Pub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.4018/IJICTRAME.2019070101
Daniel Deogratus, Gilbert Maiga, Emmanuel Eilu
Domestic revenue collection through taxation is still below its potential in many developing countries. There have been concerted efforts to improve domestic revenue mobilization in many developing countries using ICT. However, since the use of ICT in taxation in developing countries is still relatively a new phenomenon, models and frameworks that can best guide the adoption of an e-tax service in a developing country context are lacking. Therefore, in this article, the authors investigated requirements for enhancing e-tax service adoption in a typical developing country like Tanzania. Requirements for enhancing e-tax service adoption were first elicited through literature review and validated using questionnaires and an interview guide. The requirements for enhancing e-tax adoption were used to extend TOE framework developed by Tornatzky and Fleischer in 1990. This article, therefore, presents a model that supports electronic tax services adoption in a typical developing country like Tanzania
{"title":"A Framework for Enhancing the Adoption of E-Tax Services in Tanzania","authors":"Daniel Deogratus, Gilbert Maiga, Emmanuel Eilu","doi":"10.4018/IJICTRAME.2019070101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/IJICTRAME.2019070101","url":null,"abstract":"Domestic revenue collection through taxation is still below its potential in many developing countries. There have been concerted efforts to improve domestic revenue mobilization in many developing countries using ICT. However, since the use of ICT in taxation in developing countries is still relatively a new phenomenon, models and frameworks that can best guide the adoption of an e-tax service in a developing country context are lacking. Therefore, in this article, the authors investigated requirements for enhancing e-tax service adoption in a typical developing country like Tanzania. Requirements for enhancing e-tax service adoption were first elicited through literature review and validated using questionnaires and an interview guide. The requirements for enhancing e-tax adoption were used to extend TOE framework developed by Tornatzky and Fleischer in 1990. This article, therefore, presents a model that supports electronic tax services adoption in a typical developing country like Tanzania","PeriodicalId":418993,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. ICT Res. Afr. Middle East","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114194305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.4018/IJICTRAME.2019070102
Tapiwanashe Miranda Sanyanga, Munyaradzi Sydney Chinzvende, T. D. Kavu, John Batani
Due to the increase in video content being generated from surveillance cameras and filming, videos analysis becomes imperative. Sometimes it becomes tedious to watch a video captured by a surveillance camera for hours, just to find out the desired footage. Current state of-the-art video analysis methods do not address the problem of searching and localizing a particular object in a video using the name of the object as a query and to return only a segment of the video clip showing the instances of that object. In this research the authors make use of combined implementations from existing work and also applied the dropping frames algorithm to produce a shorter, trimmed video clip showing the target object specified by the search tag. The resulting video is short and specific to the object of interest.
{"title":"Searching Objects in a Video Footage: Dropping Frames and Object Detection Approach","authors":"Tapiwanashe Miranda Sanyanga, Munyaradzi Sydney Chinzvende, T. D. Kavu, John Batani","doi":"10.4018/IJICTRAME.2019070102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/IJICTRAME.2019070102","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the increase in video content being generated from surveillance cameras and filming, videos analysis becomes imperative. Sometimes it becomes tedious to watch a video captured by a surveillance camera for hours, just to find out the desired footage. Current state of-the-art video analysis methods do not address the problem of searching and localizing a particular object in a video using the name of the object as a query and to return only a segment of the video clip showing the instances of that object. In this research the authors make use of combined implementations from existing work and also applied the dropping frames algorithm to produce a shorter, trimmed video clip showing the target object specified by the search tag. The resulting video is short and specific to the object of interest.","PeriodicalId":418993,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. ICT Res. Afr. Middle East","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124142233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.4018/IJICTRAME.2019010102
Betül Gür
Foreign direct investment (FDI) plays the role of an accelerator for the economic growth in host countries. Countries that provide the suitable environment economically and politically get ahead in this race. Over the last five years, the weighted importance of sociopolitical variables in the decision-making process has increased. The countries of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, although they have a potential to develop, are regarded as country groups that have not yet fully achieved this. This article reveals and interprets the relationship between FDI and sociopolitical variables such as political risk, human development index, terrorism risk index, multidimensional poverty index, the rule of law, regulatory quality, and control of corruption, utilizing panel regression analysis. In the analysis of the MENA countries covering the years 2010-2016, it was concluded that all independent variables except the human development index and multidimensional poverty index were statistically significant and effective on FDI.
{"title":"An Analysis of The Relation Between Foreign Direct Investment and Sociopolitical Variables in MENA Countries by Panel Regression","authors":"Betül Gür","doi":"10.4018/IJICTRAME.2019010102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/IJICTRAME.2019010102","url":null,"abstract":"Foreign direct investment (FDI) plays the role of an accelerator for the economic growth in host countries. Countries that provide the suitable environment economically and politically get ahead in this race. Over the last five years, the weighted importance of sociopolitical variables in the decision-making process has increased. The countries of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, although they have a potential to develop, are regarded as country groups that have not yet fully achieved this. This article reveals and interprets the relationship between FDI and sociopolitical variables such as political risk, human development index, terrorism risk index, multidimensional poverty index, the rule of law, regulatory quality, and control of corruption, utilizing panel regression analysis. In the analysis of the MENA countries covering the years 2010-2016, it was concluded that all independent variables except the human development index and multidimensional poverty index were statistically significant and effective on FDI.","PeriodicalId":418993,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. ICT Res. Afr. Middle East","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133389959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.4018/IJICTRAME.2019010104
V. Davidavičienė, J. Raudeliūnienė, Saulius Putrimas
Communication needs of consumers change in the context of transformations and companies not only have to find out changing needs of consumers but also find proper communication measures that are necessary to satisfy such needs in order to create as bigger value as possible during a process of communication with consumers. The web opportunities not only provide new tools but also generate challenges related to the satisfaction of consumer needs. When communication needs of consumers change in the context of transformation, then consumer becomes more demanding in cyberspace. Therefore, organizations must not only continually analyse consumer needs, changes of behaviour, but also select effective measures of communication. In order to deal with the issues of such nature the research focuses on the purpose to identify ever-changing needs of different consumer types in the cyberspace and to provide industrial organizations with recommendations how communication measures could help meet these needs more effectively.
{"title":"Communication Needs in Cyberspace of Industrial Companies' Consumers","authors":"V. Davidavičienė, J. Raudeliūnienė, Saulius Putrimas","doi":"10.4018/IJICTRAME.2019010104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/IJICTRAME.2019010104","url":null,"abstract":"Communication needs of consumers change in the context of transformations and companies not only have to find out changing needs of consumers but also find proper communication measures that are necessary to satisfy such needs in order to create as bigger value as possible during a process of communication with consumers. The web opportunities not only provide new tools but also generate challenges related to the satisfaction of consumer needs. When communication needs of consumers change in the context of transformation, then consumer becomes more demanding in cyberspace. Therefore, organizations must not only continually analyse consumer needs, changes of behaviour, but also select effective measures of communication. In order to deal with the issues of such nature the research focuses on the purpose to identify ever-changing needs of different consumer types in the cyberspace and to provide industrial organizations with recommendations how communication measures could help meet these needs more effectively.","PeriodicalId":418993,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. ICT Res. Afr. Middle East","volume":"252 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133558002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.4018/IJICTRAME.2019010101
Alice S. Etim, David N. Etim, George E. Heilman
In the last two decades, microfinance institutions across regions have helped to financially build small businesses in areas of disadvantaged populations. The efforts in providing entrepreneurs with small non-collateralized loans (or micro-loans) along with developing cooperative programs for entrepreneurs were reported in earlier studies as being helpful in alleviating some borrowers from extreme economic poverty. However, early warning signals were raised about whether microfinance institutions were benefiting themselves more than the poor. This article assesses the differences in attitudes toward the use of information and communication technology among small business owners in Ghana that have access to micro-loans. The findings indicate significant differences between interest payers and interest non-payers based on region of the country, age, education, and membership in an entrepreneurship program.
{"title":"Gender Differences in ICT Use Among Small Business Owners in Ghana","authors":"Alice S. Etim, David N. Etim, George E. Heilman","doi":"10.4018/IJICTRAME.2019010101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/IJICTRAME.2019010101","url":null,"abstract":"In the last two decades, microfinance institutions across regions have helped to financially build small businesses in areas of disadvantaged populations. The efforts in providing entrepreneurs with small non-collateralized loans (or micro-loans) along with developing cooperative programs for entrepreneurs were reported in earlier studies as being helpful in alleviating some borrowers from extreme economic poverty. However, early warning signals were raised about whether microfinance institutions were benefiting themselves more than the poor. This article assesses the differences in attitudes toward the use of information and communication technology among small business owners in Ghana that have access to micro-loans. The findings indicate significant differences between interest payers and interest non-payers based on region of the country, age, education, and membership in an entrepreneurship program.","PeriodicalId":418993,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. ICT Res. Afr. Middle East","volume":"162 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116420077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.4018/IJICTRAME.2019010103
Maurice E. Dawson, Damon Walker, Simon Cleveland
This article critically analyzes a project executed for the John Ogonowski and Doug Bereuter Farmer-to-Farmer Program which provides technical assistance with volunteers from the United States to farmers, agricultural institutions, and government organizations involved in agriculture such as the Ministry of Agriculture. In Guinea, the focus is on computer literacy as more sectors of agriculture rely on computing technology. These skills range from basic computing tasks such as creating databases to more advanced items such as programming global positional systems. This study looks at findings, based on the analysis of the system usability scale results from a sample of 16 participants. The findings demonstrated that the training proved to be effective for the participants and continued training is necessary. As a result of training, 62.5% of the participants ranked above average, as opposed to 43.6% prior to training.
{"title":"Systems Usability in Developing Countries: Case of Computing Use in Guinea","authors":"Maurice E. Dawson, Damon Walker, Simon Cleveland","doi":"10.4018/IJICTRAME.2019010103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/IJICTRAME.2019010103","url":null,"abstract":"This article critically analyzes a project executed for the John Ogonowski and Doug Bereuter Farmer-to-Farmer Program which provides technical assistance with volunteers from the United States to farmers, agricultural institutions, and government organizations involved in agriculture such as the Ministry of Agriculture. In Guinea, the focus is on computer literacy as more sectors of agriculture rely on computing technology. These skills range from basic computing tasks such as creating databases to more advanced items such as programming global positional systems. This study looks at findings, based on the analysis of the system usability scale results from a sample of 16 participants. The findings demonstrated that the training proved to be effective for the participants and continued training is necessary. As a result of training, 62.5% of the participants ranked above average, as opposed to 43.6% prior to training.","PeriodicalId":418993,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. ICT Res. Afr. Middle East","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124028296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-01DOI: 10.4018/IJICTRAME.2018070104
W. Gomera, G. Oreku
This article describes how loan monitoring tools are integrated applications designed to help Micro Finance Institutions (MFIs) to improve efficiency and effectiveness in loan collection. The task of loan monitoring is monumental to loan officers, forcing them to travel long distances to serve a large number of customers leading to ineffective use of time and money. For that reason, it is of great advantage to have an integrated system that can manage their business with the click of the mobile phone button, allowing MFI and MB to concentrate on their day to day business operations. The application is expected to provide an easy way to track loans and collections from micro businesses owners as well as improving transparency through provision of customers' report. The study conducted through in-depth literature review, interviews, focus group discussion and questionnaire. All this allowed end user participatory approach for good insight to the solution. The data was analyzed through the coding approach (qualitative approach). The test performance through a white and black box was designed and conducted MFI premises.
{"title":"Mobile Phone: A Loan Monitoring Tool for Micro Businesses","authors":"W. Gomera, G. Oreku","doi":"10.4018/IJICTRAME.2018070104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/IJICTRAME.2018070104","url":null,"abstract":"This article describes how loan monitoring tools are integrated applications designed to help Micro Finance Institutions (MFIs) to improve efficiency and effectiveness in loan collection. The task of loan monitoring is monumental to loan officers, forcing them to travel long distances to serve a large number of customers leading to ineffective use of time and money. For that reason, it is of great advantage to have an integrated system that can manage their business with the click of the mobile phone button, allowing MFI and MB to concentrate on their day to day business operations. The application is expected to provide an easy way to track loans and collections from micro businesses owners as well as improving transparency through provision of customers' report. The study conducted through in-depth literature review, interviews, focus group discussion and questionnaire. All this allowed end user participatory approach for good insight to the solution. The data was analyzed through the coding approach (qualitative approach). The test performance through a white and black box was designed and conducted MFI premises.","PeriodicalId":418993,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. ICT Res. Afr. Middle East","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134302239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-01DOI: 10.4018/IJICTRAME.2018070102
Mwanaidi Shafii Msuya
Access to finance is an important factor for the sustainability and growth of business. Lack of finance means that, the business will operate under-optimal and cannot enjoy economies of scale. This article explores the difficulties of informal sector access to formal finance. The author offers means by which information and communication technology (ICT) can help bridge that gap. The study carried out asystematic literature review where several articles from Sub-Saharan Africa were reviewed. The findings show that access to finance is constrained by information asymmetry, lack of collateral, business informality, and bureaucratic procedures for accessing finance. ICT has potential to overcome these challenges by streamlining information flow, providing online collateral registration and reducing administrative processes for loan processing, disbursement and repayment. The findings suggest that, despite the big digital revolution in Africa, little has been done to align the digital world with the challenges of the informal sector.
{"title":"ICT for Improving Financial Access in Informal Sector","authors":"Mwanaidi Shafii Msuya","doi":"10.4018/IJICTRAME.2018070102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/IJICTRAME.2018070102","url":null,"abstract":"Access to finance is an important factor for the sustainability and growth of business. Lack of finance means that, the business will operate under-optimal and cannot enjoy economies of scale. This article explores the difficulties of informal sector access to formal finance. The author offers means by which information and communication technology (ICT) can help bridge that gap. The study carried out asystematic literature review where several articles from Sub-Saharan Africa were reviewed. The findings show that access to finance is constrained by information asymmetry, lack of collateral, business informality, and bureaucratic procedures for accessing finance. ICT has potential to overcome these challenges by streamlining information flow, providing online collateral registration and reducing administrative processes for loan processing, disbursement and repayment. The findings suggest that, despite the big digital revolution in Africa, little has been done to align the digital world with the challenges of the informal sector.","PeriodicalId":418993,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. ICT Res. Afr. Middle East","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130164974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-01DOI: 10.4018/IJICTRAME.2018070103
Omari Gabriel, Dennis M. Lupiana
This article describes how many public organizations today are embracing ICT; the use of ICT has become widespread in every aspect of the organizations' endeavors in supporting and evolving public service delivery. The widespread use of ICT has caused a serious reliance on ICT, which in this atmosphere involves business reengineering, change of organization culture which requires good management. ICT strategic plans as a managerial tool will rationalize ICT solutions and coordinate all efforts. It is noticed that public organizations in Tanzania are marginally use ICT; therefore, this article identifies internal control mechanisms and ICT challenges that affect ICT strategic plan implementation. Four public organizations were chosen and 24 respondents were interviewed from these organizations. Analysis of data showed both internal control mechanisms and ICT strategic plan executor capabilities affects ICT strategic plans implementation. Lastly, this article recommends public organizations to put in internal control mechanisms for successfully implementing ICT strategic plans as well as to address executor issues.
{"title":"Implementation of ICT Strategic Plans in Public Organizations of Developing Countries: A Case of Tanzania","authors":"Omari Gabriel, Dennis M. Lupiana","doi":"10.4018/IJICTRAME.2018070103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/IJICTRAME.2018070103","url":null,"abstract":"This article describes how many public organizations today are embracing ICT; the use of ICT has become widespread in every aspect of the organizations' endeavors in supporting and evolving public service delivery. The widespread use of ICT has caused a serious reliance on ICT, which in this atmosphere involves business reengineering, change of organization culture which requires good management. ICT strategic plans as a managerial tool will rationalize ICT solutions and coordinate all efforts. It is noticed that public organizations in Tanzania are marginally use ICT; therefore, this article identifies internal control mechanisms and ICT challenges that affect ICT strategic plan implementation. Four public organizations were chosen and 24 respondents were interviewed from these organizations. Analysis of data showed both internal control mechanisms and ICT strategic plan executor capabilities affects ICT strategic plans implementation. Lastly, this article recommends public organizations to put in internal control mechanisms for successfully implementing ICT strategic plans as well as to address executor issues.","PeriodicalId":418993,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. ICT Res. Afr. Middle East","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128912335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-01DOI: 10.4018/IJICTRAME.2018070101
P. Raeth
Commercial control of the world's published literature has grown to the point where costs are prohibitive for developing nations. This article describes a computer engineer's response to this problem. The result is a publicly-accessible meta-search engine that focuses on open-access sources. With one set of keywords, this engine searches many engines at the same time. It has been used to help develop entire courses based solely on open-access literature. While there are excellent search capabilities for open-access literature that deliver full and searchable text, none of these cover the entire space. To examine a larger space, one must manually employ numerous engines. Herein is a discussion, background, vision, and top-level dataflow for the author's publicly-accessible meta-search engine that evolves with the needs of education, training, and industry.
{"title":"Accessing Quality Open-Access Literature to Enable Teaching, Learning, and Industry","authors":"P. Raeth","doi":"10.4018/IJICTRAME.2018070101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/IJICTRAME.2018070101","url":null,"abstract":"Commercial control of the world's published literature has grown to the point where costs are prohibitive for developing nations. This article describes a computer engineer's response to this problem. The result is a publicly-accessible meta-search engine that focuses on open-access sources. With one set of keywords, this engine searches many engines at the same time. It has been used to help develop entire courses based solely on open-access literature. While there are excellent search capabilities for open-access literature that deliver full and searchable text, none of these cover the entire space. To examine a larger space, one must manually employ numerous engines. Herein is a discussion, background, vision, and top-level dataflow for the author's publicly-accessible meta-search engine that evolves with the needs of education, training, and industry.","PeriodicalId":418993,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. ICT Res. Afr. Middle East","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122868637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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