Pub Date : 2018-04-03DOI: 10.1080/01973762.2018.1455359
Ken Browne, Gareth Kennedy, S. Browne
This artist project consists of the script and a selection of stills from The Myth of the Many in the One, an artist video produced in 2012. The script is composed from a redaction of business biographies in an attempt to decode the masculinist myth of the visionary, entrepreneurial genius – tech gurus such as Bob Noyce (1927–1990), Bill Gates (b. 1955), Steve Jobs (1955–2011) and others. It addresses these ideas of privilege and predestination by parsing the stories told of their formative boyhood years. Working on location in San Francisco and Silicon Valley with a child actor and a voice-over artist for this video, a peach orchard reminiscent of “The Valley of Heart's Delights” – how the area was known in the 1950s before the tech boom began – provides a significant mental and emotional backdrop to this narrative. The Myth of the Many in the One is the second part in Kennedy Browne's “Redaction Trilogy”, which explores the paradigm of early twenty-first-century capitalism. The first part, How Capital Moves (2010), interrogates labour, redundancy and outsourcing in early twenty-first-century tech manufacturing. Real World Harm (2018) is a 360° video experienced on an Oculus headset. It proposes a thought experiment concerning the digital rights of citizens, and the responsibilities of corporations managing and mining online identities and communities for profit.
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Pub Date : 2018-04-03DOI: 10.1080/01973762.2018.1455355
Marisa Lerer, C. McGarrigle
This issue addresses the long financial crisis of 2008 and the nature and diversity of artistic responses to it. This financial crisis is understood as a globalized result of late capitalism that nonetheless is experienced differently at local, regional, and national levels. It is multi-faceted in nature, a phenomenon that has historical roots and precedents that inform contemporary responses. Artists are not restricted to engage with the economy through one specific vehicle of inquiry or one type of medium and message. Therefore, the central question that this issue poses is: what is the artist’s role in finance, crisis, and the economy? Should artists: fix the economy; explain it; attempt to alter it; reject it; participate in it; or none of the above? The articles, artists’ projects and interviews presented here attend to these questions through a wide-ranging lens including: studies of historical precedents such as the Great Depression of 1929 and currency crises in Latin America in the 1970s; artistic direct interventions within financial systems that reveal and challenge their opaque processes and value systems; alternative currencies highlighting the neo-colonialism of global financial markets; and blockchain-based rethinking of art market ownership models. These multi-faceted projects spanning different time periods and geographies offer crucial and distinct theoretical positions. This issue, which saw its origins in a panel for the 2017 College Art Association Conference in New York City, adds to scholarship on these pressing topics and seeks to foster a continued discourse on the intersections of art and financial crisis.
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Pub Date : 2018-04-03DOI: 10.1080/01973762.2018.1436800
Jillian M Russo
The Works Progress Administration Federal Art Project (WPA/FAP), which operated from 1935 to 1943, was a program created by Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882–1945), WPA director Harry Hopkins (1890–1946), and FAP director Holger Cahill (1887–1960) to employ American artists throughout the Great Depression. This article reexamines the FAP by looking more closely at Cahill and defining his populist approach to American art, which made the FAP not only a massive work-relief program for artists but also a major public education initiative. Cahill’s democratizing ideas on art were sparked by his experiences as an Icelandic immigrant and hobo in the Midwest and informed by the theories of Progressive era philosophers including John Dewey and John Cotton Dana. The FAP, in addition to employing prominent artists such as Stuart Davis, Arshile Gorky, Lee Krasner, Jackson Pollock, and Mark Rothko, sponsored local and national exhibitions and established thousands of local art centers, including the renowned Harlem Community Art Center. These accomplishments laid the groundwork for the emergence of Abstract Expressionism and success of the post-war American art market.
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Pub Date : 2018-04-03DOI: 10.1080/01973762.2018.1435609
A. Whitaker
The events of 2016 in which the painter Peter Doig (b. 1959) was sued in US Federal Court for failing to authenticate an artwork for a speculative investor encapsulate a view of the art world from the perspective of collectors and not artists. This paper imagines what would happen if artists were to retain 10% equity in their work in the primary market, rather than receive resale royalties in the secondary market. This idea applies the Coase Theorem in economics, concerning the relationship of property rights, pricing, and trade. Accordingly, those equity shares could trade in a standalone marketplace well before an artwork was sold, providing patronage for artists and more diversifiable art fund structures for investors. Technological systems such as the blockchain (e.g. bitcoin) make such a system timely, by providing cheap accounting and automatic provenance. This proposal stands in stark contrast to much of the writing on resale royalties, which treats payments to artists as welfare or subsidy, or emphasizes a lack of enforceability. In fact, assigning equity shares to artists allows them to participate more accurately, from a free-market-economics standpoint, in the value that their work creates. This realignment of price and value could radically alter and also stabilize the art market in relation to both recent financial crises and the increasing financialization of art objects. Such a system has broad applications to the alignment of price and value in many other sectors of creative work, and beyond.
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Pub Date : 2018-04-03DOI: 10.1080/01973762.2018.1451966
Marisa Lerer, C. McGarrigle
Hurricane Maria struck Puerto Rico in September 2017. The island was left without electricity and clean water for months. However, the natural disaster was not the only cause of this lasting devastation. The financial fall-out from predatory loans, which led to Puerto Rico’s inability to invest funds in its own infrastructure, caused an enduring humanitarian disaster. Artist Miguel Luciano (b. 1972) in this interview discusses his work in relation to the 2017 Puerto Rican debt crisis and the legacy of the over 100-year span of Puerto Rico’s colonial status as a US territory, which gives the US disproportionate control over the island’s economy. Luciano’s aesthetic economic investigations also examine the impact of the financial crisis and immigration on the Puerto Rican diaspora living in the US mainland.
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Pub Date : 2018-04-03DOI: 10.1080/01973762.2018.1435477
Derek Curry
Public Dissentiment (2016), an artwork by this author, is an artistic research project and an online tool that helps protestors negatively impact the price of a publicly traded stock by applying the same sentiment analysis tools used by stock trading algorithms. In contemporary stock markets, high frequency trading bots that continuously buy and sell stocks, increasingly perform the role of market makers. These bots provide the market with liquidity by usually being ready to take the buy or sell end of a stock trade. However, these algorithms are also reading news stories and social media posts at lightning speed, and when they detect uncertainty they will pull out of the market causing a stock, or group of stocks, to drop rapidly in value. This text examines the technical and legal aspects of the contemporary networked stock exchange system that make Public Dissentiment’s intervention possible and provides a context for these factors through an analysis of how they produced a space for artistic intervention. Locating this work in the frames of hacktivism, tactical media, and other historical precedents for both network and financial interventions further contextualizes this project. Public Dissentiment falls into the category of mass action hacktivism, which is closely associated with tactical media and culture jamming, and typically includes a performative element. The application is a prototype for how protestors can leverage technology in the age of networks.
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Pub Date : 2018-04-03DOI: 10.1080/01973762.2018.1450343
Elena Shtromberg
The condition of a country’s currency is perhaps one of the most effective barometers of its economic state, a topic that has been amply examined by economists. Currency as artistic medium is lesser-explored terrain and yet its study can prove revealing of a country’s economic and historical circumstances while poignantly commenting on the whimsical nature of the art market and the commercial value of works of art. For this study, I will explore the work of artists who employed currency as commentary on their country’s respective economic crises and the political conditions that led to them. I have selected a small sample of artworks with currency focusing specifically on the circulation of the US dollar, or rather it symbolic dominance, in Latin Ameircan economies. In this study, I examine three case studies spanning several decades, among them: a series of banknotes by Brazilian artist Cildo Meireles entitled Zero Dollar, created during the late 1970s and 1980s; a multimedia installation Circulante (Circulating) from 1998 by Ecuadorian artist Patricio Palomeque, and the video piece Inversión from 2011 by Cuban artist Glenda León. All three artists used their work to foreground the instability and fragile structures underpinning currency while critiquing the expansion and reach of the US dollar in their countries.
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Pub Date : 2018-04-03DOI: 10.1080/01973762.2018.1435488
Jennifer Gradecki
For artists already participating in the art market, appropriating the tools of finance may help them to gain more control and protection in this financializing field. Art Investment 2014-Art Asset 1 is a tactical intervention by this author that is grounded in institutional critique methods – including Bourdieuian sociological analysis – that uses scraped stock market data-feeds to visualize the performance of companies on the Skate’s Art Stock Index (SASI). The SASI is an art industry index fund that provides investors with access to the art market without buying art. Art indexes such as the SASI reduce the impact of an artist’s work to a data-point averaged alongside the expected quarterly profit of major auction houses. As such, the SASI represents a total financial abstraction. Examination reveals the index’s lack of objectivity and raises doubts about its ability to represent the industry. Art market financialization threatens to shift the field from pre-capitalist logic, which disavows profit-seeking, towards increasingly profit-driven motives, leading to financial abstraction and the transposition of technical obscurity from the field of finance. Art Investment 2014-AA1 makes the SASI into an artwork: its placement in a museum underscores the role of the museum in the market. The ‘art index as art’ exposes and inverts the logic of art investment, while questioning assumptions underpinning the art index: including the notion that value can be financially abstracted from art objects. Despite the discontinuation of the SASI, art market financialization shows no signs of diminishing, and there is still room for creative intervention.
对于已经参与艺术市场的艺术家来说，挪用金融工具可能有助于他们在这个金融领域获得更多的控制和保护。Art Investment 2014 Art Asset 1是作者的一项战术干预，基于制度批判方法，包括布迪厄社会学分析，该方法使用废弃的股市数据来可视化Skate艺术股票指数（SASI）上公司的表现。SASI是一个艺术行业指数基金，为投资者提供了在不购买艺术品的情况下进入艺术市场的机会。SASI等艺术指数将艺术家作品的影响降低到与主要拍卖行预期季度利润一起平均的数据点。因此，SASI代表了一种完全的财务抽象。调查显示，该指数缺乏客观性，并引发了人们对其代表行业能力的怀疑。艺术市场金融化有可能将该领域从否认逐利的前资本主义逻辑转向越来越以利润为驱动的动机，导致金融抽象和技术模糊性从金融领域转移。艺术投资2014-AA1将SASI打造成艺术品：它在博物馆中的位置突显了博物馆在市场中的作用。“艺术指数即艺术”暴露并颠覆了艺术投资的逻辑，同时质疑了支撑艺术指数的假设：包括价值可以从艺术对象中抽象出来的概念。尽管SASI已经停止，但艺术市场的金融化没有减弱的迹象，仍然有创造性干预的空间。
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Pub Date : 2018-04-03DOI: 10.1080/01973762.2018.1451968
Marisa Lerer, C. McGarrigle
When the financial crisis of 2008 exposed the opaque workings of global financial markets, it led to calls for alternate economic models to replace the excesses of contemporary capitalism. A decade on, it can seem that those calls went unheeded. However, in the collaborative social practice of Fran Ilich (b. 1975) and Gabriela Ceja (b. 1984), sustainable alternatives modeled on ancient modes of exchange are being developed with projects that are deeply embedded in economic practice; whether that is running a functioning microbank complete with complex financial instruments in Spacebank or serving Zapatista coffee from Chiapas, Mexico in the Diego de la Vega Coffee Co-op in the Bronx in New York City. In this interview the artists discuss how, through building alternative durable and sustainable economies and exchange networks, another world is possible.
2008年的金融危机暴露了全球金融市场的不透明运作，这引发了人们对替代当代资本主义过度行为的经济模式的呼吁。十年过去了，这些呼吁似乎被忽视了。然而，在Fran Ilich（b.1975）和Gabriela Ceja（b.1984）的合作社会实践中，正在开发以古代交换模式为模式的可持续替代方案，这些项目深深植根于经济实践；无论是在太空银行运营一家功能齐全的微型银行，还是在纽约市布朗克斯的Diego de la Vega coffee Co-op提供来自墨西哥恰帕斯州的Zapatita咖啡。在这次采访中，艺术家们讨论了如何通过建立替代性的持久和可持续的经济和交流网络，实现另一个世界。
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Pub Date : 2018-03-19DOI: 10.1080/01973762.2018.1435565
Elizabeth M Putnam
{"title":"Duty Free Art: Art in the Age of Planetary Civil War, by Hito Steyerl","authors":"Elizabeth M Putnam","doi":"10.1080/01973762.2018.1435565","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01973762.2018.1435565","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41894,"journal":{"name":"Visual Resources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01973762.2018.1435565","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43357538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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