Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.15826/izv2.2022.24.4.075
T. Bogumil
This study aims to create a “portrait” of the cedar as a central dendro-image of the Siberian text and the image of Altai in particular. The research materials are scholarly works on ethnography and folklore studies, Russian and Russian-language fiction of the nineteenth — twenty first centuries about Siberia. The author mostly refers to texts from the five-volume anthology The Image of Altai in Russian Literature of the 19th–20th Centuries (2012). The sources are considered in the context of the geo-poetic approach and ethno-dendrology. The analysis makes it possible to single out a combination of elements of the “tree” generic concept specific to the image of the cedar, which has not previously been the subject of systematic consideration. The real and cultural qualities of the cedar as a coniferous, evergreen, powerful, fruit-bearing, “male” tree determine its sacralisation in Siberian pagan and Russian Christian cultures. The Russian name for the Siberian cedar pine, “кедр”, which dates to the Middle Ages, establishes a correspondence between Siberia and Palestine, North and South, reflects the process of mythologisation of the conquered space in the categories of paradise / locus of the Passion. The main mythological and mythopoetic “cedar” motifs are associated with ideas about the World Tree, the Tree of Life, the family tree, the tree of poetry, etc. The symbolisation of the cedar as a sign and model of a person, a people, homeland, Altai, and Siberia remains unchanged. The cedar is accompanied by images of an animal (bear, sable), bird (eagle), and mountains. The semantic counterpart of the Siberian cedar in Russian culture is the oak, which is the main tree in the European part of Russia. Starting in the twentieth century, the practice of industrial logging leads to the emergence of new, environmental issues.
{"title":"Cedar as a Tree Image of Siberian Text","authors":"T. Bogumil","doi":"10.15826/izv2.2022.24.4.075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15826/izv2.2022.24.4.075","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to create a “portrait” of the cedar as a central dendro-image of the Siberian text and the image of Altai in particular. The research materials are scholarly works on ethnography and folklore studies, Russian and Russian-language fiction of the nineteenth — twenty first centuries about Siberia. The author mostly refers to texts from the five-volume anthology The Image of Altai in Russian Literature of the 19th–20th Centuries (2012). The sources are considered in the context of the geo-poetic approach and ethno-dendrology. The analysis makes it possible to single out a combination of elements of the “tree” generic concept specific to the image of the cedar, which has not previously been the subject of systematic consideration. The real and cultural qualities of the cedar as a coniferous, evergreen, powerful, fruit-bearing, “male” tree determine its sacralisation in Siberian pagan and Russian Christian cultures. The Russian name for the Siberian cedar pine, “кедр”, which dates to the Middle Ages, establishes a correspondence between Siberia and Palestine, North and South, reflects the process of mythologisation of the conquered space in the categories of paradise / locus of the Passion. The main mythological and mythopoetic “cedar” motifs are associated with ideas about the World Tree, the Tree of Life, the family tree, the tree of poetry, etc. The symbolisation of the cedar as a sign and model of a person, a people, homeland, Altai, and Siberia remains unchanged. The cedar is accompanied by images of an animal (bear, sable), bird (eagle), and mountains. The semantic counterpart of the Siberian cedar in Russian culture is the oak, which is the main tree in the European part of Russia. Starting in the twentieth century, the practice of industrial logging leads to the emergence of new, environmental issues.","PeriodicalId":42281,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Uralskogo Federalnogo Universiteta-Seriya 2-Gumanitarnye Nauki","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87407949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.15826/izv2.2022.24.4.062
Nikolai N. Baranov
This article attempts to study the process of gender roles transformation of German women under the influence of World War I. Gender history as a social history of the sexes has significant heuristic potential which is why the author uses it as a methodological basis of the research. The recent years have seen an increased interest in war history, the front, and the rear from the gender point of view among researchers. The gender perspective — precisely because it has long remained outside the mainstream — has challenged and fundamentally changed the contemporary historiography of German history. Gender studies demonstrate that debates about war and peace are always also discussions of the gendered social order, or the ideas of “masculinity” and “femininity” at a certain time. For a long time, in historiography, the opinion prevailed that World War I was a decisive factor in the emancipation of women in Germany in the twentieth century. However, studies of the last two decades have convincingly shown that this thesis needs to be corrected at least. The increase in the share of female labour in German industry during the war years corresponded to the pre-war trend and did not exceed it in quantitative terms. Women’s labour in the industry was the lot of the lower classes. Measures of social support of the state for the families of military personnel, on the one hand, contributed to women’s financial independence, and, on the other hand, increased their dependence on it, formed dependents. The inability of the German authorities during the war years to provide for the basic life needs of the population led to widespread illegal activities (larceny, illegal markets) and protests, which together with the military defeat, became one of the main reasons for the November Revolution.
{"title":"German Women, Industrial Society, and the Great War: On the Changing Gender Roles","authors":"Nikolai N. Baranov","doi":"10.15826/izv2.2022.24.4.062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15826/izv2.2022.24.4.062","url":null,"abstract":"This article attempts to study the process of gender roles transformation of German women under the influence of World War I. Gender history as a social history of the sexes has significant heuristic potential which is why the author uses it as a methodological basis of the research. The recent years have seen an increased interest in war history, the front, and the rear from the gender point of view among researchers. The gender perspective — precisely because it has long remained outside the mainstream — has challenged and fundamentally changed the contemporary historiography of German history. Gender studies demonstrate that debates about war and peace are always also discussions of the gendered social order, or the ideas of “masculinity” and “femininity” at a certain time. For a long time, in historiography, the opinion prevailed that World War I was a decisive factor in the emancipation of women in Germany in the twentieth century. However, studies of the last two decades have convincingly shown that this thesis needs to be corrected at least. The increase in the share of female labour in German industry during the war years corresponded to the pre-war trend and did not exceed it in quantitative terms. Women’s labour in the industry was the lot of the lower classes. Measures of social support of the state for the families of military personnel, on the one hand, contributed to women’s financial independence, and, on the other hand, increased their dependence on it, formed dependents. The inability of the German authorities during the war years to provide for the basic life needs of the population led to widespread illegal activities (larceny, illegal markets) and protests, which together with the military defeat, became one of the main reasons for the November Revolution.","PeriodicalId":42281,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Uralskogo Federalnogo Universiteta-Seriya 2-Gumanitarnye Nauki","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85312650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.15826/izv2.2022.24.4.076
Sergei N. Pyatkin, I. Kudryashov
This article analyses the Preface for the second edition of A Hero of Our Time by M. Yu. Lermontov written in the spring of 1841, which has not yet become the subject of a special study. The logic of the study is based on one of the provisions of V. G. Belinsky’s critical work on Lermontov’s novel postulating the principles of “interlinear” reading of the Preface, which, according to the critic, can only contribute to the correct understanding of the author’s intention of this text. The article pays special attention to the figurative and symbolic structure of the final paragraph of the Preface, potentially containing references to the texts of the Holy Scripture. The authors provide arguments about the conscious orientation of Lermontov’s thought to biblical sources, which is caused by the writer’s reaction to the first critical responses about the novel, where an important role belongs to the review of S. O. Burachok, as well as a deep creative understanding of “religious disputes” with V. F. Odoevsky, which took place at the time of Lermontov’s work on the Preface to the second edition of the book. The conceptual nature of the statement “people have been fed enough with sweets; their stomachs have deteriorated because of this: bitter medicines, caustic truths are needed” is notable in the dialogic discourse of the author’s Preface. This phrase actualises the reader’s different-quality perception of a literary work and implements the semantics of likening a book to an edible thing and is an obvious reminiscence from chapter 10 of The Revelation of Saint John the Theologian. The phenomenological approach based on this study within the framework of hermeneutic and biographical methods makes it possible to establish that the purpose of Lermontov’s book as a “bitter medicine”, which goes back to the symbolism of bitterness in the Apostolic Revelation, is directly related to the author’s intention. It prompts the reader to realise the illusory “sweetness” of his moral superiority over the hero, the perception of the value meanings of the novel as a single spiritual principle, in which both the world of the hero and the world of the reader exist. In conclusion, the article points to the metatextual unity of the Preface of A Hero of Our Time and the poem Prophet, whose marker is reminiscences from the Revelation of Saint John the Theologian, which makes it possible to speak about the poet’s book as a prophetic novel.
{"title":"On M. Yu. Lermontov’s “Sweets” and “Bitter Medicines”: An Attempt at “Interlinear” Reading of the Preface of A Hero of Our Time","authors":"Sergei N. Pyatkin, I. Kudryashov","doi":"10.15826/izv2.2022.24.4.076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15826/izv2.2022.24.4.076","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyses the Preface for the second edition of A Hero of Our Time by M. Yu. Lermontov written in the spring of 1841, which has not yet become the subject of a special study. The logic of the study is based on one of the provisions of V. G. Belinsky’s critical work on Lermontov’s novel postulating the principles of “interlinear” reading of the Preface, which, according to the critic, can only contribute to the correct understanding of the author’s intention of this text. The article pays special attention to the figurative and symbolic structure of the final paragraph of the Preface, potentially containing references to the texts of the Holy Scripture. The authors provide arguments about the conscious orientation of Lermontov’s thought to biblical sources, which is caused by the writer’s reaction to the first critical responses about the novel, where an important role belongs to the review of S. O. Burachok, as well as a deep creative understanding of “religious disputes” with V. F. Odoevsky, which took place at the time of Lermontov’s work on the Preface to the second edition of the book. The conceptual nature of the statement “people have been fed enough with sweets; their stomachs have deteriorated because of this: bitter medicines, caustic truths are needed” is notable in the dialogic discourse of the author’s Preface. This phrase actualises the reader’s different-quality perception of a literary work and implements the semantics of likening a book to an edible thing and is an obvious reminiscence from chapter 10 of The Revelation of Saint John the Theologian. The phenomenological approach based on this study within the framework of hermeneutic and biographical methods makes it possible to establish that the purpose of Lermontov’s book as a “bitter medicine”, which goes back to the symbolism of bitterness in the Apostolic Revelation, is directly related to the author’s intention. It prompts the reader to realise the illusory “sweetness” of his moral superiority over the hero, the perception of the value meanings of the novel as a single spiritual principle, in which both the world of the hero and the world of the reader exist. In conclusion, the article points to the metatextual unity of the Preface of A Hero of Our Time and the poem Prophet, whose marker is reminiscences from the Revelation of Saint John the Theologian, which makes it possible to speak about the poet’s book as a prophetic novel.","PeriodicalId":42281,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Uralskogo Federalnogo Universiteta-Seriya 2-Gumanitarnye Nauki","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90949645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.15826/izv2.2022.24.2.035
M. Kirchanov
This article presents an attempt to analyse historical politics as politics of memory in modern Georgia in the context of perception of the images and heritage of the Democratic Republic of Georgia (DRG). The aim of the study is to analyse the images of the Democratic Republic of Georgia between 2018 and 2020 as part of the history and genealogy of the modern project of Georgian statehood in historical politics. The article is based on the methods used in studies of the politics of memory (historical politics) in modern interdisciplinary historiography. The article describes the features of the instrumentalisation of DRG images in the historical and political cultures of Georgia. The article examines the forms of participation of modern elites in the politics of memory in contexts of jubilee celebrations, memorial, and commemorative events that inspired the actualisation of the DRG images in the cultural and public spaces of Georgia. It is revealed that modern elites and heirs of DRG politicians became actors of historical politics and actual “battles for history”. As a result, the author concludes that images of the DRG became a symbolic resource for the consolidation of society and the development of the political identity of Georgian statehood. It is assumed that images of the DRG are integrated into the symbolic tools that political elites used in their attempts to correct identity and historical memory in modern Georgia. It is demonstrated that by initiating memorial celebrations dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the DRG in 2018, Georgian elites launched a series of commemorative events planned until 2024 solving political problems, localising, and interpreting historical traumas in the politics of memory proposed by the state as the main former of the official historical canon.
{"title":"Democratic Republic of Georgia as an Object of the Historical Politics of Memory in Georgia (2018–2020)","authors":"M. Kirchanov","doi":"10.15826/izv2.2022.24.2.035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15826/izv2.2022.24.2.035","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents an attempt to analyse historical politics as politics of memory in modern Georgia in the context of perception of the images and heritage of the Democratic Republic of Georgia (DRG). The aim of the study is to analyse the images of the Democratic Republic of Georgia between 2018 and 2020 as part of the history and genealogy of the modern project of Georgian statehood in historical politics. The article is based on the methods used in studies of the politics of memory (historical politics) in modern interdisciplinary historiography. The article describes the features of the instrumentalisation of DRG images in the historical and political cultures of Georgia. The article examines the forms of participation of modern elites in the politics of memory in contexts of jubilee celebrations, memorial, and commemorative events that inspired the actualisation of the DRG images in the cultural and public spaces of Georgia. It is revealed that modern elites and heirs of DRG politicians became actors of historical politics and actual “battles for history”. As a result, the author concludes that images of the DRG became a symbolic resource for the consolidation of society and the development of the political identity of Georgian statehood. It is assumed that images of the DRG are integrated into the symbolic tools that political elites used in their attempts to correct identity and historical memory in modern Georgia. It is demonstrated that by initiating memorial celebrations dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the DRG in 2018, Georgian elites launched a series of commemorative events planned until 2024 solving political problems, localising, and interpreting historical traumas in the politics of memory proposed by the state as the main former of the official historical canon.","PeriodicalId":42281,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Uralskogo Federalnogo Universiteta-Seriya 2-Gumanitarnye Nauki","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83735305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.15826/izv2.2022.24.1.017
T. Gridina, N. I. Konovalova
This article verifies the congruence of the verbal and nonverbal codes of social advertising in terms of the expression of the transmitted idea, which makes it possible to adequately restore the lacunarised text (with the slogan excluded while preserving the visual sequence). It is proved that in the process of interpretation of the general idea of the restored advertising slogan, both universal and nationally specific aspects of the verbal embodiment of the perceptual image represented by the nonverbal component are revealed. The authors single out factors contributing to the perception of the meanings of social advertising: the commonality of value presuppositions, the linguo-pragmatic orientation of the advertising text (the significance of information for the addressee), the suggestive nature of the polymodal complex (the emotional power of the visual series and its auditory accompaniment in the form of music and voice in the video advertising). The article characterises strategies for filling text gaps, i.e. stereotypical (using ready-made verbal clichés, including common advertising slogans of a typical syntactic structure) and creative (using word-making innovations, metaphors, figurative comparisons, phraseological precedents, quotes, and figures of expressive syntax). A special aspect of the analysis of the experimental material is the national and cultural specificity of the associative thinking of the respondents: the Russian-speaking participants of the experiment — when perceiving Chinese advertising, and the Chinese participants of the experiment — when translating the content of the restored slogan of Chinese advertising into Russian.
{"title":"The Method of Probabilistic Forecasting as a Tool of the Psycholinguistic Analysis of a Creolised Text: The Perception of Social Advertising Codes","authors":"T. Gridina, N. I. Konovalova","doi":"10.15826/izv2.2022.24.1.017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15826/izv2.2022.24.1.017","url":null,"abstract":"This article verifies the congruence of the verbal and nonverbal codes of social advertising in terms of the expression of the transmitted idea, which makes it possible to adequately restore the lacunarised text (with the slogan excluded while preserving the visual sequence). It is proved that in the process of interpretation of the general idea of the restored advertising slogan, both universal and nationally specific aspects of the verbal embodiment of the perceptual image represented by the nonverbal component are revealed. The authors single out factors contributing to the perception of the meanings of social advertising: the commonality of value presuppositions, the linguo-pragmatic orientation of the advertising text (the significance of information for the addressee), the suggestive nature of the polymodal complex (the emotional power of the visual series and its auditory accompaniment in the form of music and voice in the video advertising). The article characterises strategies for filling text gaps, i.e. stereotypical (using ready-made verbal clichés, including common advertising slogans of a typical syntactic structure) and creative (using word-making innovations, metaphors, figurative comparisons, phraseological precedents, quotes, and figures of expressive syntax). A special aspect of the analysis of the experimental material is the national and cultural specificity of the associative thinking of the respondents: the Russian-speaking participants of the experiment — when perceiving Chinese advertising, and the Chinese participants of the experiment — when translating the content of the restored slogan of Chinese advertising into Russian.","PeriodicalId":42281,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Uralskogo Federalnogo Universiteta-Seriya 2-Gumanitarnye Nauki","volume":"145 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80466665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.15826/izv2.2022.24.2.024
Marina V. Tsvetkova
This article examines film adaptation of a literary work, which is regarded as an “intersemiotic translation” (R. O. Jakobson’s term). Research in the field of film adaptations has experienced a real boom abroad for at least the last two decades. In recent years, one can notice an increase in interest in this topic in Russia as well. This is evidenced by even a cursory acquaintance with newly written articles, monographs, and dissertations, whose authors approach the problem of film adaptation from the standpoint of a wide range of research fields: film studies, linguistics, philosophy, sociology, literary criticism, etc. At the same time, the question of whether an adaptation of a literary text can be regarded as a translation is still debatable. Employing this point of view, this article proposes to consider two adaptations of Shakespeare’s tragedy Hamlet: by T. Richardson (1969) and by F. Zeffirelli (1990), where the directors abandoned the traditional interpretation of the play in the theatre and the cinema but did not choose to transfer the action to a different epoch. A comparative analysis of the performance of Hamlet’s monologue as a key moment of the protagonist’s internal conflict demonstrates that even though both directors keep the text of the monologue unchanged, its interpretation undergoes serious transformations. Due to its multimodality and in addition to the word, cinematography uses sound and visual images. These extra artistic means which cinematography has at its disposal offer a recoding of meanings akin to transcoding a text by means of another language, characteristic of translation in its classical sense.
{"title":"Is Film Adaptation Also a Translation? With Reference to Two Screen Versions of Shakespeare’s Hamlet","authors":"Marina V. Tsvetkova","doi":"10.15826/izv2.2022.24.2.024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15826/izv2.2022.24.2.024","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines film adaptation of a literary work, which is regarded as an “intersemiotic translation” (R. O. Jakobson’s term). Research in the field of film adaptations has experienced a real boom abroad for at least the last two decades. In recent years, one can notice an increase in interest in this topic in Russia as well. This is evidenced by even a cursory acquaintance with newly written articles, monographs, and dissertations, whose authors approach the problem of film adaptation from the standpoint of a wide range of research fields: film studies, linguistics, philosophy, sociology, literary criticism, etc. At the same time, the question of whether an adaptation of a literary text can be regarded as a translation is still debatable. Employing this point of view, this article proposes to consider two adaptations of Shakespeare’s tragedy Hamlet: by T. Richardson (1969) and by F. Zeffirelli (1990), where the directors abandoned the traditional interpretation of the play in the theatre and the cinema but did not choose to transfer the action to a different epoch. A comparative analysis of the performance of Hamlet’s monologue as a key moment of the protagonist’s internal conflict demonstrates that even though both directors keep the text of the monologue unchanged, its interpretation undergoes serious transformations. Due to its multimodality and in addition to the word, cinematography uses sound and visual images. These extra artistic means which cinematography has at its disposal offer a recoding of meanings akin to transcoding a text by means of another language, characteristic of translation in its classical sense.","PeriodicalId":42281,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Uralskogo Federalnogo Universiteta-Seriya 2-Gumanitarnye Nauki","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83355162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.15826/izv2.2022.24.3.054
A. Mayzlish
This article deals with specific traits of the development of ports on the Western coast of Flanders (Nieuwpoort, Dunkerque, Ostende, Gravelins, Lombardsijde, Mardyck) in the late fourteenth — early fifteenth centuries. The research of the documents reveals the profound impact on the life of these towns of their geographical position at the sea and land border of Flanders during the active periods of the Hundred Years’ War. Warfare led to serious destructions as well as made special measures to strengthen the defence of these towns necessary. The Anglo-French War also stimulated the flourishing of piracy that was one of the occupations of the population of Flemish ports despite the prohibition of piracy by the government. Most of these towns were situated on the trade routes that connected inner regions with the coast and the clothmaking cities and towns of Southern Flanders and Artois with the main centre of international trade, Bruges, via a system of rivers and canals. These proved to be an important positive factor for the development of some ports. Their citizens had the responsibility to maintain the security, proper condition, and work of these trade routes (to maintain the lighthouses along the coast, fix different problems with the canal system). The population of Flemish ports was mainly occupied in fishery. The analysis of the distribution of several extraordinary taxes voted by Four Members of Flanders makes it possible to reveal the financial abilities of ports of West Flanders. The author considers that the development of Nieuwpoort, with its various forms of economic and social life, differed in many ways from the development of smaller ports such as Gravelins, Lombardsijde, and Mardyck.
{"title":"Far from Bruges: The Peculiarities of the Development of Medieval Ports in West Flanders","authors":"A. Mayzlish","doi":"10.15826/izv2.2022.24.3.054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15826/izv2.2022.24.3.054","url":null,"abstract":"This article deals with specific traits of the development of ports on the Western coast of Flanders (Nieuwpoort, Dunkerque, Ostende, Gravelins, Lombardsijde, Mardyck) in the late fourteenth — early fifteenth centuries. The research of the documents reveals the profound impact on the life of these towns of their geographical position at the sea and land border of Flanders during the active periods of the Hundred Years’ War. Warfare led to serious destructions as well as made special measures to strengthen the defence of these towns necessary. The Anglo-French War also stimulated the flourishing of piracy that was one of the occupations of the population of Flemish ports despite the prohibition of piracy by the government. Most of these towns were situated on the trade routes that connected inner regions with the coast and the clothmaking cities and towns of Southern Flanders and Artois with the main centre of international trade, Bruges, via a system of rivers and canals. These proved to be an important positive factor for the development of some ports. Their citizens had the responsibility to maintain the security, proper condition, and work of these trade routes (to maintain the lighthouses along the coast, fix different problems with the canal system). The population of Flemish ports was mainly occupied in fishery. The analysis of the distribution of several extraordinary taxes voted by Four Members of Flanders makes it possible to reveal the financial abilities of ports of West Flanders. The author considers that the development of Nieuwpoort, with its various forms of economic and social life, differed in many ways from the development of smaller ports such as Gravelins, Lombardsijde, and Mardyck.","PeriodicalId":42281,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Uralskogo Federalnogo Universiteta-Seriya 2-Gumanitarnye Nauki","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88102061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.15826/izv2.2022.24.3.051
Anna V. Grasko
This article considers the work of the Czech writer J. Weil (1900–1959) and, in particular, his novel Moscow — the Border (1937) in a broad cultural and historical context. Weil’s fate and work were closely connected with Soviet Russia. Like other leftist Czech intellectuals, Weil was attracted by communist ideas and interested in the new Soviet Russia which claimed to rebuild the world. Weil’s relationship with the Soviet state was not easy — having gone to work in Moscow in 1934, he was already repressed in early 1935 during Stalin’s purges, and at the end of 1935 miraculously returned to Prague. The clash with Soviet reality was unavoidable. As a result, the Czech writer captured the complex impression of what he saw and felt in the USSR in his novel Moscow — the Border. The novel was one of the first (if not the first) works of fiction dedicated to the Soviet reality of the 1930s; it sees Soviet life from the perspective of foreign characters trying to find their place in Stalinist Moscow, following the second five-year plan. Their fates in the novel, on the one hand, demonstrate possible ways of interacting with the Soviet world, and on the other hand, reveal the deep contradictions of the Soviet state. In his novel, Weil does not try to give an unambiguous assessment of the Soviet system; the artistic form of the work allows the author to avoid direct assessments and conclusions and convey the complexity of the Soviet reality of the 1930s. In Czech criticism, the novel caused and still causes controversy; it is given different, often opposite assessments, largely determined by the political and cultural situation.
{"title":"The Soviet World of the 1930s in Czech Literature: Jiřн Weil and His Novel Moscow — the Border","authors":"Anna V. Grasko","doi":"10.15826/izv2.2022.24.3.051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15826/izv2.2022.24.3.051","url":null,"abstract":"This article considers the work of the Czech writer J. Weil (1900–1959) and, in particular, his novel Moscow — the Border (1937) in a broad cultural and historical context. Weil’s fate and work were closely connected with Soviet Russia. Like other leftist Czech intellectuals, Weil was attracted by communist ideas and interested in the new Soviet Russia which claimed to rebuild the world. Weil’s relationship with the Soviet state was not easy — having gone to work in Moscow in 1934, he was already repressed in early 1935 during Stalin’s purges, and at the end of 1935 miraculously returned to Prague. The clash with Soviet reality was unavoidable. As a result, the Czech writer captured the complex impression of what he saw and felt in the USSR in his novel Moscow — the Border. The novel was one of the first (if not the first) works of fiction dedicated to the Soviet reality of the 1930s; it sees Soviet life from the perspective of foreign characters trying to find their place in Stalinist Moscow, following the second five-year plan. Their fates in the novel, on the one hand, demonstrate possible ways of interacting with the Soviet world, and on the other hand, reveal the deep contradictions of the Soviet state. In his novel, Weil does not try to give an unambiguous assessment of the Soviet system; the artistic form of the work allows the author to avoid direct assessments and conclusions and convey the complexity of the Soviet reality of the 1930s. In Czech criticism, the novel caused and still causes controversy; it is given different, often opposite assessments, largely determined by the political and cultural situation.","PeriodicalId":42281,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Uralskogo Federalnogo Universiteta-Seriya 2-Gumanitarnye Nauki","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86861902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.15826/izv2.2022.24.2.034
K. Zverev
As we move away from the historical events associated with Germany’s attack on the Soviet Union, attempts to rewrite the history of World War II as a whole and the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945 in particular are becoming more frequent in ideological and geopolitical interests. Especially regularly ambiguous and outrightly tendentious interpretations come from Baltic historians. In this regard, the author of the article aims to consider the interpretation of the events of 1941–1945, in the works of Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian researchers and the reasons for the emergence of often opposite assessments of this historical period. In the modern Baltic countries, a very peculiar perception of the events of World War II and the Great Patriotic War has developed, negatively assessing the role of the USSR in the liberation of these territories. The author concludes that the reasons for the dominance of these interpretations lie in the anti-Soviet orientation of local political elites, as well as in the dominance of this trend (for political reasons) in the local politics of memory over the past three decades since independence. In addition, it is important to emphasise the features of the historical development of the Baltic States influencing these interpretations. Thus, the perception of the events of World War II is also influenced by the historical memory of the Baltic peoples about the Civil / Liberation War of 1918–1920, in which representatives of the titular peoples found themselves on opposite sides (red and white formations). In addition, loyalty to Germany and German formations is associated with the strongest German influence in all social spheres in the previous periods of development of the Baltic countries.
{"title":"The Baltic States in the Years of the Great Patriotic War as Interpreted by Modern Baltic Historiography","authors":"K. Zverev","doi":"10.15826/izv2.2022.24.2.034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15826/izv2.2022.24.2.034","url":null,"abstract":"As we move away from the historical events associated with Germany’s attack on the Soviet Union, attempts to rewrite the history of World War II as a whole and the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945 in particular are becoming more frequent in ideological and geopolitical interests. Especially regularly ambiguous and outrightly tendentious interpretations come from Baltic historians. In this regard, the author of the article aims to consider the interpretation of the events of 1941–1945, in the works of Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian researchers and the reasons for the emergence of often opposite assessments of this historical period. In the modern Baltic countries, a very peculiar perception of the events of World War II and the Great Patriotic War has developed, negatively assessing the role of the USSR in the liberation of these territories. The author concludes that the reasons for the dominance of these interpretations lie in the anti-Soviet orientation of local political elites, as well as in the dominance of this trend (for political reasons) in the local politics of memory over the past three decades since independence. In addition, it is important to emphasise the features of the historical development of the Baltic States influencing these interpretations. Thus, the perception of the events of World War II is also influenced by the historical memory of the Baltic peoples about the Civil / Liberation War of 1918–1920, in which representatives of the titular peoples found themselves on opposite sides (red and white formations). In addition, loyalty to Germany and German formations is associated with the strongest German influence in all social spheres in the previous periods of development of the Baltic countries.","PeriodicalId":42281,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Uralskogo Federalnogo Universiteta-Seriya 2-Gumanitarnye Nauki","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85583732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.15826/izv2.2022.24.4.067
D. Bakharev, A. Bobitsky
This paper reconstructs Ekaterinburg’s economic landscape in 1914. The research is based on the 1910 city map and quantitative data from the 1914 city phonebook and relies on the space syntax method. During the study, the authors created a database including 390 local companies’ phone numbers before World War I classified in accordance with the Fisher-Clark economic sector model (primary sector — extraction of raw materials, secondary — manufacturing, tertiary — service industries, quaternary — finances and information services, quinary sector — administration, education, medicine, sciences, etc.). The research demonstrates that there were just a couple of primary sector businesses in Ekaterinburg in the early twentieth century. Most secondary sector plants and factories had been moved outside of the city, while the others were evenly distributed following the environmental regulations and proximity to labour force. Tertiary sector firms dominated in the western part of the city and formed a commercial district around Market Square. The quaternary sector companies had almost the same location, spreading further to the northwest. Quinary sector organisations were dispersed all over the city with a notable concentration in the center and north-western part. The reconstruction of the Ekaterinburg economic landscape reveals that its centre occupied the area around the dam that locked the Iset River running through the city and spread towards the west and north-west part in the early twentieth century forming the city’s future business district.
{"title":"Reconstructing the Economic Landscape of Ekaterinburg City in 1914 Based on the Telephone Network","authors":"D. Bakharev, A. Bobitsky","doi":"10.15826/izv2.2022.24.4.067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15826/izv2.2022.24.4.067","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reconstructs Ekaterinburg’s economic landscape in 1914. The research is based on the 1910 city map and quantitative data from the 1914 city phonebook and relies on the space syntax method. During the study, the authors created a database including 390 local companies’ phone numbers before World War I classified in accordance with the Fisher-Clark economic sector model (primary sector — extraction of raw materials, secondary — manufacturing, tertiary — service industries, quaternary — finances and information services, quinary sector — administration, education, medicine, sciences, etc.). The research demonstrates that there were just a couple of primary sector businesses in Ekaterinburg in the early twentieth century. Most secondary sector plants and factories had been moved outside of the city, while the others were evenly distributed following the environmental regulations and proximity to labour force. Tertiary sector firms dominated in the western part of the city and formed a commercial district around Market Square. The quaternary sector companies had almost the same location, spreading further to the northwest. Quinary sector organisations were dispersed all over the city with a notable concentration in the center and north-western part. The reconstruction of the Ekaterinburg economic landscape reveals that its centre occupied the area around the dam that locked the Iset River running through the city and spread towards the west and north-west part in the early twentieth century forming the city’s future business district.","PeriodicalId":42281,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Uralskogo Federalnogo Universiteta-Seriya 2-Gumanitarnye Nauki","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85875067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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