan Campus, Pokhara on December 12, 2021.","PeriodicalId":41810,"journal":{"name":"Romanian Journal of Political Science","volume":"76 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75740746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article makes a brief review of the models of resistance in postcolonial discourses and practices. There are mainly four models of resistance. The first model of resistance focuses on rewriting colonial narratives by subverting the negative image of colonized people and culture. In this model, the writers and theories involve in literary activities of reading and rewriting to the colonial discourse to create a positive image of colonized people and country. The second model emphasizes cultural negotiation and the formation of human subjectivities. This model focuses on cultural encounters of the colonizer and colonized in the hybrid space which undermines the total domination of the colonial power. These cultural encounters render hybrid subjectivities of colonized subjects. The third model takes a radical stance. This model advocates the struggle even using violent methods against colonial authority for the liberation of the colonized. Going beyond simply resisting the colonial authority, the fourth model of resistance emphasizes on subverting the colonial power and transforming the material condition and social relationship of colonized people. This transformative model of resistance remains relevant even in other movements of social justice to change the situation of the marginalized group.
{"title":"Resistance and Postcolonialism: A Critical Review","authors":"N. Bhandari","doi":"10.3126/jps.v22i1.43042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jps.v22i1.43042","url":null,"abstract":"This article makes a brief review of the models of resistance in postcolonial discourses and practices. There are mainly four models of resistance. The first model of resistance focuses on rewriting colonial narratives by subverting the negative image of colonized people and culture. In this model, the writers and theories involve in literary activities of reading and rewriting to the colonial discourse to create a positive image of colonized people and country. The second model emphasizes cultural negotiation and the formation of human subjectivities. This model focuses on cultural encounters of the colonizer and colonized in the hybrid space which undermines the total domination of the colonial power. These cultural encounters render hybrid subjectivities of colonized subjects. The third model takes a radical stance. This model advocates the struggle even using violent methods against colonial authority for the liberation of the colonized. Going beyond simply resisting the colonial authority, the fourth model of resistance emphasizes on subverting the colonial power and transforming the material condition and social relationship of colonized people. This transformative model of resistance remains relevant even in other movements of social justice to change the situation of the marginalized group.","PeriodicalId":41810,"journal":{"name":"Romanian Journal of Political Science","volume":"96 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72581158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper discusses the contribution and effectiveness of old age allowance among the elderly people and also comes up with the factors associated with the satisfaction level of old age allowance. A cross sectional descriptive study was carried out among 136 elderly people receiving old age allowance in Kushma Municipality, Parbat. The information was collected from people aged 60 years and above through interviews using semi-structured questionnaires. The blend of qualitative and quantitative data was employed for the study. The majority of the elderly population was in the age group of 70-75 years with 68 percent elderly people illiterate. The result shows a significant association of the level of satisfaction of the allowances received with the physical infrastructure and socio-economic development regardless of age, gender and caste/ethnicity. This gives an impetus for making policies and programmes for the elderly in order for them to live with happiness and satisfaction.
{"title":"Satisfaction Level of Old Age Allowance Receiving Elderly People in Kushma Municipality","authors":"Vijay Aryal, Bhanu Paudel","doi":"10.3126/jps.v21i1.39290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jps.v21i1.39290","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses the contribution and effectiveness of old age allowance among the elderly people and also comes up with the factors associated with the satisfaction level of old age allowance. A cross sectional descriptive study was carried out among 136 elderly people receiving old age allowance in Kushma Municipality, Parbat. The information was collected from people aged 60 years and above through interviews using semi-structured questionnaires. The blend of qualitative and quantitative data was employed for the study. The majority of the elderly population was in the age group of 70-75 years with 68 percent elderly people illiterate. The result shows a significant association of the level of satisfaction of the allowances received with the physical infrastructure and socio-economic development regardless of age, gender and caste/ethnicity. This gives an impetus for making policies and programmes for the elderly in order for them to live with happiness and satisfaction. ","PeriodicalId":41810,"journal":{"name":"Romanian Journal of Political Science","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84495786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper is a review based synthesis on the conceptual and theoretical debates on social movements (SMs). It aims to analyse the debate from different theoretical lens which are popularly used in the studies of SMs. The paper then explores prominent research issues that could be grounded at the local contexts of the movements. The main argument of the paper is that the discourse of SM is not linear and monolithic. Rather, it is a poly centric notion and thus essentially contested in terms of theorization and research.
{"title":"Conceptual and Theoretical Debates on Social Movement Studies","authors":"Mahendra Sapkota","doi":"10.3126/jps.v21i1.39280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jps.v21i1.39280","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is a review based synthesis on the conceptual and theoretical debates on social movements (SMs). It aims to analyse the debate from different theoretical lens which are popularly used in the studies of SMs. The paper then explores prominent research issues that could be grounded at the local contexts of the movements. The main argument of the paper is that the discourse of SM is not linear and monolithic. Rather, it is a poly centric notion and thus essentially contested in terms of theorization and research.","PeriodicalId":41810,"journal":{"name":"Romanian Journal of Political Science","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74448252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Rule of law, a set of principles of governance, apply to all individuals, organizations and the government itself. Democracy is a political system governed by the rule of law. No rule of law means no democratic future. This paper aims to assess the state of the rule of law under the new political setup, taking the rule of law as dependent variable and fundamental rights, corruption, open parliament and independent judiciary as independent variables. To measure the rule of law, necessary information was collected from printed and online sources. A federal democratic republic can grow healthy only when there exists the rule of law and efficient state institutions. The fundamental problems in strengthening the rule of law obstructed by the tendency of personalization and frequent intervention in state institutions, high level of corruption at policy level, poor legislative bill formulation, the controversial appointing process of the judges and the political dominations. The acceptance of international norms to address the justice and to promote human rights, adhering to the principle of inclusion and equality, maintaining transparency rule in the appointment in various constitutional bodies and keeping out of executive influence to maintain impartial and independent institutions can help in strengthening the rule of law.
{"title":"Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal: An Assessment of the Rule of Law","authors":"Than Bahadur Chhetri","doi":"10.3126/JPS.V21I0.35258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/JPS.V21I0.35258","url":null,"abstract":"The Rule of law, a set of principles of governance, apply to all individuals, organizations and the government itself. Democracy is a political system governed by the rule of law. No rule of law means no democratic future. This paper aims to assess the state of the rule of law under the new political setup, taking the rule of law as dependent variable and fundamental rights, corruption, open parliament and independent judiciary as independent variables. To measure the rule of law, necessary information was collected from printed and online sources. A federal democratic republic can grow healthy only when there exists the rule of law and efficient state institutions. The fundamental problems in strengthening the rule of law obstructed by the tendency of personalization and frequent intervention in state institutions, high level of corruption at policy level, poor legislative bill formulation, the controversial appointing process of the judges and the political dominations. The acceptance of international norms to address the justice and to promote human rights, adhering to the principle of inclusion and equality, maintaining transparency rule in the appointment in various constitutional bodies and keeping out of executive influence to maintain impartial and independent institutions can help in strengthening the rule of law. ","PeriodicalId":41810,"journal":{"name":"Romanian Journal of Political Science","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87572498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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