Abstract The railway is one of the cheapest methods to transport people and heavy goods. It is safer than highways. In Iraq, many railways connect the south country with the middle and north, which are old, damaged, and need to continued maintenance. Iraq needs to construct new lines of the rail track with low-cost, less maintenance, and highly stable structure, which requires understanding the behavior of rail track under train loads and the pattern of distribution of deformations, stresses, and strains inside the body of rail track and know the layer which more effected by changing the strength of ballast layer by change modulus of elasticity of it. This paper investigates the influence of modulus of elasticity of the ballast layer on the behavior of railways and the positions of deformation, stresses, and strains in the rail track which is most affected by the change in the modulus of elasticity and the value of the effect. The finite element approach was considered in this study using Abaqus Ver. 6.14-4 program. The investigation outcomes displayed that when the ballast layer’s modulus of elasticity E increase by 100 MPa, the value of deformation in the rail track is affected in all layers, and the value of decreased is 6.8 % for rail, 6.9 % for ballast, and 6.7 % for the sub-ballast layer. Therefore the strain of the sub-ballast layer is affected by the change modulus of elasticity of the ballast layer more than other ballast and subgrade. Also, the result shows that stresses in the rail are the only part of the rail track affected by the change in the ballast layer’s modulus of elasticity E, while the other layers are unaffected. So the increase in E of the ballast layer affects the layer beneath it, which is the sub-ballast layer.
摘要 铁路是运输人员和重型货物最廉价的方法之一。它比高速公路更安全。在伊拉克，许多铁路连接着该国南部和中部及北部，这些铁路老旧、损坏严重，需要持续维护。伊拉克需要建造成本低、维护少、结构高度稳定的新铁路线，这就需要了解铁路在列车载荷作用下的行为以及铁路主体内部变形、应力和应变的分布模式，并了解通过改变无砟轨道层的弹性模量来改变其强度对哪一层影响更大。本文研究了无砟轨道层弹性模量对铁路行为的影响，以及受弹性模量变化影响最大的轨道变形、应力和应变位置及其影响值。本研究使用 Abaqus Ver. 6.14-4 程序考虑了有限元方法。研究结果表明，当无砟轨道层的弹性模量 E 增加 100 兆帕时，轨道各层的变形值都会受到影响，其中轨道的变形值减少了 6.8%，无砟轨道层的变形值减少了 6.9%，有砟轨道层的变形值减少了 6.7%。因此，有砟层弹性模量的变化对有砟层应变的影响大于其他有砟层和基层。此外，结果表明，轨道应力是轨道中唯一受无砟层弹性模量 E 变化影响的部分，而其他层则不受影响。因此，无砟层弹性模量 E 的增加会影响其下的层，即底砟层。
{"title":"Investigation of the Most Positions Affected in Rail Track When the Modulus of Elasticity of the Ballast Layer is Changed","authors":"Zaman Alani, Adnan Q. Mohammed, Maysloon Zaidan","doi":"10.2478/cee-2023-0051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cee-2023-0051","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The railway is one of the cheapest methods to transport people and heavy goods. It is safer than highways. In Iraq, many railways connect the south country with the middle and north, which are old, damaged, and need to continued maintenance. Iraq needs to construct new lines of the rail track with low-cost, less maintenance, and highly stable structure, which requires understanding the behavior of rail track under train loads and the pattern of distribution of deformations, stresses, and strains inside the body of rail track and know the layer which more effected by changing the strength of ballast layer by change modulus of elasticity of it. This paper investigates the influence of modulus of elasticity of the ballast layer on the behavior of railways and the positions of deformation, stresses, and strains in the rail track which is most affected by the change in the modulus of elasticity and the value of the effect. The finite element approach was considered in this study using Abaqus Ver. 6.14-4 program. The investigation outcomes displayed that when the ballast layer’s modulus of elasticity E increase by 100 MPa, the value of deformation in the rail track is affected in all layers, and the value of decreased is 6.8 % for rail, 6.9 % for ballast, and 6.7 % for the sub-ballast layer. Therefore the strain of the sub-ballast layer is affected by the change modulus of elasticity of the ballast layer more than other ballast and subgrade. Also, the result shows that stresses in the rail are the only part of the rail track affected by the change in the ballast layer’s modulus of elasticity E, while the other layers are unaffected. So the increase in E of the ballast layer affects the layer beneath it, which is the sub-ballast layer.","PeriodicalId":42034,"journal":{"name":"Civil and Environmental Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139019735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Soils that exhibit high volume change when its water content is changed are considered collapsible soils. Gypseous soils are one of the main types of collapsible soils which can be found in arid and semiarid areas. In this study, the effect of initial water content on the collapsibility properties of natural and treated gypseous soils with 5% of cement is experimentally investigated. The soils tested at different initial moisture content i.e. 5 %, 10 %, 15 %, 20 %. Two types of soil were used with different gypsum content 28.43 % and 43.62 % named soil 1 and soil 2 respectively. The soils were taken from Tikrit city in Saladin governorate – Iraq. The results show that the initial water content has significant effect on the collapse potential. The reduction in collapse for natural soils reaches up to 70 % when the initial water content was 20 %. Furthermore, the reduction in collapse for natural soils was greater than that for treated soils with different initial water content. It can be concluded that increasing initial water content can reduce the sudden collapse which is a major problem.
{"title":"Effect of Initial Water Content on the Collapsibility of Natural and Cement-Treated Gypseous Soils","authors":"M. Jassam, A. Abd, M. A. Hussein","doi":"10.2478/cee-2023-0055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cee-2023-0055","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Soils that exhibit high volume change when its water content is changed are considered collapsible soils. Gypseous soils are one of the main types of collapsible soils which can be found in arid and semiarid areas. In this study, the effect of initial water content on the collapsibility properties of natural and treated gypseous soils with 5% of cement is experimentally investigated. The soils tested at different initial moisture content i.e. 5 %, 10 %, 15 %, 20 %. Two types of soil were used with different gypsum content 28.43 % and 43.62 % named soil 1 and soil 2 respectively. The soils were taken from Tikrit city in Saladin governorate – Iraq. The results show that the initial water content has significant effect on the collapse potential. The reduction in collapse for natural soils reaches up to 70 % when the initial water content was 20 %. Furthermore, the reduction in collapse for natural soils was greater than that for treated soils with different initial water content. It can be concluded that increasing initial water content can reduce the sudden collapse which is a major problem.","PeriodicalId":42034,"journal":{"name":"Civil and Environmental Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139017209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Bacterial self-healing concrete is an eco-friendly and superior treatment technique that has efficient bonding capacity and compatibility with concrete compositions. It is capable of filling deep microcracks and healing the crack autonomously by calcium carbonate precipitating phenomenon which results in sustainable construction materials. The purpose of this research is to investigate the use of microorganisms Bacillus Subtilis to improve the mechanical properties and the efficiency of self-healing of reinforced concrete beams for two types of concrete, reactive powder concrete (RPC), and lightweight self-compacting concrete (LWASCC), by two methods of addition (direct addition, and encapsulation). The experimental program consists of casting six simply supported beams tested under monotonic and repeated loading. Incorporate bacteria and the precursor (calcium lactate) in concrete mixtures show an improvement in compressive strength, splitting, and flexural strength by up to 21.74 %, 10.92 %, 21.21 % by encapsulation method, and 17.7 %, 18.0 %, 20.84 % by direct addition. In addition, there is an enhancement in the first crack load and ultimate load. Microscopical image demonstrated that calcium carbonates had been deposited in the crack up to 1.0 mm width by bacterial activity within 32 days.
{"title":"Investigation of the Flexural Behavior of Bacterial Concrete Beams","authors":"Mohammed T. Hind, Ahmed S. Ali","doi":"10.2478/cee-2023-0043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cee-2023-0043","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Bacterial self-healing concrete is an eco-friendly and superior treatment technique that has efficient bonding capacity and compatibility with concrete compositions. It is capable of filling deep microcracks and healing the crack autonomously by calcium carbonate precipitating phenomenon which results in sustainable construction materials. The purpose of this research is to investigate the use of microorganisms Bacillus Subtilis to improve the mechanical properties and the efficiency of self-healing of reinforced concrete beams for two types of concrete, reactive powder concrete (RPC), and lightweight self-compacting concrete (LWASCC), by two methods of addition (direct addition, and encapsulation). The experimental program consists of casting six simply supported beams tested under monotonic and repeated loading. Incorporate bacteria and the precursor (calcium lactate) in concrete mixtures show an improvement in compressive strength, splitting, and flexural strength by up to 21.74 %, 10.92 %, 21.21 % by encapsulation method, and 17.7 %, 18.0 %, 20.84 % by direct addition. In addition, there is an enhancement in the first crack load and ultimate load. Microscopical image demonstrated that calcium carbonates had been deposited in the crack up to 1.0 mm width by bacterial activity within 32 days.","PeriodicalId":42034,"journal":{"name":"Civil and Environmental Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139019185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Fixed offshore platforms are structures of steel or concrete located in the middle of the sea used to export oil, trade, or military. These are designed to withstand all types of weather and dynamic loads. The response was very high under applied these loads. This paper includes a proposal to apply a new isolation system to be placed in different places on the offshore platform to reduce vibrations from high water waves. Three cases that be used, fixed-based (column connect directly to the pile), isolation system in the pile head (isolation between column and pile), and isolation system in the pile head and the middle of columns. The dynamic movements in waves were simulated using ABAQUS programs. More accurate elements and real material properties were used to bring the results closer to reality. The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method was used to study the effect of water-structure interaction and soil-structure interaction. The results show that the use of the isolation system at the base of the offshore platform has a very significant effect on decreasing the response of the platform to the loads placed on it. Where the isolation system works as a hinge at the pile head and is not allowed to move and rotate for the pile, also the moments are zero. As for the shear force, it is the least that can be compared with the other cases.
{"title":"Used Isolation System to Reduce the Response of Offshore Structure Considering Soil Structure Interaction","authors":"A. Hasan, Yahya Mohammad Younus","doi":"10.2478/cee-2023-0060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cee-2023-0060","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Fixed offshore platforms are structures of steel or concrete located in the middle of the sea used to export oil, trade, or military. These are designed to withstand all types of weather and dynamic loads. The response was very high under applied these loads. This paper includes a proposal to apply a new isolation system to be placed in different places on the offshore platform to reduce vibrations from high water waves. Three cases that be used, fixed-based (column connect directly to the pile), isolation system in the pile head (isolation between column and pile), and isolation system in the pile head and the middle of columns. The dynamic movements in waves were simulated using ABAQUS programs. More accurate elements and real material properties were used to bring the results closer to reality. The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method was used to study the effect of water-structure interaction and soil-structure interaction. The results show that the use of the isolation system at the base of the offshore platform has a very significant effect on decreasing the response of the platform to the loads placed on it. Where the isolation system works as a hinge at the pile head and is not allowed to move and rotate for the pile, also the moments are zero. As for the shear force, it is the least that can be compared with the other cases.","PeriodicalId":42034,"journal":{"name":"Civil and Environmental Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139024125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The study analyzed the current situation of public hospitals in the capital of Baghdad exclusively and diagnosed the resources available; especially after the high demand for these hospitals as a result of the citizen’s need to review the hospital to take care of them, especially after the Corona pandemic. Eight major hospitals in Baghdad were selected to determine the current reality of providing fire safety tools or equipment and what are the preventive measures needed to reduce it. The results after practical study showed many defects and weaknesses in the current situation due to their reliance on the traditional management to manage and provide all preventive measures and safety tools, which was also confirmed by the results of the field survey that indicated a large gap and absence of an internal protection system against fire accidents. The study concludes by suggesting basic alternatives to improve the safety of hospital buildings, including improving system evaluation, establishing a management system for firefighting equipment, periodic monitoring and accident analysis, and establishing a reliability management system for safety training. The study recommends to activating a new management system to improve the current utilization in Iraqi public hospitals.
{"title":"Managing the Utilization of Preventive Measures for Fire Resistance in the Hospitals","authors":"Meervat R. Altaie, I. Muhsin, M. M. Dishar","doi":"10.2478/cee-2023-0047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cee-2023-0047","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The study analyzed the current situation of public hospitals in the capital of Baghdad exclusively and diagnosed the resources available; especially after the high demand for these hospitals as a result of the citizen’s need to review the hospital to take care of them, especially after the Corona pandemic. Eight major hospitals in Baghdad were selected to determine the current reality of providing fire safety tools or equipment and what are the preventive measures needed to reduce it. The results after practical study showed many defects and weaknesses in the current situation due to their reliance on the traditional management to manage and provide all preventive measures and safety tools, which was also confirmed by the results of the field survey that indicated a large gap and absence of an internal protection system against fire accidents. The study concludes by suggesting basic alternatives to improve the safety of hospital buildings, including improving system evaluation, establishing a management system for firefighting equipment, periodic monitoring and accident analysis, and establishing a reliability management system for safety training. The study recommends to activating a new management system to improve the current utilization in Iraqi public hospitals.","PeriodicalId":42034,"journal":{"name":"Civil and Environmental Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139021328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This study focused on the effect of trapped water on the bearing capacity of PVC pipe pile foundations. This research is divided into two models. The first model (pressure cap pipe pole) and the second model (open press pipe pole) each consist of four variations of PVC pipe diameters of 5.08 cm, 6.35 cm, 7.62 cm, and 10.16 cm (standard size PVC pipe diameter) with the same length of 30 cm. In the first type, all pipes are tightly closed at their upper ends. In the second type, all upper-end caps are given two holes, each with a diameter of 0.5 cm. Each pipe pile is alternately piled into soft soil with a moisture content of 98.8% is in a glass box measuring 120 cm x 20 cm x 60 cm. The test results of the load against decrease were analyzed using the Mazurkiwicks interpretation method. The bearing capacity of the end of the pole (Qp) along with the air trapped in the pipe pile (QA) can increase the carrying capacity of important poles compared to the carrying capacity of the pole side (Qs). PVC pipe poles belong to the floating pile foundation group due to the influence of air trapped inside the pile.
{"title":"Bearing Capacity Analysis of Floating Foundation Model in Homogeneous Very Soft Clay","authors":"S. Srihandayani, A. Hakam, Mas Mera, F. Ismail","doi":"10.2478/cee-2023-0069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cee-2023-0069","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study focused on the effect of trapped water on the bearing capacity of PVC pipe pile foundations. This research is divided into two models. The first model (pressure cap pipe pole) and the second model (open press pipe pole) each consist of four variations of PVC pipe diameters of 5.08 cm, 6.35 cm, 7.62 cm, and 10.16 cm (standard size PVC pipe diameter) with the same length of 30 cm. In the first type, all pipes are tightly closed at their upper ends. In the second type, all upper-end caps are given two holes, each with a diameter of 0.5 cm. Each pipe pile is alternately piled into soft soil with a moisture content of 98.8% is in a glass box measuring 120 cm x 20 cm x 60 cm. The test results of the load against decrease were analyzed using the Mazurkiwicks interpretation method. The bearing capacity of the end of the pole (Qp) along with the air trapped in the pipe pile (QA) can increase the carrying capacity of important poles compared to the carrying capacity of the pole side (Qs). PVC pipe poles belong to the floating pile foundation group due to the influence of air trapped inside the pile.","PeriodicalId":42034,"journal":{"name":"Civil and Environmental Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139023331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The article presents the possibilities of utilizing waste from the automotive industry, namely old tires, in constructing pavements. The application of shredded rubber creates conditions for devulcanization, which improves the rheological properties of the binder and ensures its better dissolution in asphalt. The focus is on assessing the condition of the pavement surface, measuring the noise level in the vicinity of the road, and quantifying and evaluating the cost of implementing an asphalt pavement design with a crumb rubber modifier (CRM). A visual inspection was performed after 6 years of pavement life. Based on the inspection outputs, the pavement surface structure was in a favourable condition with no permanent deformations. Verifying the acoustic properties showed a noise reduction compared to the road section with the modified asphalt pavement surface. Currently, the price of rubber-modified asphalt for pavement in Slovakia is on average 10 to 15 % higher than the price of other modified mixes. However, we can conclude that pavements with CRM are economically and especially ecologically more advantageous in the long run.
{"title":"Research on the Long-Term Acoustic Efficiency of Asphalt Mixtures Using CRM in Test Sections of Slovak Roads","authors":"Katarína Hodásová, Mária Trojanová, Andrej Rubint","doi":"10.2478/cee-2023-0053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cee-2023-0053","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The article presents the possibilities of utilizing waste from the automotive industry, namely old tires, in constructing pavements. The application of shredded rubber creates conditions for devulcanization, which improves the rheological properties of the binder and ensures its better dissolution in asphalt. The focus is on assessing the condition of the pavement surface, measuring the noise level in the vicinity of the road, and quantifying and evaluating the cost of implementing an asphalt pavement design with a crumb rubber modifier (CRM). A visual inspection was performed after 6 years of pavement life. Based on the inspection outputs, the pavement surface structure was in a favourable condition with no permanent deformations. Verifying the acoustic properties showed a noise reduction compared to the road section with the modified asphalt pavement surface. Currently, the price of rubber-modified asphalt for pavement in Slovakia is on average 10 to 15 % higher than the price of other modified mixes. However, we can conclude that pavements with CRM are economically and especially ecologically more advantageous in the long run.","PeriodicalId":42034,"journal":{"name":"Civil and Environmental Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138992561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The paper deals with the reconstruction of four-span bridge carrying the third-class road over the Hron river nearby village Hronovce. The need of immediate reconstruction of the bridge object was evocated by an accident of the middle pier. The reconstruction consisted of two phases: the sanitation of the substructure and the replacement of the original superstructure, which was in bad technical condition. This paper deals mainly with the second stage, e.g., the design of new superstructure, which was suggested as a continuous, three-span steel and concrete composite structure.
{"title":"Reconstruction of the Bridge Over the Hron River in Village Hronovce","authors":"Jozef Vičan, J. Gocál, J. Odrobiňák","doi":"10.2478/cee-2023-0066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cee-2023-0066","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The paper deals with the reconstruction of four-span bridge carrying the third-class road over the Hron river nearby village Hronovce. The need of immediate reconstruction of the bridge object was evocated by an accident of the middle pier. The reconstruction consisted of two phases: the sanitation of the substructure and the replacement of the original superstructure, which was in bad technical condition. This paper deals mainly with the second stage, e.g., the design of new superstructure, which was suggested as a continuous, three-span steel and concrete composite structure.","PeriodicalId":42034,"journal":{"name":"Civil and Environmental Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139016584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The current work is directed to study the variation of suction with time and soil water characteristics curve (SWCC) for natural and treated gypseous soil treated with two types of additive (lime and silica fume) compacted at different initial degrees of saturation S0 = 20 and 50 %. Soil subjected to wetting in an upward direction. Three types of gypsum soils were experimented with different gypsum content 15, 35, and 60 % taken from various sites in Salah Al-dean government, Iraq. The main results show that the air-entry value, residual values, and the time required for the entire saturation stage increases with increasing gypsum content and treatment with lime and silica fume and they for soil treated with silica fume are greater than for soil treated with lime. The rate of flow for soil treated with silica fume is less than that of soil treated with lime. The treated soil is more effective in increasing the time required for the entire saturation stage and decreasing the rate of flow when compacted at an effective degree of saturation S0 = 50 %.
{"title":"Suction Variation of Natural and Treated Unsaturated Gypseous Soils During Wetting","authors":"I. Hussein, M. Jassam","doi":"10.2478/cee-2023-0052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cee-2023-0052","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The current work is directed to study the variation of suction with time and soil water characteristics curve (SWCC) for natural and treated gypseous soil treated with two types of additive (lime and silica fume) compacted at different initial degrees of saturation S0 = 20 and 50 %. Soil subjected to wetting in an upward direction. Three types of gypsum soils were experimented with different gypsum content 15, 35, and 60 % taken from various sites in Salah Al-dean government, Iraq. The main results show that the air-entry value, residual values, and the time required for the entire saturation stage increases with increasing gypsum content and treatment with lime and silica fume and they for soil treated with silica fume are greater than for soil treated with lime. The rate of flow for soil treated with silica fume is less than that of soil treated with lime. The treated soil is more effective in increasing the time required for the entire saturation stage and decreasing the rate of flow when compacted at an effective degree of saturation S0 = 50 %.","PeriodicalId":42034,"journal":{"name":"Civil and Environmental Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139021382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Mammeri, M. Lallam, Salah Eddine Guellati, Mohsen Shamsaei
Abstract Soil compaction is a significant parameter for road construction projects. Since materials and soil compaction play important roles in the stability and durability of roads. This study focuses on the importance of the problems related to water resources in arid regions, considering both the economy and the population in these areas. For this reason, the local materials in Bechar (Algeria) were used to enhance the road construction process. Hence, using the combination of tuff and limestone sand (LS) materials to minimize the amount of water for the road construction compaction is investigated. Different combinations, including 100% tuff, 80% tuff and 20% limestone sand, 70% tuff and 30% limestone sand, and 60% tuff and 40% limestone sand, were evaluated with the Proctor and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests. The test results showed that using 60% tuff and 40% limestone sand resulted in the minimum water content of 10.5% compared to other combinations of tuff and limestone sand of this study, and it will be beneficial in arid regions where there is a water shortage. Three different percentages of lime (1%,2%, and 3%) were also added to the optimum mixture. However, the results showed that adding this material has no significant mechanical effects.
{"title":"Using Tuff and Limestone Sand to Minimize Water Consumption of Pavement Construction in Arid Regions","authors":"A. Mammeri, M. Lallam, Salah Eddine Guellati, Mohsen Shamsaei","doi":"10.2478/cee-2023-0057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cee-2023-0057","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Soil compaction is a significant parameter for road construction projects. Since materials and soil compaction play important roles in the stability and durability of roads. This study focuses on the importance of the problems related to water resources in arid regions, considering both the economy and the population in these areas. For this reason, the local materials in Bechar (Algeria) were used to enhance the road construction process. Hence, using the combination of tuff and limestone sand (LS) materials to minimize the amount of water for the road construction compaction is investigated. Different combinations, including 100% tuff, 80% tuff and 20% limestone sand, 70% tuff and 30% limestone sand, and 60% tuff and 40% limestone sand, were evaluated with the Proctor and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests. The test results showed that using 60% tuff and 40% limestone sand resulted in the minimum water content of 10.5% compared to other combinations of tuff and limestone sand of this study, and it will be beneficial in arid regions where there is a water shortage. Three different percentages of lime (1%,2%, and 3%) were also added to the optimum mixture. However, the results showed that adding this material has no significant mechanical effects.","PeriodicalId":42034,"journal":{"name":"Civil and Environmental Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138992655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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