Pub Date : 1980-04-01DOI: 10.1017/S0163548400002454
Daymon W. Thatch
This study reports the development of a computer assisted testing (CAT) system and the use of this system over the past five years to develop a normative testing tool in an introductory microeconomics theory course. The CAT system is more than a testing tool and can be used to aid in instructional improvement by pinpointing difficulties in technical material areas, levels of learning abilities, general lack of understanding and patterns of mathematical, graphic and written problems. It would appear that the techniques used to develop the normative tests in this report could also be used to develop individual standarized examinations tailored to the learning objectives in other courses.
{"title":"Use Of Computer Testing Feedback For Instructional Improvement","authors":"Daymon W. Thatch","doi":"10.1017/S0163548400002454","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0163548400002454","url":null,"abstract":"This study reports the development of a computer assisted testing (CAT) system and the use of this system over the past five years to develop a normative testing tool in an introductory microeconomics theory course. The CAT system is more than a testing tool and can be used to aid in instructional improvement by pinpointing difficulties in technical material areas, levels of learning abilities, general lack of understanding and patterns of mathematical, graphic and written problems. It would appear that the techniques used to develop the normative tests in this report could also be used to develop individual standarized examinations tailored to the learning objectives in other courses.","PeriodicalId":421915,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Northeastern Agricultural Economics Council","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1980-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125741125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1980-04-01DOI: 10.1017/S016354840000234X
R. L. Christensen
Transportation costs between production regions affect interregional competitive relations. Rising fuel costs have substantially changed the transfer cost function for motortruck transport. A method for estimating the direct impact on consumer and producer prices of fuel cost increases is presented . Example computations are made for long distance transport of vegetables, eggs, meat, and milk to illustrate the methodology. The implication of markup procedures by marketing firms on consumer prices is shown. Differential impacts on producers depend on the type of food product and scale of operation in New England. Impacts on consumer food budgets are suggested .
{"title":"Estimating The Impact Of Rising Transportation Fuel Costs On The Competitive Position Of New England Agriculture","authors":"R. L. Christensen","doi":"10.1017/S016354840000234X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S016354840000234X","url":null,"abstract":"Transportation costs between production regions affect interregional competitive relations. Rising fuel costs have substantially changed the transfer cost function for motortruck transport. A method for estimating the direct impact on consumer and producer prices of fuel cost increases is presented . Example computations are made for long distance transport of vegetables, eggs, meat, and milk to illustrate the methodology. The implication of markup procedures by marketing firms on consumer prices is shown. Differential impacts on producers depend on the type of food product and scale of operation in New England. Impacts on consumer food budgets are suggested .","PeriodicalId":421915,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Northeastern Agricultural Economics Council","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1980-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130494723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1980-04-01DOI: 10.1017/S0163548400002508
T. Stevens, P. Allen
A number of economists have examined the effects of solitude (or its inverse, congestion) on outdoor recreation demand. For example, McConnell ( 1977) and Allen and Stevens ( 1979) found that the willingness to pay and consumer surplus of users of outdoor recreation facilities were related to disruptions in solitude. These studies did not, however, identify a demand schedule for solitude. In the absence of this information, the benefits of nonmarginal changes in solitude cannot be determined. In this note we apply the theory of hedonic prices to specify a demand function for solitude. Cross-sectional data of campers in Western Massachusetts were used to estimate a set of implicit marginal prices and to derive the demand function . The benefits associated with nonmarginal increases in solitude were then obtained by integrating over the estimated demand function . Our results are tentativeindeed, the primary purpose of this note is to stimulate discussion and interest in the use of the hedonic technique .
许多经济学家研究了独处(或与其相反的拥堵)对户外娱乐需求的影响。例如，McConnell(1977)和Allen and Stevens(1979)发现户外娱乐设施使用者的支付意愿和消费者剩余与独处中断有关。然而，这些研究并没有确定独处的需求时间表。在缺乏这些信息的情况下，无法确定独处的非边际变化的好处。在本文中，我们应用享乐价格理论来指定孤独的需求函数。本文利用马萨诸塞州西部露营者的横断面数据来估计一组隐含的边际价格，并推导出需求函数。然后，通过对估计需求函数进行积分，获得与非边际独处增加相关的收益。我们的结果是尝试性的，这篇文章的主要目的是激发人们对使用享乐技术的讨论和兴趣。
{"title":"OUTDOOR RECREATION, HEDONIC PRICES AND THE DEMAND FOR SOLITUDE: A NOTE","authors":"T. Stevens, P. Allen","doi":"10.1017/S0163548400002508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0163548400002508","url":null,"abstract":"A number of economists have examined the effects of solitude (or its inverse, congestion) on outdoor recreation demand. For example, McConnell ( 1977) and Allen and Stevens ( 1979) found that the willingness to pay and consumer surplus of users of outdoor recreation facilities were related to disruptions in solitude. These studies did not, however, identify a demand schedule for solitude. In the absence of this information, the benefits of nonmarginal changes in solitude cannot be determined. In this note we apply the theory of hedonic prices to specify a demand function for solitude. Cross-sectional data of campers in Western Massachusetts were used to estimate a set of implicit marginal prices and to derive the demand function . The benefits associated with nonmarginal increases in solitude were then obtained by integrating over the estimated demand function . Our results are tentativeindeed, the primary purpose of this note is to stimulate discussion and interest in the use of the hedonic technique .","PeriodicalId":421915,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Northeastern Agricultural Economics Council","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1980-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128584988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1980-04-01DOI: 10.1017/S0163548400002405
G. Elterich, S. M. Masud
Milk supply response by dairy farmers in Delaware was analyzed employing d1stnbuted lag price structures for number of milk cows and milk production per cow. A polynominal distributed lag model is fitted to quarterly data with deflated prices for the period 1966 to 1978. The variations in the number of milk cows is explained by about 98 percent. Farmers react positively to milk prices after l-2 years, while wages and feed prices have a negative impact on cow numbers. Milk production per cow shows positive adjustments to milk prices after 6 to 15 months. Technology and feed prices influence also milk production (R l =.87). While the short-run price elasticity of milk production is only .2, the long-run aggregate elasticity grows to 2.8 percent. Intermediate-run projections of milk supply were also performed with the model.
{"title":"MILK SUPPLY RESPONSE IN DELAWARE","authors":"G. Elterich, S. M. Masud","doi":"10.1017/S0163548400002405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0163548400002405","url":null,"abstract":"Milk supply response by dairy farmers in Delaware was analyzed employing d1stnbuted lag price structures for number of milk cows and milk production per cow. A polynominal distributed lag model is fitted to quarterly data with deflated prices for the period 1966 to 1978. The variations in the number of milk cows is explained by about 98 percent. Farmers react positively to milk prices after l-2 years, while wages and feed prices have a negative impact on cow numbers. Milk production per cow shows positive adjustments to milk prices after 6 to 15 months. Technology and feed prices influence also milk production (R l =.87). While the short-run price elasticity of milk production is only .2, the long-run aggregate elasticity grows to 2.8 percent. Intermediate-run projections of milk supply were also performed with the model.","PeriodicalId":421915,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Northeastern Agricultural Economics Council","volume":"796 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1980-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134098036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1980-04-01DOI: 10.1017/S0163548400002399
W. Lesser, W. Greene
A cost curve for livestock auction markets was estimated using a frontier function estimator. This estimator has the advantages of consistency and asymptotic efficiency (for certain disturbance specifications). The one-sided residuals satisfy theoretical requirements for cost curves and all ow estimates of operational efficiency. Results indicate little size savings above 50,000 LMU, (12 percent of markets in 1976). Estimated operational inefficiencies ranged from 0 to 45 percent. Total technical efficiency (size diseconomies plus operational inefficiencies) are high for some markets and some size groups. Little consolidation is predicted for the industry because the estimated cost of technical inefficiency is small compared to distance related costs (e.g., transport and shrink).
{"title":"ECONOMIES OF SIZE AND OPERATING EFFICIENCY OF LIVESTOCK MARKETS: A FRONTIER FUNCTION APPROACH","authors":"W. Lesser, W. Greene","doi":"10.1017/S0163548400002399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0163548400002399","url":null,"abstract":"A cost curve for livestock auction markets was estimated using a frontier function estimator. This estimator has the advantages of consistency and asymptotic efficiency (for certain disturbance specifications). The one-sided residuals satisfy theoretical requirements for cost curves and all ow estimates of operational efficiency. Results indicate little size savings above 50,000 LMU, (12 percent of markets in 1976). Estimated operational inefficiencies ranged from 0 to 45 percent. Total technical efficiency (size diseconomies plus operational inefficiencies) are high for some markets and some size groups. Little consolidation is predicted for the industry because the estimated cost of technical inefficiency is small compared to distance related costs (e.g., transport and shrink).","PeriodicalId":421915,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Northeastern Agricultural Economics Council","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1980-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131693926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1980-04-01DOI: 10.1017/S0163548400002430
A. W. Nicholls, J. P. Kuehn
This study used least squares regression techniques to estimate the demand for fresh choice beef in the U.S., 1950-1978. From the demand equation, estimates of price, income and cross elasticity of demand were derived. An objective was to determine if elasticity of demand has been decreasing. Problems with pooling of data, serial correlation and multicollinearity were dealt with. Estimated price elasticity of demand was found to be - .62. When this figure was compared to results of other studies (with the consideration that different estimating techniques and time periods were used) it was judged that elasticity of demand for fresh choice beef in the U.S. probably had declined between 1950 and 1978.
{"title":"CHANGES IN THE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND FOR FRESH CHOICE BEEF, 1950-1978","authors":"A. W. Nicholls, J. P. Kuehn","doi":"10.1017/S0163548400002430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0163548400002430","url":null,"abstract":"This study used least squares regression techniques to estimate the demand for fresh choice beef in the U.S., 1950-1978. From the demand equation, estimates of price, income and cross elasticity of demand were derived. An objective was to determine if elasticity of demand has been decreasing. Problems with pooling of data, serial correlation and multicollinearity were dealt with. Estimated price elasticity of demand was found to be - .62. When this figure was compared to results of other studies (with the consideration that different estimating techniques and time periods were used) it was judged that elasticity of demand for fresh choice beef in the U.S. probably had declined between 1950 and 1978.","PeriodicalId":421915,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Northeastern Agricultural Economics Council","volume":"09 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1980-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129805869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1980-04-01DOI: 10.1017/S0163548400002478
B. Morzuch
Multicollinearity among independent variables within a regress ion model is one of the most frequently encountered problems faced by the applied researcher. In a recent article in this Journal (Willis, e1 a/.) , a catalog of"remedies" for multicollinearity was presented to assist in reducing its level and associated adverse consequences . One of these remediesprincipal componentswas suggested as a method oftransforming a set of collinear explanatory variables into new variables that are orthogonal to each other with the first few of these transformed va riables accounting for the majority of the variability in the origina l data set. In principal components regression , a transformed variable is determined to be important a nd included or unimportant and excluded in the regression model depending upon the size of the characteristic root (eigenvalue) associated with its corresponding characteristic vector (eigenvector) (Massy), the statistical significance of its regression coefficient (Mittelhammer and Baritelle) , or some combination of eigenvalue size and correlation with the dependent variable (Johnson, et a/.) . Unfortunately, this technique is widely abused and misunderstood by the applied researcher. Confusion exists with respect to (I) its relationship to other orthogonalization techniques; (2) the meaning of the orthogonalized components and the necessity of transforming the principal component estimators back to the original parameter space; (3) the implications of deleting components and the correspondence of this technique to a particular type of restricted least squares estimator; (4) the proper way to delete components and evaluate these implied restrictions; and (5) actual implementation of this estimation procedure via available computer routines . The purpose of this note, therefore, is to place the technique of principal components in perspective and to suggest a methodology for implementing this technique correctly.
回归模型中自变量之间的多重共线性是应用研究者最常遇到的问题之一。在该杂志最近的一篇文章中(Willis, e1 a/.)，提出了多重共线性的“补救措施”目录，以帮助降低其水平和相关的不良后果。其中一种补救措施-主成分-被建议作为将一组共线性解释变量转换为相互正交的新变量的方法，这些转换后的变量中的前几个占原始数据集中的大部分可变性。在主成分回归中，根据与其对应的特征向量(特征向量)(Massy)相关联的特征根(特征值)的大小，其回归系数(Mittelhammer和Baritelle)的统计显著性，或特征值大小和与因变量的相关性的某种组合(Johnson, et a/.)，确定转换后的变量是重要的，包括或不重要并排除在回归模型中。不幸的是，这种技术被应用研究人员广泛滥用和误解。关于(1)它与其他正交化技术的关系存在混淆;(2)正交化分量的含义和将主分量估计量变换回原参数空间的必要性;(3)删除分量的含义以及该技术与特定类型的受限最小二乘估计的对应关系;(4)删除组件和评估这些隐含限制的正确方法;(5)通过可用的计算机例程实际实现该估计过程。因此，本文的目的是对主成分技术进行透视，并提出正确实现该技术的方法。
{"title":"PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS AND THE PROBLEM OF MULTICOLLINEARITY","authors":"B. Morzuch","doi":"10.1017/S0163548400002478","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0163548400002478","url":null,"abstract":"Multicollinearity among independent variables within a regress ion model is one of the most frequently encountered problems faced by the applied researcher. In a recent article in this Journal (Willis, e1 a/.) , a catalog of\"remedies\" for multicollinearity was presented to assist in reducing its level and associated adverse consequences . One of these remediesprincipal componentswas suggested as a method oftransforming a set of collinear explanatory variables into new variables that are orthogonal to each other with the first few of these transformed va riables accounting for the majority of the variability in the origina l data set. In principal components regression , a transformed variable is determined to be important a nd included or unimportant and excluded in the regression model depending upon the size of the characteristic root (eigenvalue) associated with its corresponding characteristic vector (eigenvector) (Massy), the statistical significance of its regression coefficient (Mittelhammer and Baritelle) , or some combination of eigenvalue size and correlation with the dependent variable (Johnson, et a/.) . Unfortunately, this technique is widely abused and misunderstood by the applied researcher. Confusion exists with respect to (I) its relationship to other orthogonalization techniques; (2) the meaning of the orthogonalized components and the necessity of transforming the principal component estimators back to the original parameter space; (3) the implications of deleting components and the correspondence of this technique to a particular type of restricted least squares estimator; (4) the proper way to delete components and evaluate these implied restrictions; and (5) actual implementation of this estimation procedure via available computer routines . The purpose of this note, therefore, is to place the technique of principal components in perspective and to suggest a methodology for implementing this technique correctly.","PeriodicalId":421915,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Northeastern Agricultural Economics Council","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1980-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116101771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1979-10-01DOI: 10.1017/S0163548400004805
Robert O. Sinclair
{"title":"Innovative Teaching Can be Fun: An Experimental Course Utilizing Interact TV and Films","authors":"Robert O. Sinclair","doi":"10.1017/S0163548400004805","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0163548400004805","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":421915,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Northeastern Agricultural Economics Council","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1979-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126191386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1979-10-01DOI: 10.1017/S016354840000474X
Frederick W. Wackernagel, R. Milligan, W. Knoblauch
{"title":"THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF IMPROVED DRAINAGE ON NORTHERN NEW YORK DAIRY FARMS","authors":"Frederick W. Wackernagel, R. Milligan, W. Knoblauch","doi":"10.1017/S016354840000474X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S016354840000474X","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":421915,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Northeastern Agricultural Economics Council","volume":"138 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1979-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114540008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1979-10-01DOI: 10.1017/S016354840000488X
T. Stevens, M. Baker, S. Beyerlein
{"title":"THE ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF SOLAR HOME HEATING SYSTEMS IN NEW ENGLAND","authors":"T. Stevens, M. Baker, S. Beyerlein","doi":"10.1017/S016354840000488X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S016354840000488X","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":421915,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Northeastern Agricultural Economics Council","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1979-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123692882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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