Pub Date : 2023-06-19DOI: 10.30965/21967954-bja10046
R. Jefferson
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, thousands of Cairo Genizah fragments came into the possession of western institutions and private collectors through the activities of individuals trading in, from, and through Palestine. The Palestine antiquities trade has long been overlooked or ignored as any sort of factor in considering the origins and chain of custody for fragments labeled as from “The Cairo Genizah.” This article aims to redress that imbalance by examining the activities of twenty-one individuals involved in this trade. This first exploration of the connection between the Palestine Antiquities trade and the Cairo Genizah will further demonstrate the importance of provenance tracing.
{"title":"The Trade in Cairo Genizah Fragments in and out of Palestine in the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries","authors":"R. Jefferson","doi":"10.30965/21967954-bja10046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30965/21967954-bja10046","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, thousands of Cairo Genizah fragments came into the possession of western institutions and private collectors through the activities of individuals trading in, from, and through Palestine. The Palestine antiquities trade has long been overlooked or ignored as any sort of factor in considering the origins and chain of custody for fragments labeled as from “The Cairo Genizah.” This article aims to redress that imbalance by examining the activities of twenty-one individuals involved in this trade. This first exploration of the connection between the Palestine Antiquities trade and the Cairo Genizah will further demonstrate the importance of provenance tracing.","PeriodicalId":41821,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ancient Judaism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47012098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-15DOI: 10.30965/21967954-bja10042
Morag M. Kersel
Why do people want to own a piece of the past? What tempts consumers? What effect does consumption have on archaeological landscapes? Generally, Holy Land consumers can be broken down into two categories: those on the low-end interested in small mementoes of a trip, and those on the high-end, wealthier individuals willing to make financial investments for the highest quality pieces. Whether buyers are wily speculators, investing to increase their capital (cultural, economic, social, sensu Bourdieu), or innocent pilgrims on a once in a lifetime trip to the Holy Land, the result is the same: looting and theft from archaeological sites in order to meet consumer demand for archaeological artifacts. With data gathered from archaeological ethnographies, this article assesses the purchasers of artifacts, the unintended consequences of their acquisitions, and considers the ways we might create a set of better-informed consumers in the licensed antiquities market in Israel.
{"title":"Innocents Abroad? The Consumption of Antiquities from the Holy Land","authors":"Morag M. Kersel","doi":"10.30965/21967954-bja10042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30965/21967954-bja10042","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Why do people want to own a piece of the past? What tempts consumers? What effect does consumption have on archaeological landscapes? Generally, Holy Land consumers can be broken down into two categories: those on the low-end interested in small mementoes of a trip, and those on the high-end, wealthier individuals willing to make financial investments for the highest quality pieces. Whether buyers are wily speculators, investing to increase their capital (cultural, economic, social, sensu Bourdieu), or innocent pilgrims on a once in a lifetime trip to the Holy Land, the result is the same: looting and theft from archaeological sites in order to meet consumer demand for archaeological artifacts. With data gathered from archaeological ethnographies, this article assesses the purchasers of artifacts, the unintended consequences of their acquisitions, and considers the ways we might create a set of better-informed consumers in the licensed antiquities market in Israel.","PeriodicalId":41821,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ancient Judaism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44364167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-14DOI: 10.30965/21967954-bja10041
Michael Press
Charles Clermont-Ganneau is widely recognized by scholars for his contributions to the archaeology, epigraphy, and historical geography of Israel/Palestine and the broader Middle East. But Clermont-Ganneau was also a major contributor to antiquities trade networks between the Levant and France in the Late Ottoman period. For a period of more than 35 years, he served variously as finder, agent, consultant, buyer, and dealer of ancient artifacts of all types. This article looks at Clermont-Ganneau’s involvement in antiquities trafficking and how it was intertwined with his scholarly career. A close study of his activities suggests that Clermont-Ganneau’s career is a paradigmatic example of academic reliance on the antiquities trade.
Charles Clermont-Ganneau因其对以色列/巴勒斯坦和更广泛的中东地区的考古学、金石学和历史地理学的贡献而得到学者们的广泛认可。但克莱蒙-加诺也是奥斯曼帝国晚期黎凡特和法国之间文物贸易网络的主要贡献者。在超过35年的时间里，他担任过各种各样的古代文物的发现者、代理人、顾问、买家和经销商。本文着眼于克莱蒙-加诺参与文物走私，以及这与他的学术生涯是如何交织在一起的。对克莱蒙-加诺活动的仔细研究表明，他的职业生涯是学术界依赖古物贸易的典型例子。
{"title":"The French Connection: Charles Clermont-Ganneau and the Antiquities Trade Network in the Late Ottoman Levant","authors":"Michael Press","doi":"10.30965/21967954-bja10041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30965/21967954-bja10041","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Charles Clermont-Ganneau is widely recognized by scholars for his contributions to the archaeology, epigraphy, and historical geography of Israel/Palestine and the broader Middle East. But Clermont-Ganneau was also a major contributor to antiquities trade networks between the Levant and France in the Late Ottoman period. For a period of more than 35 years, he served variously as finder, agent, consultant, buyer, and dealer of ancient artifacts of all types. This article looks at Clermont-Ganneau’s involvement in antiquities trafficking and how it was intertwined with his scholarly career. A close study of his activities suggests that Clermont-Ganneau’s career is a paradigmatic example of academic reliance on the antiquities trade.","PeriodicalId":41821,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ancient Judaism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44183637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-07DOI: 10.30965/21967954-bja10044
Michael Press, Årstein Justnes
{"title":"Introduction: The Market for Jewish Antiquities","authors":"Michael Press, Årstein Justnes","doi":"10.30965/21967954-bja10044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30965/21967954-bja10044","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41821,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ancient Judaism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47321651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.30965/21967954-bja10040
Mika Ahuvia
This article argues that recent scholarship on premodern composition can help to reconceptualize the presence of diverse people, including enslaved women, in scribal spaces. A brief historiographic section reviews how scholars have imagined normative Jews to be elite literate men, neglecting evidence of dictation to scribes, and thus excluded evidence of lower-class women especially from their imagining of the past. Applying Wendy Doniger’s rejection of the category of the singular male author in religious texts to Jewish texts, it proposes a heuristic tool to identify women’s presence and perspectives in ancient prose, liturgical, and ritual texts. Finally, it analyzes four incantation bowls as test-cases of this approach. For every text produced by a scribe, scholars ought to imagine a dynamic compositional environment with at least two people, and they can look for evidence of inclusion and exclusion of perspectives based on religious markers, class status, and gendered concerns.
{"title":"Reimagining the Gender and Class Dynamics of Premodern Composition","authors":"Mika Ahuvia","doi":"10.30965/21967954-bja10040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30965/21967954-bja10040","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This article argues that recent scholarship on premodern composition can help to reconceptualize the presence of diverse people, including enslaved women, in scribal spaces. A brief historiographic section reviews how scholars have imagined normative Jews to be elite literate men, neglecting evidence of dictation to scribes, and thus excluded evidence of lower-class women especially from their imagining of the past. Applying Wendy Doniger’s rejection of the category of the singular male author in religious texts to Jewish texts, it proposes a heuristic tool to identify women’s presence and perspectives in ancient prose, liturgical, and ritual texts. Finally, it analyzes four incantation bowls as test-cases of this approach. For every text produced by a scribe, scholars ought to imagine a dynamic compositional environment with at least two people, and they can look for evidence of inclusion and exclusion of perspectives based on religious markers, class status, and gendered concerns.","PeriodicalId":41821,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ancient Judaism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42590321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-03DOI: 10.30965/21967954-bja10039
Gad Barnea
The Yahwistic community at Elephantine, whose document record covers almost the entire fifth century BCE, conserves the most direct, vibrant and authentic witness of Achaemenid-era Yahwism. This article focuses on the process of interpretatio iudaica through interactions with neighboring and reigning cults: Egyptian, Levantine and Achaemenid-Zoroastrian (AZ), comparing it to other Yahwistic settlements of its time. It shows that these communities behaved as normative citizens of the polytheistic/henotheistic world surrounding them. In what is an expected process of interpretatio of their day and age, they were in full dialogue with the philosophical/theological views and innovations of the cultures surrounding them. They translated their deity/ies with “host deities” when they came into contact with other cultures. Significantly, living in an Achaemenid imperial context, Ahuramazdā was translated with Yhw, and following Artaxerxes II’s reform, a new Yahwistic triad translated both the new AZ triad as well as the local Egyptian triad.
{"title":"Interpretatio Ivdaica in the Achaemenid Period","authors":"Gad Barnea","doi":"10.30965/21967954-bja10039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30965/21967954-bja10039","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The Yahwistic community at Elephantine, whose document record covers almost the entire fifth century BCE, conserves the most direct, vibrant and authentic witness of Achaemenid-era Yahwism. This article focuses on the process of interpretatio iudaica through interactions with neighboring and reigning cults: Egyptian, Levantine and Achaemenid-Zoroastrian (AZ), comparing it to other Yahwistic settlements of its time. It shows that these communities behaved as normative citizens of the polytheistic/henotheistic world surrounding them. In what is an expected process of interpretatio of their day and age, they were in full dialogue with the philosophical/theological views and innovations of the cultures surrounding them. They translated their deity/ies with “host deities” when they came into contact with other cultures. Significantly, living in an Achaemenid imperial context, Ahuramazdā was translated with Yhw, and following Artaxerxes II’s reform, a new Yahwistic triad translated both the new AZ triad as well as the local Egyptian triad.","PeriodicalId":41821,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ancient Judaism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44713129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-13DOI: 10.30965/21967954-bja10038
Atar Livneh
This article explores the literary context of three types of hair modification in Second Temple Jewish literature: disarranging, unveiling, and cutting, when they occur and the social categories they embody. All of these behaviors mark women as mourners, with the tearing/cutting and disheveling of hair further identifying them as suppliants. While some depictions are based on biblical models, the supplication scenes clearly reflect Greek and Roman motifs ‒ women wearing their hair wild and addressing the troops and defendants wearing mourning dress and engaging in keening gestures. Outside these contexts, female figures rarely cut/dishevel their hair of their own accord, the majority of those who do so being slaves/captives/prisoners subject to the whims of authority figures ‒ masters/mistresses or priests.
{"title":"Tresses and Distresses: Literary and Social Aspects of Women’s Hair in Second Temple Jewish Literature","authors":"Atar Livneh","doi":"10.30965/21967954-bja10038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30965/21967954-bja10038","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This article explores the literary context of three types of hair modification in Second Temple Jewish literature: disarranging, unveiling, and cutting, when they occur and the social categories they embody. All of these behaviors mark women as mourners, with the tearing/cutting and disheveling of hair further identifying them as suppliants. While some depictions are based on biblical models, the supplication scenes clearly reflect Greek and Roman motifs ‒ women wearing their hair wild and addressing the troops and defendants wearing mourning dress and engaging in keening gestures. Outside these contexts, female figures rarely cut/dishevel their hair of their own accord, the majority of those who do so being slaves/captives/prisoners subject to the whims of authority figures ‒ masters/mistresses or priests.","PeriodicalId":41821,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ancient Judaism","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42578081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-23DOI: 10.30965/21967954-bja10037
J. Bourgel
Nasi Israel was the official title of Shimon Bar Kosiba (Bar Kokhba), the leader of the second Jewish revolt against Rome (132–135/6 CE). The choice of this designation raises important issues pertaining to the way in which Bar Kosiba conceived his role as leader, the extent of his powers and, more generally, the ideological foundations of his regime. It has often been argued that Bar Kosiba’s model of nasi derives from the prophet Ezekiel’s depiction of the ideal Davidic nasi and that, as such, it has a messianic overtone. This article puts forward a slightly different model. It proposes that nasi Israel refers to a figure distinct from the Davidic nasi, which is derived from an interpretation of Ezekiel’s vision of the restored Temple (Ezek 40–48). This title functioned as a programmatic declaration signaling Bar Kosiba’s main objective to rebuild the Temple and renew the sacrificial worship.
纳西以色列是Shimon Bar Kosiba (Bar Kokhba)的官方头衔，他是第二次犹太人反抗罗马(公元132-135/6年)的领袖。这一称号的选择提出了一些重要的问题，这些问题涉及Bar Kosiba如何设想他作为领导人的角色，他的权力范围，以及更广泛地说，他的政权的意识形态基础。人们经常认为，Bar Kosiba的纳西模型来源于先知以西结对理想的大卫纳西的描述，因此，它有一种弥赛亚的暗示。本文提出了一个稍有不同的模型。它提出，nasi Israel指的是一个不同于david的nasi的人物，这是从以西结对修复圣殿的愿景的解释中衍生出来的(以西结书40-48)。这个标题作为一个纲领性的宣言，标志着Bar Kosiba的主要目标是重建寺庙和恢复祭祀崇拜。
{"title":"Ezekiel 40–48 as a Model for Bar Kokhba’s Title “Nasi Israel”?","authors":"J. Bourgel","doi":"10.30965/21967954-bja10037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30965/21967954-bja10037","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Nasi Israel was the official title of Shimon Bar Kosiba (Bar Kokhba), the leader of the second Jewish revolt against Rome (132–135/6 CE). The choice of this designation raises important issues pertaining to the way in which Bar Kosiba conceived his role as leader, the extent of his powers and, more generally, the ideological foundations of his regime. It has often been argued that Bar Kosiba’s model of nasi derives from the prophet Ezekiel’s depiction of the ideal Davidic nasi and that, as such, it has a messianic overtone. This article puts forward a slightly different model. It proposes that nasi Israel refers to a figure distinct from the Davidic nasi, which is derived from an interpretation of Ezekiel’s vision of the restored Temple (Ezek 40–48). This title functioned as a programmatic declaration signaling Bar Kosiba’s main objective to rebuild the Temple and renew the sacrificial worship.","PeriodicalId":41821,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ancient Judaism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43195691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-02DOI: 10.30965/21967954-01401000
{"title":"Front matter","authors":"","doi":"10.30965/21967954-01401000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30965/21967954-01401000","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41821,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ancient Judaism","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135360458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-25DOI: 10.30965/21967954-bja10036
A. Appelbaum
In the hope of shedding some light on what it meant to be “Jewish” in the first century CE, and perhaps in other times, this article will closely examine what “everybody knows” about Tiberius Julius Alexander – that he was an apostate from Judaism – by carefully considering the arguments of earlier writers and critiquing them, in light of the events of his distinguished military and governmental career. It will also consider some remarks of his uncle Philo that others have thought relevant, and will offer an alternative narrative of his role as second in command of the Roman army in the Jewish War.
{"title":"On the Apostasy of Tiberius Julius Alexander","authors":"A. Appelbaum","doi":"10.30965/21967954-bja10036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30965/21967954-bja10036","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000In the hope of shedding some light on what it meant to be “Jewish” in the first century CE, and perhaps in other times, this article will closely examine what “everybody knows” about Tiberius Julius Alexander – that he was an apostate from Judaism – by carefully considering the arguments of earlier writers and critiquing them, in light of the events of his distinguished military and governmental career. It will also consider some remarks of his uncle Philo that others have thought relevant, and will offer an alternative narrative of his role as second in command of the Roman army in the Jewish War.","PeriodicalId":41821,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ancient Judaism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47400199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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