Pub Date : 1982-06-07DOI: 10.1109/EIC.1982.7464481
M. Gunasekaran
Polymer concrete is a composite material that is gaining interest internationally for a wide variety of applications. By virtue of its relatively low cost, its castability at room temperature, its good mechanical and dielectric properties, this material is being considered for use in outdoor and indoor high voltage insulation applications. This paper traces the historical development of polymer concrete for dielectric applications, and critically discusses the research and development data presently available (including those published for Polysil, a trade-marked version of one type of polymer concrete developed under the auspices of the Electric Power Research Institute of Palo Alto, California). Deficiencies in technical information, which need to to be rectified before the electric utility industry can and will routinely accept polymer concrete as a low-cost alternative to porcelain and epoxy insulation, are discussed. New data on dielectric grade polymer concrete subjected to multiple stress conditions is to be made available during the oral presentation of this paper. Recommendations are put forth for further characterizing polymer concrete to facilitate its ready acceptance in the electric utility industry.
{"title":"Polymer concrete as a dielectric material a critical assessment of the state-of-the-art","authors":"M. Gunasekaran","doi":"10.1109/EIC.1982.7464481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EIC.1982.7464481","url":null,"abstract":"Polymer concrete is a composite material that is gaining interest internationally for a wide variety of applications. By virtue of its relatively low cost, its castability at room temperature, its good mechanical and dielectric properties, this material is being considered for use in outdoor and indoor high voltage insulation applications. This paper traces the historical development of polymer concrete for dielectric applications, and critically discusses the research and development data presently available (including those published for Polysil, a trade-marked version of one type of polymer concrete developed under the auspices of the Electric Power Research Institute of Palo Alto, California). Deficiencies in technical information, which need to to be rectified before the electric utility industry can and will routinely accept polymer concrete as a low-cost alternative to porcelain and epoxy insulation, are discussed. New data on dielectric grade polymer concrete subjected to multiple stress conditions is to be made available during the oral presentation of this paper. Recommendations are put forth for further characterizing polymer concrete to facilitate its ready acceptance in the electric utility industry.","PeriodicalId":422317,"journal":{"name":"1982 IEEE International Conference on Electrical Insulation","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115238198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1982-06-07DOI: 10.1109/EIC.1982.7464487
P. Girdinio, G. Liberti, P. Molfino, G. Molinari
To provide data to the designer of high voltage cryogenic apparatuses, a statistical investigation is performed on the breakdown strength of liquid helium. Tests are performed under as controlled as possible conditions, with gaps in the millimeter range, bath with IEC spherical bowl electrodes and cylindrical electrodes. The gap effect and the influence of test conditions are investigated with IEC electrodes, whereas with cylindrical electrodes is performed an analysis of the area effect. The main statistical parameters of the data test sets are calculated and reported, and the obtained results are discussed.
{"title":"A statistical investigation on the breakdown strength of liquid helium with IEC and cylindrical electrodes","authors":"P. Girdinio, G. Liberti, P. Molfino, G. Molinari","doi":"10.1109/EIC.1982.7464487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EIC.1982.7464487","url":null,"abstract":"To provide data to the designer of high voltage cryogenic apparatuses, a statistical investigation is performed on the breakdown strength of liquid helium. Tests are performed under as controlled as possible conditions, with gaps in the millimeter range, bath with IEC spherical bowl electrodes and cylindrical electrodes. The gap effect and the influence of test conditions are investigated with IEC electrodes, whereas with cylindrical electrodes is performed an analysis of the area effect. The main statistical parameters of the data test sets are calculated and reported, and the obtained results are discussed.","PeriodicalId":422317,"journal":{"name":"1982 IEEE International Conference on Electrical Insulation","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128783883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1982-06-07DOI: 10.1109/EIC.1982.7464458
M. Nishida, N. Yoshimura, F. Noto
This paper discusses a possible propagation process of carbon path, on the basis of results of color spectrum of discharge in tracking breakdown of organic insulating materials by means of the IEC 112 method.
根据iec112法跟踪有机绝缘材料击穿时的放电色谱结果，讨论了碳路径可能的传播过程。
{"title":"Propagation process of carbon path and spectral color characteristics of scintillation in tracking breakdown of organic insulating materials","authors":"M. Nishida, N. Yoshimura, F. Noto","doi":"10.1109/EIC.1982.7464458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EIC.1982.7464458","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses a possible propagation process of carbon path, on the basis of results of color spectrum of discharge in tracking breakdown of organic insulating materials by means of the IEC 112 method.","PeriodicalId":422317,"journal":{"name":"1982 IEEE International Conference on Electrical Insulation","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122131302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1982-06-07DOI: 10.1109/EIC.1982.7464467
Y. Safar, A. Qureshi, N. Malik
Breakdown and corona inception voltages were measured for SF6, N2 mixtures using rod-plane gaps and positive impulse applied voltage. The results are in general agreement with previously publisbed reports. Corona discharges in these gases were also investigated The results indicate that in N2, streamer type corona exists. In SF6 - N2 mixtures with ≥ 1% of SF6 content, streamer type corona exists from 0.5 to 1 bar, whereas leader /streamer corona appears at pressure of 1. At high pressures, this type of corona results into a direct breakdown. In general, this type of corona extends into the gap in a stepped manner. The range of streamers, the size of the leader step and the time between leader steps decrease when SF6 content and/or gas pressure is increased. At law pressures (0.5 bars) in some mixtures (80% SF6) a pseudo glow/streamer type corona is observed.
{"title":"Impulse corona in positive rod-plane gaps filled with SF6 gas mixtures","authors":"Y. Safar, A. Qureshi, N. Malik","doi":"10.1109/EIC.1982.7464467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EIC.1982.7464467","url":null,"abstract":"Breakdown and corona inception voltages were measured for SF6, N2 mixtures using rod-plane gaps and positive impulse applied voltage. The results are in general agreement with previously publisbed reports. Corona discharges in these gases were also investigated The results indicate that in N2, streamer type corona exists. In SF6 - N2 mixtures with ≥ 1% of SF6 content, streamer type corona exists from 0.5 to 1 bar, whereas leader /streamer corona appears at pressure of 1. At high pressures, this type of corona results into a direct breakdown. In general, this type of corona extends into the gap in a stepped manner. The range of streamers, the size of the leader step and the time between leader steps decrease when SF6 content and/or gas pressure is increased. At law pressures (0.5 bars) in some mixtures (80% SF6) a pseudo glow/streamer type corona is observed.","PeriodicalId":422317,"journal":{"name":"1982 IEEE International Conference on Electrical Insulation","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114442905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1982-06-07DOI: 10.1109/EIC.1982.7464429
D. Shaw, S. Cichanowski, G. R. Newcomb, A. Yializis
Metallized polypropylene film capacitors are attractive as replacements for the paper-foil construction because of their reduced dissipation factor and dielectric heating, smaller size, and improved performance. Their unique clearing properties provide them with high dielectric strength which, together with the high film intrinsic strength, permits considerably higher operating stresses than those commonly applied to paper dielectrics.
{"title":"Electrical properties and aging mechanisms in metallized polypropylene film capacitors","authors":"D. Shaw, S. Cichanowski, G. R. Newcomb, A. Yializis","doi":"10.1109/EIC.1982.7464429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EIC.1982.7464429","url":null,"abstract":"Metallized polypropylene film capacitors are attractive as replacements for the paper-foil construction because of their reduced dissipation factor and dielectric heating, smaller size, and improved performance. Their unique clearing properties provide them with high dielectric strength which, together with the high film intrinsic strength, permits considerably higher operating stresses than those commonly applied to paper dielectrics.","PeriodicalId":422317,"journal":{"name":"1982 IEEE International Conference on Electrical Insulation","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123050602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1982-06-07DOI: 10.1109/EIC.1982.7464434
H. Kärner, U. Stietzel
If organic insulating materials are used outdoors under wet conditions, moisture may diffuse into the polymer. The diffusion process normally is calculable by the second law of Fick, provided that the diffusion coefficient is independend of concentration and geometrical position, which must be proved for each material. For this, test methods are presented. The rate of water absorption depends on the kind of polymer and the environmental conditions. For insulator design the thickness of the weather shed material is a very important factor, which should be selected carefully because the time until saturation concentration is reached depends on the square of thickness.
{"title":"The influence of moisture on the electrical properties of polymeric insulating materials","authors":"H. Kärner, U. Stietzel","doi":"10.1109/EIC.1982.7464434","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EIC.1982.7464434","url":null,"abstract":"If organic insulating materials are used outdoors under wet conditions, moisture may diffuse into the polymer. The diffusion process normally is calculable by the second law of Fick, provided that the diffusion coefficient is independend of concentration and geometrical position, which must be proved for each material. For this, test methods are presented. The rate of water absorption depends on the kind of polymer and the environmental conditions. For insulator design the thickness of the weather shed material is a very important factor, which should be selected carefully because the time until saturation concentration is reached depends on the square of thickness.","PeriodicalId":422317,"journal":{"name":"1982 IEEE International Conference on Electrical Insulation","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127499928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1982-06-07DOI: 10.1109/EIC.1982.7464425
S. Kiersztyn
This paper proposes a comprehensive method of statistical evaluation of cable life and service reliability, The method is based on Weibull statistics combined with a recently refined model of electrical aging which incorporates an initial dielectric strength into the conventional (Vnt=C) aging law, The method is essentially intended for extruded insulation cables but is applicable to other insulating systems which obey the Weibull statistics and assumed aging model, In addition to its main purpose, the method is suitable for selecting optimal material characteristics and safe voltage stress level for prerequisite cable life and reliability. It also helps to design and plan economically the statistical programs of accelerated aging tests. The paper includes the analysis of cable performance as a function of the stress hazard factor (the ratio of the applied stress and the initial dielectric strength), shape parameter of Weibull failure distributions and the material aging constants. The analyses are performed under the assumption that the material constants remain unchanged throughout the entire life of the insulation. A possible approach to life and reliability prediction for time dependent material parameters concludes the paper.
{"title":"Estimation of cable life and service reliability","authors":"S. Kiersztyn","doi":"10.1109/EIC.1982.7464425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EIC.1982.7464425","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a comprehensive method of statistical evaluation of cable life and service reliability, The method is based on Weibull statistics combined with a recently refined model of electrical aging which incorporates an initial dielectric strength into the conventional (Vnt=C) aging law, The method is essentially intended for extruded insulation cables but is applicable to other insulating systems which obey the Weibull statistics and assumed aging model, In addition to its main purpose, the method is suitable for selecting optimal material characteristics and safe voltage stress level for prerequisite cable life and reliability. It also helps to design and plan economically the statistical programs of accelerated aging tests. The paper includes the analysis of cable performance as a function of the stress hazard factor (the ratio of the applied stress and the initial dielectric strength), shape parameter of Weibull failure distributions and the material aging constants. The analyses are performed under the assumption that the material constants remain unchanged throughout the entire life of the insulation. A possible approach to life and reliability prediction for time dependent material parameters concludes the paper.","PeriodicalId":422317,"journal":{"name":"1982 IEEE International Conference on Electrical Insulation","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116211617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1982-06-07DOI: 10.1109/EIC.1982.7464448
M. Murata
In the course of the investigation on the dielectric breakdown mechanisms of the laminated oil-impregnated paper system, careful consideration should be given to both the non-uniformity of insulating Kraft paper and the behavior of carriers (electron or ions) in the laminated oil-impregnated paper system. Thus, in this paper, the new approach for solving these problems is proposed.
{"title":"A new approach to the dielectric breakdown of oil-impregnated paper","authors":"M. Murata","doi":"10.1109/EIC.1982.7464448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EIC.1982.7464448","url":null,"abstract":"In the course of the investigation on the dielectric breakdown mechanisms of the laminated oil-impregnated paper system, careful consideration should be given to both the non-uniformity of insulating Kraft paper and the behavior of carriers (electron or ions) in the laminated oil-impregnated paper system. Thus, in this paper, the new approach for solving these problems is proposed.","PeriodicalId":422317,"journal":{"name":"1982 IEEE International Conference on Electrical Insulation","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126383260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1982-06-07DOI: 10.1109/EIC.1982.7464478
G. Mullen, T. Dakin
This paper is a further report on a continuing project at the Westinghouse R&D Laboratory. Studies of insulation surface conduction and tracking at this laboratory using small specimens, a fog chamber, etc. had been proceeding for more than two decades prior to the initiation in 1965 of an outdoor testing rack at the R&D Center, which is in the Pittsburgh area. Experience with various tracking tests1 including the Dust and Fog Test (ASTM D2132) and modifications thereof which were initiated at Westinghouse, the Differential Wet Tracking Test (ASTM D2302), which was developed at Westinghouse R&D, and the Liquid-Contaminant Inclined Plane Tracking and Erosion Test (ASTM D2303) which was developed at the General Electric Co. Laboratories. All were extensively tried on many resin materials, particularly mineral filled epoxy resins. These tests indicated that there were a number of materials which were essentially nontracking under the most severe levels of each test.
{"title":"Wet tracking and erosion evaluation of non-ceramic insulation for outdoor use","authors":"G. Mullen, T. Dakin","doi":"10.1109/EIC.1982.7464478","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EIC.1982.7464478","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is a further report on a continuing project at the Westinghouse R&D Laboratory. Studies of insulation surface conduction and tracking at this laboratory using small specimens, a fog chamber, etc. had been proceeding for more than two decades prior to the initiation in 1965 of an outdoor testing rack at the R&D Center, which is in the Pittsburgh area. Experience with various tracking tests1 including the Dust and Fog Test (ASTM D2132) and modifications thereof which were initiated at Westinghouse, the Differential Wet Tracking Test (ASTM D2302), which was developed at Westinghouse R&D, and the Liquid-Contaminant Inclined Plane Tracking and Erosion Test (ASTM D2303) which was developed at the General Electric Co. Laboratories. All were extensively tried on many resin materials, particularly mineral filled epoxy resins. These tests indicated that there were a number of materials which were essentially nontracking under the most severe levels of each test.","PeriodicalId":422317,"journal":{"name":"1982 IEEE International Conference on Electrical Insulation","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121628749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1982-06-07DOI: 10.1109/EIC.1982.7464479
E. Reynaert, T. Orbeck, J. A. Seifferly
This paper describes the development of a functional test method to evaluate the long term performance of are resistant polymer compounds in their function as insulator sheds on longrod insulators. Cylindrical rod samples are subjected to cyclic conditions of salt fog and high voltage stresses. The surface discharge and current conditions are monitored by continuous digital current measurements. The results of the fog chamber testing are compared to actual service experience under outdoor contaminated conditions.
{"title":"Evaluation of polymer systems for outdoor HV insulator application by salt fog chamber testing","authors":"E. Reynaert, T. Orbeck, J. A. Seifferly","doi":"10.1109/EIC.1982.7464479","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EIC.1982.7464479","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the development of a functional test method to evaluate the long term performance of are resistant polymer compounds in their function as insulator sheds on longrod insulators. Cylindrical rod samples are subjected to cyclic conditions of salt fog and high voltage stresses. The surface discharge and current conditions are monitored by continuous digital current measurements. The results of the fog chamber testing are compared to actual service experience under outdoor contaminated conditions.","PeriodicalId":422317,"journal":{"name":"1982 IEEE International Conference on Electrical Insulation","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131265318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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