Pub Date : 1978-10-01DOI: 10.1017/S0163548400002314
R. L. Christensen
{"title":"1978 NAEC Distinguished Member Award","authors":"R. L. Christensen","doi":"10.1017/S0163548400002314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0163548400002314","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":421915,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Northeastern Agricultural Economics Council","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1978-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116482591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1978-10-01DOI: 10.1017/S0163548400002193
D. Colyer
Land values have tended to increase at a substantially more rapid rate than the general level of prices in recent years. There is a growing body of evidence that this is occurring due, in part, to factors other than agricultural opportunity costs, size of parcel, improvements and other factors historically related to land values (Bishop, Bryant, Pasour). Some other factors influencing rural land values seem to include urbanization, investment or speculation, and increasing wealth or incomes. Additional information on the determinants of land values is needed if these phenomena are to be more completely understood. This paper reports on a study of the relationships of socio-economic characteristic of land owners (buyers and sellers) and rural land values.
{"title":"SOCIO-ECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF RURAL LAND VALUES IN GREENBRIER COUNTY, WEST VIRGINIA","authors":"D. Colyer","doi":"10.1017/S0163548400002193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0163548400002193","url":null,"abstract":"Land values have tended to increase at a substantially more rapid rate than the general level of prices in recent years. There is a growing body of evidence that this is occurring due, in part, to factors other than agricultural opportunity costs, size of parcel, improvements and other factors historically related to land values (Bishop, Bryant, Pasour). Some other factors influencing rural land values seem to include urbanization, investment or speculation, and increasing wealth or incomes. Additional information on the determinants of land values is needed if these phenomena are to be more completely understood. This paper reports on a study of the relationships of socio-economic characteristic of land owners (buyers and sellers) and rural land values.","PeriodicalId":421915,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Northeastern Agricultural Economics Council","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1978-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127069227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1978-10-01DOI: 10.1017/S016354840000217X
L. Libby
INTRODUCfiON There are two basic underlying premises for this paper. The first one is that economics is still a useful discipline. That is, an understanding of economic concepts can contribute to a diagnostic analysis of socio-economic change in the Northeast (among other things), identification of policy options, and even choice. Economic paradigms are versatile and mobile. They help people decide how to deal with all difficult social problems. This assertion is certainly not a foregone conclusion and has in fact been contested rather vigorously. In some circles, clearly those less inform,ed, economics as a discipline has been labeled the viilain, the cause for social ills from poor roads to dirty air and water. I would not suggest that all economic advice is good, but that is the fault of the practitioner, not the discipline. Economics, like any other social science, can generate apparent scientific objectivity to support just about any motive of the user. There are virtually no sterile concepts in the discipline. When used to guide choice, all economic principles acquire a normative flavor, inevitably benefiting some interests more than others. Scarcity, the beginning of economics, means interdependence and choice based normative judgments. The challenge for economists as social scientists and particularly as policy analysts is to employ the robustness for the discipline for useful purpose, to provide . insights helpful to policy and avoid being intimidated by our own discipline. This leads me to my second premise, that judgments, prescriptions and analyses by economists are probably as good as or better than those offered by anyone else. We owe itJo ourselves to be involved. My purpose in this paper is to examine several policy issues surrounding our conference theme in the context of providing information useful for decisions. I am not reporting on a specific research project, but will draw on recent studies in suggesting an appropriate research theme. In essence, my assertion is that to be helpful in current efforts by society to render timely, sensitive decisions on use or misuse of natural resources, economists must pay more attention to the process and rules by which rights, access and opportunities to use those resources are distributed among people. First, the straw man.
{"title":"CONFLICTING RIGHTS TO RURAL RESOURCES: A Research Strategy for Improved Public Choice","authors":"L. Libby","doi":"10.1017/S016354840000217X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S016354840000217X","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCfiON There are two basic underlying premises for this paper. The first one is that economics is still a useful discipline. That is, an understanding of economic concepts can contribute to a diagnostic analysis of socio-economic change in the Northeast (among other things), identification of policy options, and even choice. Economic paradigms are versatile and mobile. They help people decide how to deal with all difficult social problems. This assertion is certainly not a foregone conclusion and has in fact been contested rather vigorously. In some circles, clearly those less inform,ed, economics as a discipline has been labeled the viilain, the cause for social ills from poor roads to dirty air and water. I would not suggest that all economic advice is good, but that is the fault of the practitioner, not the discipline. Economics, like any other social science, can generate apparent scientific objectivity to support just about any motive of the user. There are virtually no sterile concepts in the discipline. When used to guide choice, all economic principles acquire a normative flavor, inevitably benefiting some interests more than others. Scarcity, the beginning of economics, means interdependence and choice based normative judgments. The challenge for economists as social scientists and particularly as policy analysts is to employ the robustness for the discipline for useful purpose, to provide . insights helpful to policy and avoid being intimidated by our own discipline. This leads me to my second premise, that judgments, prescriptions and analyses by economists are probably as good as or better than those offered by anyone else. We owe itJo ourselves to be involved. My purpose in this paper is to examine several policy issues surrounding our conference theme in the context of providing information useful for decisions. I am not reporting on a specific research project, but will draw on recent studies in suggesting an appropriate research theme. In essence, my assertion is that to be helpful in current efforts by society to render timely, sensitive decisions on use or misuse of natural resources, economists must pay more attention to the process and rules by which rights, access and opportunities to use those resources are distributed among people. First, the straw man.","PeriodicalId":421915,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Northeastern Agricultural Economics Council","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1978-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129733228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1978-10-01DOI: 10.1017/S0163548400002090
M. Templeton
About 15 years ago a national effort was mounted to provide equal employment opportunity to any person based on the individual's qualifications without regard to race, color, creed, religion, sex, age or national origin . This effort included executive orders which contained guidelines for hiring, promotions, transfers and discharges. 1 The orders sp_ecified that additional job opportunities would be made available to persons who had not previously been given adequate opportunities. What has been occurring in the opportunities for employment of women since these executive orders and affirmative action were initiated? Are the national efforts to improve equal opportunities being noted in various professions, especially agricultural subject matter disciplines? This question can be partially answered by examining enrollments in Agriculture and employment of female graduates. 2 At a time when college enrollments generally have been leveling off or declining, enrollments in agricultural colleges have been increasing. Additionally the agricultural schools are attracting two groups of students who were not attracted in the past-women and city or suburban dwellers. Enrollments in the agricultural schools of the 72land-grant colleges has risen to 98,519 in 1977, up 52 percent from five years before a!ld more than double the figure of a decade ago. The number of women enrolled in these schools had risen to 30,989, about 30 percent of total en.rollment, and up from 13,953 which was abou t 19 percent of the total four years earlier. Thus, women have penetrated into fields considered non-traditional (Angrist, Carnigie Commission, Gordon). To improve on the levels of understanding about job opportunities and problems that are encountered by women in agriculture, adequate and current data are needed. Further, basic information is needed to provide competent and effective counseling and guidance to women students in agriculture. A major purpose of this study was to determine relatively how many females graduated from 1970 through 1976 in agricu 1tural economics, agricultural education and agricultural engineering by utilizing the number of male graduates for comparative purposes. Library research indicated a lack of data on the number of female graduates in such disciplines at the various institutions in the United States. In view of this circumstance it was decided that the study would be based on surveys. Both department chairmen and women graduates were surveyed .
{"title":"WOMEN IN AGRICULTURAL PROFESSIONS","authors":"M. Templeton","doi":"10.1017/S0163548400002090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0163548400002090","url":null,"abstract":"About 15 years ago a national effort was mounted to provide equal employment opportunity to any person based on the individual's qualifications without regard to race, color, creed, religion, sex, age or national origin . This effort included executive orders which contained guidelines for hiring, promotions, transfers and discharges. 1 The orders sp_ecified that additional job opportunities would be made available to persons who had not previously been given adequate opportunities. What has been occurring in the opportunities for employment of women since these executive orders and affirmative action were initiated? Are the national efforts to improve equal opportunities being noted in various professions, especially agricultural subject matter disciplines? This question can be partially answered by examining enrollments in Agriculture and employment of female graduates. 2 At a time when college enrollments generally have been leveling off or declining, enrollments in agricultural colleges have been increasing. Additionally the agricultural schools are attracting two groups of students who were not attracted in the past-women and city or suburban dwellers. Enrollments in the agricultural schools of the 72land-grant colleges has risen to 98,519 in 1977, up 52 percent from five years before a!ld more than double the figure of a decade ago. The number of women enrolled in these schools had risen to 30,989, about 30 percent of total en.rollment, and up from 13,953 which was abou t 19 percent of the total four years earlier. Thus, women have penetrated into fields considered non-traditional (Angrist, Carnigie Commission, Gordon). To improve on the levels of understanding about job opportunities and problems that are encountered by women in agriculture, adequate and current data are needed. Further, basic information is needed to provide competent and effective counseling and guidance to women students in agriculture. A major purpose of this study was to determine relatively how many females graduated from 1970 through 1976 in agricu 1tural economics, agricultural education and agricultural engineering by utilizing the number of male graduates for comparative purposes. Library research indicated a lack of data on the number of female graduates in such disciplines at the various institutions in the United States. In view of this circumstance it was decided that the study would be based on surveys. Both department chairmen and women graduates were surveyed .","PeriodicalId":421915,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Northeastern Agricultural Economics Council","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1978-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122948737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1978-10-01DOI: 10.1017/S0163548400002156
Judy Ohannesian
DEFINITIONS Conventional tillage consists of several operations involving the moldboard plow, springtooth harrow, disk harrow, cultivator and other types of equipment. The ground is tilled to produce a smooth and fine seedbed. Reduced tillage is a technology practiced by an increasing num ber of farmers today. It involves the elimination of as many of . these operations as is technolog~~ally, biologically and econom ically feasible . The different types of reduced tillage can range from systems involving chisel plowing the ground in place of moldboard plowing to no-tillage. Under no-tillage, the seed is placed in soil that still carries the previous crop's residue. Weed control is accomplished through herbicides and the old crop resi due serves as a mulch which suppresses weed growth. Reduced tillage can reduce the amount of labor needed on a farm . In re duced tillage systems where the plowing operation is eliminated, crop residues left on top of the soil reduce moisture loss and soil erosion by wind and water. Legume cover crops can be used to supply nitrogen and provide a mulch cover.
{"title":"ECONOMIC COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVE TILLAGE SYSTEMS FOR DELAWARE GRAIN FARMS","authors":"Judy Ohannesian","doi":"10.1017/S0163548400002156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0163548400002156","url":null,"abstract":"DEFINITIONS Conventional tillage consists of several operations involving the moldboard plow, springtooth harrow, disk harrow, cultivator and other types of equipment. The ground is tilled to produce a smooth and fine seedbed. Reduced tillage is a technology practiced by an increasing num ber of farmers today. It involves the elimination of as many of . these operations as is technolog~~ally, biologically and econom ically feasible . The different types of reduced tillage can range from systems involving chisel plowing the ground in place of moldboard plowing to no-tillage. Under no-tillage, the seed is placed in soil that still carries the previous crop's residue. Weed control is accomplished through herbicides and the old crop resi due serves as a mulch which suppresses weed growth. Reduced tillage can reduce the amount of labor needed on a farm . In re duced tillage systems where the plowing operation is eliminated, crop residues left on top of the soil reduce moisture loss and soil erosion by wind and water. Legume cover crops can be used to supply nitrogen and provide a mulch cover.","PeriodicalId":421915,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Northeastern Agricultural Economics Council","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1978-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114359321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1978-10-01DOI: 10.1017/S0163548400002053
W. Beardsley
{"title":"EFFECTS OF POPULATION REDISTRIBUTION IN THE NORTHEAST","authors":"W. Beardsley","doi":"10.1017/S0163548400002053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0163548400002053","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":421915,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Northeastern Agricultural Economics Council","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1978-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115939997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1978-10-01DOI: 10.1017/S0163548400002144
Wilbert C. Geiss
{"title":"THE NEED FOR MORE FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT A CREDITOR'S VIEWPOINT","authors":"Wilbert C. Geiss","doi":"10.1017/S0163548400002144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0163548400002144","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":421915,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Northeastern Agricultural Economics Council","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1978-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123416816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1978-10-01DOI: 10.1017/S0163548400002259
P. Greenwood
One of the redeeming virtues of the study of economics is that it enables its practitioners to discuss subjects about which they know very little. This paper represents a case in point. The premise of the paper rests on the presumption that aquaculture provides an additional source of aquatic life; this presumption is, of course, true by definition. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the potential of aquaculture to regulate the harvest from natural production, but more importantly the purpose is to consider the difficulties that even relatively simple tools pose for the fishery manager.
{"title":"AQUACULTURE'S POTENTIAL AS A FISHERY MANAGEMENT TOOL","authors":"P. Greenwood","doi":"10.1017/S0163548400002259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0163548400002259","url":null,"abstract":"One of the redeeming virtues of the study of economics is that it enables its practitioners to discuss subjects about which they know very little. This paper represents a case in point. The premise of the paper rests on the presumption that aquaculture provides an additional source of aquatic life; this presumption is, of course, true by definition. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the potential of aquaculture to regulate the harvest from natural production, but more importantly the purpose is to consider the difficulties that even relatively simple tools pose for the fishery manager.","PeriodicalId":421915,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Northeastern Agricultural Economics Council","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1978-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134579603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1978-10-01DOI: 10.1017/S016354840000203X
R. Hildreth
A few years ago, it was unlikely anyone would write a paper on public policy and regulation. The field was reasonably welldeveloped, the issues well-defined, and the consequences of policy alternatives agreed-upon. It was generally agreed that the purpose of government regulation of business was to cure competitive imperfections in the marketplace. Most scholars agreed the regulatory agencies were largely captured by the regulated interests, and there was a comfortable and cooperative relationship between the regulator and-the regulated. Most of the agencies were organized on an industry-by-industry basis, i.e., Interstate Commerce Commission, Civil Aeronautics Board, and the Federal Communications Commission. The Congressional Acts creating the regulatory agencies were general statements which conferred extremely broad powers to the agencies, and provided little specific policy guidance except to tell the agency to act in the public interest. Most students of the politics of regulation described the political relationships as an "iron triangle" that is, a coalition made up of the regulated industry, the regulatory agency, and the congressional subcommittees with jurisdiction over the agency. Business had the power to gain a dominant position in the triangle, but had to operate within the discipline and constraint of the "iron triangle." The net result was that the regulatory agencies did not serve the public interest, but promoted special interest at the expense of the public. Businessmen would complain about regulations, but. did not strongly oppose them. Argument existed in academic quarters as to whether the whole process of regulation was truly concerned with remedying imperfections in the marketplace or was a technique firms used to escape the competitive forces of the marketplace. Recently, new and different phenomenon have appeared on the regulation scene. Horror stories of regulation by new agencies and new regulations by old agencies are coming to the fore. An example was given at the 1976 Public Policy Education Conference by William Allewelt, who is president of the Tri/Valley Growers, a cooperative canning enterprise in California. Allewelt tells the story of the Tri/Valley Growers, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and a mold with the name of geotrichum, viewed as totally harmless by the industry. Wherever fruit is grown, the mold exists in the summertime. Thus, it is impossible to avoid it in the summer season fruit canning operations, as well as in household kitchens. The applicable regulations of the FDA contained no tolerance for this mold. Thus, in effect, the agency mandated a zero tolerance when it decided to be concerned about the mold. Tri/Valley Growers was forced to move from three seven-hour shifts to two shifts working nine to ten hours each, in order to achieve proper sanitation to reduce the level of the mold. This led to an estimated loss of 1800 seasonal jobs in the communities where the fruit canning plants
几年前，不太可能有人会写一篇关于公共政策和监管的论文。这个领域相当发达，问题定义明确，政策选择的后果也得到了一致同意。人们普遍认为，政府监管企业的目的是为了纠正市场上的竞争缺陷。大多数学者认为，监管机构在很大程度上被被监管利益所俘获，监管机构与被监管机构之间存在一种舒适的合作关系。大多数机构是按行业组织的，即州际商务委员会、民用航空委员会和联邦通信委员会。创建监管机构的国会法案是一般性的声明，赋予这些机构极其广泛的权力，除了告诉这些机构为公众利益行事外，几乎没有提供具体的政策指导。大多数研究监管政治的学生将政治关系描述为一个“铁三角”，即由受监管行业、监管机构和对该机构具有管辖权的国会小组委员会组成的联盟。商业有能力在三角中获得主导地位，但必须在“铁三角”的纪律和约束下运作。最终的结果是，监管机构没有为公众利益服务，而是以牺牲公众利益为代价促进特殊利益。商人们会抱怨规章制度，但是。并没有强烈反对他们。学术界存在这样的争论:监管的整个过程是否真的与弥补市场缺陷有关，还是企业用来逃避市场竞争力量的一种技术。近年来，监管领域出现了一些新的不同的现象。新机构的监管和旧机构的新监管的恐怖故事正在浮出水面。在1976年的公共政策教育会议上，加州合作罐头企业“三谷种植者”(Tri/Valley Growers)的总裁威廉·阿勒韦尔(William Allewelt)举了一个例子。Allewelt讲述了Tri/Valley Growers, Food and Drug Administration (FDA)和一种名为geotrichum的霉菌的故事，该霉菌被业界视为完全无害。无论水果生长在哪里，霉菌都存在于夏季。因此，它是不可能避免它在夏季水果罐头操作，以及在家庭厨房。美国食品和药物管理局的适用法规不允许这种霉菌。因此，实际上，当该机构决定关注霉菌时，它强制要求零容忍。Tri/Valley种植者被迫从三个七小时轮班改为两个轮班，每个轮班9到10小时，以实现适当的卫生，减少霉菌的水平。据估计，这导致水果罐头厂所在社区损失了1800个季节性工作岗位
{"title":"PUBLIC POLICY AND REGULATION","authors":"R. Hildreth","doi":"10.1017/S016354840000203X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S016354840000203X","url":null,"abstract":"A few years ago, it was unlikely anyone would write a paper on public policy and regulation. The field was reasonably welldeveloped, the issues well-defined, and the consequences of policy alternatives agreed-upon. It was generally agreed that the purpose of government regulation of business was to cure competitive imperfections in the marketplace. Most scholars agreed the regulatory agencies were largely captured by the regulated interests, and there was a comfortable and cooperative relationship between the regulator and-the regulated. Most of the agencies were organized on an industry-by-industry basis, i.e., Interstate Commerce Commission, Civil Aeronautics Board, and the Federal Communications Commission. The Congressional Acts creating the regulatory agencies were general statements which conferred extremely broad powers to the agencies, and provided little specific policy guidance except to tell the agency to act in the public interest. Most students of the politics of regulation described the political relationships as an \"iron triangle\" that is, a coalition made up of the regulated industry, the regulatory agency, and the congressional subcommittees with jurisdiction over the agency. Business had the power to gain a dominant position in the triangle, but had to operate within the discipline and constraint of the \"iron triangle.\" The net result was that the regulatory agencies did not serve the public interest, but promoted special interest at the expense of the public. Businessmen would complain about regulations, but. did not strongly oppose them. Argument existed in academic quarters as to whether the whole process of regulation was truly concerned with remedying imperfections in the marketplace or was a technique firms used to escape the competitive forces of the marketplace. Recently, new and different phenomenon have appeared on the regulation scene. Horror stories of regulation by new agencies and new regulations by old agencies are coming to the fore. An example was given at the 1976 Public Policy Education Conference by William Allewelt, who is president of the Tri/Valley Growers, a cooperative canning enterprise in California. Allewelt tells the story of the Tri/Valley Growers, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and a mold with the name of geotrichum, viewed as totally harmless by the industry. Wherever fruit is grown, the mold exists in the summertime. Thus, it is impossible to avoid it in the summer season fruit canning operations, as well as in household kitchens. The applicable regulations of the FDA contained no tolerance for this mold. Thus, in effect, the agency mandated a zero tolerance when it decided to be concerned about the mold. Tri/Valley Growers was forced to move from three seven-hour shifts to two shifts working nine to ten hours each, in order to achieve proper sanitation to reduce the level of the mold. This led to an estimated loss of 1800 seasonal jobs in the communities where the fruit canning plants","PeriodicalId":421915,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Northeastern Agricultural Economics Council","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1978-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132542297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1978-04-01DOI: 10.1017/S016354840000193X
G. Elterich
The "Unemployment Compensation Amendments of 1976" 31e expected to insure about two-fifths of all hired agricultural workers. Large interstate variations in the proportion of workers insured result from their cliffering work histories and state's qualifying provisions. Of these insured workers, three- tenths will receive benefits, ranging from about $250 to $1,000 depending upon the state benefit schedule and the worker's employment history. Average benefits amount to 14 percent of earnings of the workers which average $3,613. Nearly one-fourth of the beneficiaries will exhaust their benefit entitlements.
{"title":"COVERAGE OF AGRICULTURAL WORKERS UNDER THE UNEMPLOYMENT COMPENSATION AMENDMENT OF 1976","authors":"G. Elterich","doi":"10.1017/S016354840000193X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S016354840000193X","url":null,"abstract":"The \"Unemployment Compensation Amendments of 1976\" 31e expected to insure about two-fifths of all hired agricultural workers. Large interstate variations in the proportion of workers insured result from their cliffering work histories and state's qualifying provisions. Of these insured workers, three- tenths will receive benefits, ranging from about $250 to $1,000 depending upon the state benefit schedule and the worker's employment history. Average benefits amount to 14 percent of earnings of the workers which average $3,613. Nearly one-fourth of the beneficiaries will exhaust their benefit entitlements.","PeriodicalId":421915,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Northeastern Agricultural Economics Council","volume":"481 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1978-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125038266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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