Pub Date : 2023-01-09DOI: 10.30965/21967954-bja10034
Shlomo Zuckier
The Babylonian Talmud conceptualizes the proscription against consuming the tereifah/mauled animal (Exod 22:30) and reformulates it as a rule prohibiting any entity that has exited hutz limhitzato, “outside its [proper] bound.” Through a close analysis of the half-dozen sugyot that utilize this rule and their precursors, this article considers the gradual development of this conceptual category throughout the strata of rabbinic literature, concluding that the fullest development of this concept is manifest in the Stam (anonymous layer of the Babylonian Talmud). The developed conception behind the rule can be best understood in light of Mary Douglas’s conception of “matter out of place.” The rabbis make a Douglas-style argument, that, at times, the location of matter outside its proper place suffices to explain an item’s prohibited status. An appendix demonstrates that a seeming early appearance of the term hutz limhitzato in Mekhilta de-Rashbi is of medieval, rather than Tannaitic, provenance.
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Pub Date : 2022-12-12DOI: 10.30965/21967954-bja10035
C. Haendler
This article analyzes the expression dad la-kior (female breasts for the [Temple’s] laver) for its spigots (t. Yom. 2:2, m. Yom. 3:10), which so far has received no scholarly attention. The Temple’s laver has no taps/spigots in any attestation from the Bible to Josephus. The laver is an essential item in rabbinic imagery of the Temple and choreography of human-Divine communication. The term dad is used figuratively also for the Divine as nursing infant Israel through the manna (t. Sot. 4:3, Sif. Num. 89). The complete dependency of Israel on the Divine in the desert and of the infant on the breast parallels the laver as the crucial point on which Israel’s atonement depends. Ben Qatin (cf. Latin catīnus [basin]), who offers the laver, and other diasporic donors’ dependency on a literary Temple and rabbinic identarian normativity about handwashing are strengthened through a female image. This marks breastfeeding as a topos for exegetical competition.
{"title":"Dad and Kior (t. Yom. 2:2, m. Yom. 3:10): A Tannaitic Figurative Image","authors":"C. Haendler","doi":"10.30965/21967954-bja10035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30965/21967954-bja10035","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This article analyzes the expression dad la-kior (female breasts for the [Temple’s] laver) for its spigots (t. Yom. 2:2, m. Yom. 3:10), which so far has received no scholarly attention. The Temple’s laver has no taps/spigots in any attestation from the Bible to Josephus. The laver is an essential item in rabbinic imagery of the Temple and choreography of human-Divine communication. The term dad is used figuratively also for the Divine as nursing infant Israel through the manna (t. Sot. 4:3, Sif. Num. 89). The complete dependency of Israel on the Divine in the desert and of the infant on the breast parallels the laver as the crucial point on which Israel’s atonement depends. Ben Qatin (cf. Latin catīnus [basin]), who offers the laver, and other diasporic donors’ dependency on a literary Temple and rabbinic identarian normativity about handwashing are strengthened through a female image. This marks breastfeeding as a topos for exegetical competition.","PeriodicalId":41821,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ancient Judaism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43337299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-14DOI: 10.30965/21967954-bja10033
Kelley Coblentz Bautch
This special issue of the Journal of Ancient Judaism offers distinctive approaches and innovative assessments of texts associated with a historical season often designated the second temple period. Five articles explore the engagement of priests, scribes, and interpreters with Torah and sacred texts, though they employ diverse methodologies in taking up this common theme. Readers of this issue will learn about ancient Judaism from the vantage of: (1) the history of scholarship on textual traditions that are ripe for reevaluation; (2) paleographic study and its import for understanding scribal transmission; (3) reconstructions of texts and new conceptional examinations; and (4) intertextuality and interpretations within texts labeled pseudepigraphal. The articles in this issue were first presented at “Studies in Second Temple Judaism: A Global Enterprise,” an international conference sponsored by the Enoch Seminar and the Frankel Center for Judaic Studies at the University of Michigan, held on January 10–13, 2022. This conference was dedicated to exploring contemporary methodologies that illumine ancient Judaism from an intentionally global scope, an aim facilitated by the meeting’s online modality. While it goes without saying that scholarship is a global enterprise, too often our scholarly communities are isolated or divided by geography, language, tradition, and other boundaries artificially imposed. As to the latter, one thinks of heuristic labels that often divide our discipline artificially. Texts classified, for example, as belonging to the “Hebrew Bible” or the “New Testament” are, in fact, early Jewish texts that could as easily be examined alongside contemporaneous writings not included in a canon. Our categorizations lead to our scholarship being siloed. If undertaken from an isolated vantage, though, the study of ancient Judaism would be impoverished, reflecting a narrow slice of methodologies, perspectives, and voices. The organizers of the meeting sought to remedy such a scenario by reaching out to scholars of ancient Judaism from around the world to present their work and engage in a conversation about the status and prospects of the field. Scholars from all hemispheres – from, for example, Argentina, Australia, Brazil,
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Pub Date : 2022-11-07DOI: 10.30965/21967954-bja10030
Fiodar Litvinau
The aim of the present article is twofold. The first task is to provide a survey of the parallels to the title “Lord of spirits” in the Parables of Enoch (1 En. 37–71) to understand the background of the divine epithet. The studied parallels include titles in the Ancient Near Eastern literature, Biblical and Early Jewish texts, including Dead Sea Scrolls, magical compositions, and Christian texts (New Testament, Patristic and liturgical texts). The second task is to analyze the concept of “spirit” and its cognates in 1 Enoch to provide some clues to the function of the epithet within the composition. The survey aims to demonstrate that a generally accepted interpretation that associates the “spirits” with “angels” should not be overemphasized, since the basic meaning of the title “Lord of spirits” was to indicate God’s authority over human spirits.
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Pub Date : 2022-11-03DOI: 10.30965/21967954-bja10031
Mirjam J. Bokhorst
The name of God – the “Lord of the sheep” – and when he is first mentioned in the sketch of history, as well as the relationship of the so called “house” and “tower” are much debated points in the research on the Animal Apocalypse. This article takes a closer look at these two topics and compares them with the Pentateuch. A close intertextual reading will highlight striking similarities between their two narratives of history and show that in both compositions the time in the desert is constitutive for the characterization and perception of God and for the idea of his sanctuary.
{"title":"The “Lord of the Sheep” and His House: An Intertextual Reading of the Animal Apocalypse (1 En. 85–90) with the Pentateuch","authors":"Mirjam J. Bokhorst","doi":"10.30965/21967954-bja10031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30965/21967954-bja10031","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The name of God – the “Lord of the sheep” – and when he is first mentioned in the sketch of history, as well as the relationship of the so called “house” and “tower” are much debated points in the research on the Animal Apocalypse. This article takes a closer look at these two topics and compares them with the Pentateuch. A close intertextual reading will highlight striking similarities between their two narratives of history and show that in both compositions the time in the desert is constitutive for the characterization and perception of God and for the idea of his sanctuary.","PeriodicalId":41821,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ancient Judaism","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41954985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-24DOI: 10.30965/21967954-bja10029
Hila Dayfani
This essay examines the variants that were caused by the interchange of letters bearing graphic similarity between the Masoretic text and the Samaritan Pentateuch. Through a paleographic analysis of the shapes of the interchanging letters, it aims to carefully propose a paleographic framework for the interchanges. This process reveals that the scribal activity in the transmission of the Pentateuch increased after the middle of the second century BCE, reaching its peak in the middle of the first century BCE. This essay discusses the significance of these findings in light of further material and textual evidence for the role that the Pentateuch played in Second Temple Judaism.
{"title":"The Scope of the Transmission of the Pentateuch in the Second Temple Period","authors":"Hila Dayfani","doi":"10.30965/21967954-bja10029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30965/21967954-bja10029","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This essay examines the variants that were caused by the interchange of letters bearing graphic similarity between the Masoretic text and the Samaritan Pentateuch. Through a paleographic analysis of the shapes of the interchanging letters, it aims to carefully propose a paleographic framework for the interchanges. This process reveals that the scribal activity in the transmission of the Pentateuch increased after the middle of the second century BCE, reaching its peak in the middle of the first century BCE. This essay discusses the significance of these findings in light of further material and textual evidence for the role that the Pentateuch played in Second Temple Judaism.","PeriodicalId":41821,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ancient Judaism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47358172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-06DOI: 10.30965/21967954-bja10027
Shlomi Efrati
In this essay I investigate the place of agricultural commandments, the significance of priestly authorities, and the concept of cosmic-historical order in the Qumran composition Instruction (a.k.a. Musar LaMebin) based on new reconstructions and improved readings of two agricultural passages. In the first part of the article, I present the passages and examine their connections with broader sapiential and exegetical traditions. Next I investigate the theme of priesthood and demonstrate the priests’ social authority and conceptual significance for the author of Instruction. Lastly I reconsider the relationship between Torah commandments and raz nihyeh, “the mystery of that which comes into existence,” and show how Instruction develops “Qumranic” ideas concerning the mysteries of both God’s predetermined cosmic-historical plan and God’s Law in a manner reminiscent of popular Hellenistic speculations concerning the Law of Nature.
{"title":"Law and Order: Priests, Commandments, and Cosmic Mysteries in the Qumran Composition Instruction","authors":"Shlomi Efrati","doi":"10.30965/21967954-bja10027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30965/21967954-bja10027","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In this essay I investigate the place of agricultural commandments, the significance of priestly authorities, and the concept of cosmic-historical order in the Qumran composition Instruction (a.k.a. Musar LaMebin) based on new reconstructions and improved readings of two agricultural passages. In the first part of the article, I present the passages and examine their connections with broader sapiential and exegetical traditions. Next I investigate the theme of priesthood and demonstrate the priests’ social authority and conceptual significance for the author of Instruction. Lastly I reconsider the relationship between Torah commandments and raz nihyeh, “the mystery of that which comes into existence,” and show how Instruction develops “Qumranic” ideas concerning the mysteries of both God’s predetermined cosmic-historical plan and God’s Law in a manner reminiscent of popular Hellenistic speculations concerning the Law of Nature.","PeriodicalId":41821,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ancient Judaism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49196246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-05DOI: 10.30965/21967954-bja10026
Liane M. Feldman
A significant amount of literature was composed in the late Persian and Hellenistic periods that demonstrates a marked interest in priestly and priestly-adjacent matters. This literature has typically been analyzed with an assumption that the Pentateuch serves as a kind of “base text” that these authors used to create their texts. In this article, I pose what is normally taken as the starting point for the analysis of this material as the question to be answered: do Persian and Hellenistic-era Jewish authors writing about priestly-related matters draw on the Pentateuch? And if so, how are they engaging with it in their own compositions? To answer these questions, I examine three compositions: Chronicles, the Letter of Aristeas, and the Aramaic Levi Document. My analysis of these three texts shows that they have a broad range of engagement with the pentateuchal priestly writings.
{"title":"Rethinking the Place of the Pentateuch in Late Persian and Hellenistic-era ‘Priestly’ Literature","authors":"Liane M. Feldman","doi":"10.30965/21967954-bja10026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30965/21967954-bja10026","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A significant amount of literature was composed in the late Persian and Hellenistic periods that demonstrates a marked interest in priestly and priestly-adjacent matters. This literature has typically been analyzed with an assumption that the Pentateuch serves as a kind of “base text” that these authors used to create their texts. In this article, I pose what is normally taken as the starting point for the analysis of this material as the question to be answered: do Persian and Hellenistic-era Jewish authors writing about priestly-related matters draw on the Pentateuch? And if so, how are they engaging with it in their own compositions? To answer these questions, I examine three compositions: Chronicles, the Letter of Aristeas, and the Aramaic Levi Document. My analysis of these three texts shows that they have a broad range of engagement with the pentateuchal priestly writings.","PeriodicalId":41821,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ancient Judaism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46381712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-03DOI: 10.30965/21967954-bja10028
Patrick Pouchelle
The Bible contrasts the righteous ones and the sinners, however, biblical thought recognizes that there are righteous who are punished and sinners who prosper. The Psalms of Solomon expand on the difficulty of distinguishing the righteous from the sinner. Firstly, sinners are presented as having benefited from the same blessings as the righteous. Secondly, the righteous are punished as if they were sinners. How then does the Psalms of Solomon differentiate between a righteous “sinner” and a “true” sinner? Ps Sol 13 responds by linking Deut 8:5 and Mal 3:17–18: the righteous are the object of God’s fatherly love. This sonship mixes divine discipline and salvation. This could shed new light on two cruces interpretationum of Ps Sol 13 as well as illuminate the place of the Messiah in this system of thought.
《圣经》对比了正义者和罪人，然而，《圣经》思想承认，有正义者受到惩罚，也有罪人获得成功。所罗门的诗篇扩展了区分义人和罪人的困难。首先，罪人被呈现为与正义者一样受益于同样的祝福。其次，正义者受到惩罚，就好像他们是罪人一样。那么，《所罗门诗篇》如何区分正义的“罪人”和“真正的”罪人呢？P Sol 13回应道，将Deut 8:5和Mal 3:17-18联系起来：义人是上帝父爱的对象。这个儿子混合了神圣的管教和救赎。这可以为《太阳神》13的两个核心解释提供新的线索，并阐明弥赛亚在这个思想体系中的地位。
{"title":"Comment différencier les justes des pécheurs? La réponse nuancée et scripturaire des Psaumes de Salomon","authors":"Patrick Pouchelle","doi":"10.30965/21967954-bja10028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30965/21967954-bja10028","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The Bible contrasts the righteous ones and the sinners, however, biblical thought recognizes that there are righteous who are punished and sinners who prosper. The Psalms of Solomon expand on the difficulty of distinguishing the righteous from the sinner. Firstly, sinners are presented as having benefited from the same blessings as the righteous. Secondly, the righteous are punished as if they were sinners. How then does the Psalms of Solomon differentiate between a righteous “sinner” and a “true” sinner? Ps Sol 13 responds by linking Deut 8:5 and Mal 3:17–18: the righteous are the object of God’s fatherly love. This sonship mixes divine discipline and salvation. This could shed new light on two cruces interpretationum of Ps Sol 13 as well as illuminate the place of the Messiah in this system of thought.","PeriodicalId":41821,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ancient Judaism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45948126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.30965/21967954-bja10024
M. Warren
Rigorous scholarship relies on evidence. But in the case of Jews in antiquity, absence of evidence has often been taken to be evidence of absence. An abundance of caution has frequently meant the erasure of Jews from antiquity. Using the test case of a tombstone from Roman Britain, I suggest that a methodology of imagination can be helpful in making sure Jews in antiquity are not invisible.
{"title":"Invisibility, Erasure, and a Jewish Tombstone in Roman Britain","authors":"M. Warren","doi":"10.30965/21967954-bja10024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30965/21967954-bja10024","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Rigorous scholarship relies on evidence. But in the case of Jews in antiquity, absence of evidence has often been taken to be evidence of absence. An abundance of caution has frequently meant the erasure of Jews from antiquity. Using the test case of a tombstone from Roman Britain, I suggest that a methodology of imagination can be helpful in making sure Jews in antiquity are not invisible.","PeriodicalId":41821,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ancient Judaism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47528471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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