Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.15826/izv2.2023.25.2.025
Andrey Shamanaev
This article analyses the practice of public presentation of the cultural heritage protection problems in the printed materials of the Ural Society of Devotees of Natural Science (Ekaterinburg) between the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Currently, the civil society structures are actively involved in the system of cultural heritage protection which makes the study of such historical experience relevant. The author comprehensively analyses the materials of Zapiski Uralskogo Obshchestva Lyubitelei Estestvoznaniya (Notes of the Ural Society of Devotees of Natural Science) (40 volumes) related to the discussion of issues of cultural heritage protection, which has never been done previously. The study uses research tools of the historical-anthropological and procedural methods. The article refers to different sources: published office documents of the Society (minutes of meetings, reports), scientific notes and papers, catalogs. The analysis of the sources demonstrates that Zapiski dealt with the problems of preserving all the main categories of cultural heritage (immovable, cultural properties, intangible). The publications pay significant attention to the problems of preserving book rarities and museum collections, disseminating their own and world experience in this area. The regular topics of Zapiski were the discussion of the problems of archaeological objects protection (registration, methods of study), information about excavations, and random archaeological finds. The important topics of the Zapiski were the popularization and actualization of objects of Ural cultural heritage. This was achieved through the publication of catalogs of the society’s collections and reviews of archaeological sites. Zapiski contains a lot of articles about the ethnography of the Ural population (everyday life, traditions, folklore). Nevertheless, the problems of preserving the intangible heritage were raised very rarely. The experience of protection activities was promoted by printed materials on the interaction between the Society and the Imperial Archaeological Commission, the provincial administration, and foreign organizations. The author believes that the materials of the Notes of the Ural Society of Devotees of Natural Science performed an important function of disseminating scientific and practical experience in the protection of cultural heritage, its popularization, and actualization.
{"title":"Cultural Heritage Protection in the Notes of the Ural Society of Devotees of Natural Science (Late 19th — Early 20th Centuries)","authors":"Andrey Shamanaev","doi":"10.15826/izv2.2023.25.2.025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15826/izv2.2023.25.2.025","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyses the practice of public presentation of the cultural heritage protection problems in the printed materials of the Ural Society of Devotees of Natural Science (Ekaterinburg) between the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Currently, the civil society structures are actively involved in the system of cultural heritage protection which makes the study of such historical experience relevant. The author comprehensively analyses the materials of Zapiski Uralskogo Obshchestva Lyubitelei Estestvoznaniya (Notes of the Ural Society of Devotees of Natural Science) (40 volumes) related to the discussion of issues of cultural heritage protection, which has never been done previously. The study uses research tools of the historical-anthropological and procedural methods. The article refers to different sources: published office documents of the Society (minutes of meetings, reports), scientific notes and papers, catalogs. The analysis of the sources demonstrates that Zapiski dealt with the problems of preserving all the main categories of cultural heritage (immovable, cultural properties, intangible). The publications pay significant attention to the problems of preserving book rarities and museum collections, disseminating their own and world experience in this area. The regular topics of Zapiski were the discussion of the problems of archaeological objects protection (registration, methods of study), information about excavations, and random archaeological finds. The important topics of the Zapiski were the popularization and actualization of objects of Ural cultural heritage. This was achieved through the publication of catalogs of the society’s collections and reviews of archaeological sites. Zapiski contains a lot of articles about the ethnography of the Ural population (everyday life, traditions, folklore). Nevertheless, the problems of preserving the intangible heritage were raised very rarely. The experience of protection activities was promoted by printed materials on the interaction between the Society and the Imperial Archaeological Commission, the provincial administration, and foreign organizations. The author believes that the materials of the Notes of the Ural Society of Devotees of Natural Science performed an important function of disseminating scientific and practical experience in the protection of cultural heritage, its popularization, and actualization.","PeriodicalId":42281,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Uralskogo Federalnogo Universiteta-Seriya 2-Gumanitarnye Nauki","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73537595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.15826/izv2.2023.25.1.007
T. Snigireva, A. V. Podchinenov
This article analyses Boris Akunin’s writing concept of national identity and the possibility or impossibility of overcoming cross-national non-communication. The analysis is based on Akunin’s texts of different genres (the Erast Fandorin’s Adventures project, Tales from All Over the World, and Russian Man in England, a self-study book on fiction). It is noted that the “solution of the national question” during the thirty years of the writer’s work in literature has undergone certain changes. The authors demonstrate that in the Fandorin project, Boris Akunin focuses on modelling and describing three barriers that exist in the perception and evaluation of the unfamiliar (the barrier of a foreign language, the barrier of a foreign way of life, and the barrier of foreign mentality). In Tales from All Over the World, the writer takes a different perspective of understanding the national complex. He is interested in the correlation between the national and the universal. This book is about the fact that national identity is nothing but a variant of an invariant, it comprehends universal values in a national arrangement. The self-study book on fiction Russian Man in England can be read as Akunin’s final reflections on the possibility or impossibility of cross-national understanding. The analysis of this work demonstrates that it is a book of professional and national self-identification at the same time. Akunin does not simplify the possibilities of interethnic dialogue. According to the writer’s concept, it is necessary not to adapt to a different national way of life, but to understand it. Only then does the formula “they are like me” begin to “work” realising itself extremely rarely and always incompletely. An attempt to understand a different mentality presupposes a whole complex of personal qualities, which is based on the ability for dialogue, analytics, intellectuality, cultural baggage and, most importantly, humanity.
{"title":"“But There Is No East and Also No West”: Overcoming National Barriers in Akunin’s Way","authors":"T. Snigireva, A. V. Podchinenov","doi":"10.15826/izv2.2023.25.1.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15826/izv2.2023.25.1.007","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyses Boris Akunin’s writing concept of national identity and the possibility or impossibility of overcoming cross-national non-communication. The analysis is based on Akunin’s texts of different genres (the Erast Fandorin’s Adventures project, Tales from All Over the World, and Russian Man in England, a self-study book on fiction). It is noted that the “solution of the national question” during the thirty years of the writer’s work in literature has undergone certain changes. The authors demonstrate that in the Fandorin project, Boris Akunin focuses on modelling and describing three barriers that exist in the perception and evaluation of the unfamiliar (the barrier of a foreign language, the barrier of a foreign way of life, and the barrier of foreign mentality). In Tales from All Over the World, the writer takes a different perspective of understanding the national complex. He is interested in the correlation between the national and the universal. This book is about the fact that national identity is nothing but a variant of an invariant, it comprehends universal values in a national arrangement. The self-study book on fiction Russian Man in England can be read as Akunin’s final reflections on the possibility or impossibility of cross-national understanding. The analysis of this work demonstrates that it is a book of professional and national self-identification at the same time. Akunin does not simplify the possibilities of interethnic dialogue. According to the writer’s concept, it is necessary not to adapt to a different national way of life, but to understand it. Only then does the formula “they are like me” begin to “work” realising itself extremely rarely and always incompletely. An attempt to understand a different mentality presupposes a whole complex of personal qualities, which is based on the ability for dialogue, analytics, intellectuality, cultural baggage and, most importantly, humanity.","PeriodicalId":42281,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Uralskogo Federalnogo Universiteta-Seriya 2-Gumanitarnye Nauki","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88322338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.15826/izv2.2023.25.1.018
S. Bakanov, Alina A. Milyukova
This article studies the changes in the structure and dynamics of the capital’s budget in the late Soviet period (1950s–1980s). The authors refer to materials of the Department of Finance of the Moscow Government kept in the Central State Archives of Moscow, as well as published in the 1950s–1970s collections of documents of the Executive Committee of the Moscow City Council of Deputies, dedicated to the budget estimates of Moscow. On their basis, the authors created an electronic database Moscow Budget in the 1950s–1980s, which was used to make all the calculations necessary for the analysis. The authors conclude that the budget of the capital was constantly growing and was in surplus, and in terms of per capita expenditures it occupied the 4th–6th places among the regions of the RSFSR. It focused on the development of urban infrastructure and, first of all, residential development. In absolute terms, the budget of Moscow in the period under review increased 11 times. In per capita terms, it grew 5.6 times. The most important items of expenditure for the capital were housing and communal services, education, and health care. At the same time, in the structure of the capital’s budget, fixed sources of income (including local ones) were gradually being replaced by regulated incomes transferred from higher budgets, which made the city dependent on them.
{"title":"Moscow City Finances in the 1950s–1980s: Dynamics and Structure of the Local Budget","authors":"S. Bakanov, Alina A. Milyukova","doi":"10.15826/izv2.2023.25.1.018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15826/izv2.2023.25.1.018","url":null,"abstract":"This article studies the changes in the structure and dynamics of the capital’s budget in the late Soviet period (1950s–1980s). The authors refer to materials of the Department of Finance of the Moscow Government kept in the Central State Archives of Moscow, as well as published in the 1950s–1970s collections of documents of the Executive Committee of the Moscow City Council of Deputies, dedicated to the budget estimates of Moscow. On their basis, the authors created an electronic database Moscow Budget in the 1950s–1980s, which was used to make all the calculations necessary for the analysis. The authors conclude that the budget of the capital was constantly growing and was in surplus, and in terms of per capita expenditures it occupied the 4th–6th places among the regions of the RSFSR. It focused on the development of urban infrastructure and, first of all, residential development. In absolute terms, the budget of Moscow in the period under review increased 11 times. In per capita terms, it grew 5.6 times. The most important items of expenditure for the capital were housing and communal services, education, and health care. At the same time, in the structure of the capital’s budget, fixed sources of income (including local ones) were gradually being replaced by regulated incomes transferred from higher budgets, which made the city dependent on them.","PeriodicalId":42281,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Uralskogo Federalnogo Universiteta-Seriya 2-Gumanitarnye Nauki","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78452365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.15826/izv2.2023.25.2.033
Polina A. Rozhkova
This article considers the features of the representation of the category of “quality” in advertising texts at the turn of the twentieth century. The author refers to daily and weekly regional periodicals of the time: Ural’skaia Zhizn’, Ural’skij Listok, Ekaterinburgskaia Nedelia, Delovoi Korrespondent, and Ekaterinburgskaia Gazeta selectively reviewing issues from 1893 to 1917. Although it does not itself produce ideas and meanings as it only applies them for its own needs, advertising as a source is interesting primarily because it reflects the basic values and fashion trends of its era. The aim of the study is to analyze the possible ways of communicating about the quality of the product in a holistic way. In the course of the work, the author identifies 8 tactics for informing the potential buyer about the quality of goods, and several related categories, such as “authenticity”, “authority”, and “status”. The research focuses on the peculiarities of the language design of information about the quality, as well as the analysis of the reasons for the choice by the authors of the advertising of a particular way of presenting this information. Much attention is also paid to the general characteristics of the development of an advertising text at the turn of the twentieth century. An analysis of the tactics of informing the buyer about the quality of the goods also helps draw an approximate “portrait” of the recipient of the advertisement — from rational people, for whom practicality and utility come first, to those who are ready to succumb to manipulation and persuasion choosing a product.
{"title":"Representation of the “Quality” Category in the Advertising Text of the Turn of the 20th Century (Based on Ural Press)","authors":"Polina A. Rozhkova","doi":"10.15826/izv2.2023.25.2.033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15826/izv2.2023.25.2.033","url":null,"abstract":"This article considers the features of the representation of the category of “quality” in advertising texts at the turn of the twentieth century. The author refers to daily and weekly regional periodicals of the time: Ural’skaia Zhizn’, Ural’skij Listok, Ekaterinburgskaia Nedelia, Delovoi Korrespondent, and Ekaterinburgskaia Gazeta selectively reviewing issues from 1893 to 1917. Although it does not itself produce ideas and meanings as it only applies them for its own needs, advertising as a source is interesting primarily because it reflects the basic values and fashion trends of its era. The aim of the study is to analyze the possible ways of communicating about the quality of the product in a holistic way. In the course of the work, the author identifies 8 tactics for informing the potential buyer about the quality of goods, and several related categories, such as “authenticity”, “authority”, and “status”. The research focuses on the peculiarities of the language design of information about the quality, as well as the analysis of the reasons for the choice by the authors of the advertising of a particular way of presenting this information. Much attention is also paid to the general characteristics of the development of an advertising text at the turn of the twentieth century. An analysis of the tactics of informing the buyer about the quality of the goods also helps draw an approximate “portrait” of the recipient of the advertisement — from rational people, for whom practicality and utility come first, to those who are ready to succumb to manipulation and persuasion choosing a product.","PeriodicalId":42281,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Uralskogo Federalnogo Universiteta-Seriya 2-Gumanitarnye Nauki","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83158963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.15826/izv2.2023.25.1.009
M. Loshkareva, P. Ryazanov
This article considers the problem arising from the legend formed of St Helen’s British origin. The sources from Late Antiquity known to the early medieval Latin reader do not give an exact answer to the question of the saint’s motherland. Nevertheless, Aldhelm’s treatise Prosa de virginitate and the Old English translation of Bede from the eleventh century first mention her son Constantine the Great’s birth in Britain. Conspicuously, these testimonies became the basis on which the literary and mythological plot about St Helen began to develop. According to A. Harbus, the most likely source of the legend was the translation of Bede’s text mentioned above, which, in turn, went back to Eutropius. As a result of a misunderstanding, the phrase “Constantinus in Brittania creatus imperator” was translated as “Emperor Constantine, born in Britain”. According to our hypothesis, another possible source of the plot about Constantine was the reverse Latin translation of the Greek text that was used by Aldhelm. This text went back to the Greek version of Eutropius’ Breviary made by Paeanius in the fourth century AD. The legend of St Helen further developed relying on local folklore traditions, which received literary adaptation and reinterpretation. In Historia Anglorum by Henry of Huntingdon and Historia Britonum by Geoffrey of Monmouth, St Helen became the daughter of British King Coel. The Late Antiquity evidence of the saint’s low origin (stabularia) was ignored or forgotten. Welsh legendary-historical genealogies and folklore motifs reflected in The Mabinogion played an important role in the formation of the myth. It was the version of Geoffrey of Monmouth that became widespread and was used by English chroniclers until the fifteenth century. Interpreting the version of Geoffrey, Adam of Usk presents Britain as the ancestral home of the Roman emperors and the Greek Basileis. The stability of the myth of the British Helen is explained by its extraordinary attractiveness: it turned out to be an important link between Britain and the Roman Empire allowing the island’s “peripheral” history to be woven into the fabric of world history.
这篇文章考虑了圣海伦的英国起源的传说所产生的问题。中世纪早期拉丁语读者所知道的古代晚期的资料来源并没有对圣人的祖国这个问题给出确切的答案。然而，阿尔德赫尔姆的专著《处女论》(Prosa de virginitate)和11世纪的古英语译本《比德》(Bede)首次提到她的儿子君士坦丁大帝(Constantine the Great)出生在英国。值得注意的是，这些证词成为了关于圣海伦的文学和神话情节开始发展的基础。根据A. Harbus的说法，这个传说最有可能的来源是上面提到的比德的文本的翻译，而比德的文本又回到了Eutropius。由于误解，“Constantinus in Brittania creatus imperator”被翻译成“Emperor Constantine, born in Britain”。根据我们的假设，关于君士坦丁的情节的另一个可能来源是阿尔德赫尔姆使用的希腊文本的反向拉丁翻译。这篇文章可以追溯到公元四世纪帕阿尼乌斯所作的希腊版欧特罗皮乌斯的祈祷书。圣海伦的传说在当地民间传说的基础上进一步发展，并得到了文学的改编和重新诠释。在亨廷顿的亨利所著的《英国史》和蒙茅斯的杰弗里所著的《英国史》中，圣海伦成了英国国王科尔的女儿。古代晚期圣人出身低微(stabularia)的证据被忽视或遗忘。《马比诺吉翁》中反映的威尔士传奇历史家谱和民俗主题在神话的形成中发挥了重要作用。这是蒙茅斯的杰弗里的版本，广为流传，并被英国编年史家使用，直到15世纪。通过解读杰弗里的版本，乌斯克的亚当将英国呈现为罗马皇帝和希腊Basileis的祖先家园。英国海伦神话的稳定性可以用它非凡的吸引力来解释:它原来是英国和罗马帝国之间的重要联系，使该岛的“边缘”历史被编织进世界历史的结构中。
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.15826/izv2.2023.25.1.013
I. Zykin
During the years of implementation of the first Soviet five-year plans, great attention was paid to the pulp and paper industry. In the forest industry structure, this component was characterised by a weak level of development. The bet was made on the creation of medium and large pulp and paper industries. In the Urals, where there were large reserves of forest resources and rivers, they built several plants. The largest centre of the pulp and paper industry in the Urals and in the eastern regions of the USSR was formed. The purpose of this article is to study the location, design, and launch of production of the Solikamsk Sulphite Pulp Mill. In the mid-1930s, it was decided to build an enterprise. The project involved innovative technological solutions for the pulp and paper industry. The launch of the plant was postponed several times, the project was altered, and the construction was entrusted from the People’s Commissariat of Forest Industry of the USSR to the People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the USSR. In 1940, the Solikamsk Sulphite Pulp Mill became an independent enterprise, but its construction continued. In March 1941, three months before the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War, the company began the production of pulp. The production was only possible within a simplified scheme due to the absence or malfunction of equipment. The performance of the enterprise was set in insignificant volumes. With the outbreak of war, party-state bodies and economic departments continued the construction of the Solikamsk Sulphite Pulp Mill and providing additional equipment. The company’s development was boosted by the evacuation of several industries, the start of the sulphite waste liquor alcohol plant and the construction of a defense plant nearby. This allowed the plant to develop cooperative ties and master new types of products.
{"title":"“Following a Simplified Scheme”: Project Development and Launch of Production at the Solikamsk Sulphite Pulp Mill","authors":"I. Zykin","doi":"10.15826/izv2.2023.25.1.013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15826/izv2.2023.25.1.013","url":null,"abstract":"During the years of implementation of the first Soviet five-year plans, great attention was paid to the pulp and paper industry. In the forest industry structure, this component was characterised by a weak level of development. The bet was made on the creation of medium and large pulp and paper industries. In the Urals, where there were large reserves of forest resources and rivers, they built several plants. The largest centre of the pulp and paper industry in the Urals and in the eastern regions of the USSR was formed. The purpose of this article is to study the location, design, and launch of production of the Solikamsk Sulphite Pulp Mill. In the mid-1930s, it was decided to build an enterprise. The project involved innovative technological solutions for the pulp and paper industry. The launch of the plant was postponed several times, the project was altered, and the construction was entrusted from the People’s Commissariat of Forest Industry of the USSR to the People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the USSR. In 1940, the Solikamsk Sulphite Pulp Mill became an independent enterprise, but its construction continued. In March 1941, three months before the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War, the company began the production of pulp. The production was only possible within a simplified scheme due to the absence or malfunction of equipment. The performance of the enterprise was set in insignificant volumes. With the outbreak of war, party-state bodies and economic departments continued the construction of the Solikamsk Sulphite Pulp Mill and providing additional equipment. The company’s development was boosted by the evacuation of several industries, the start of the sulphite waste liquor alcohol plant and the construction of a defense plant nearby. This allowed the plant to develop cooperative ties and master new types of products.","PeriodicalId":42281,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Uralskogo Federalnogo Universiteta-Seriya 2-Gumanitarnye Nauki","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86719709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.15826/izv2.2023.25.1.015
N. Zhuravleva
This article considers the short period of existence of the Orange Circle literary brigade in Chelyabinsk (1939–1940). Sharing the belief in building communism, the team developed outside the Union of Soviet Writers and relied on the aesthetics of the Silver Age in their work. This was probably due to the influence of its leader Alexey Bykov, a writer who began his career in St Petersburg in the early twentieth century and published the novel Thistle (1907). Unfortunately, the lack of publications and the loss of manuscripts, as well as the scarce number of archival materials make it difficult to reconstruct the social and literary practices of the group. However, the very fact of the appearance of such an “alternative” association in the era of early Stalinism in a provincial town with a meager sociocultural base which received an impulse for development only during the first five-year plans gives rise to scholarly reflection. The birth of the literary brigade took place during a difficult period in the history of the USSR, which had embarked on an unprecedented path of building socialism. The inconsistency of the process of institutionalisation of the new system gave rise to previously unfamiliar conflicts at all levels, which were especially acute in the artistic environment. The author demonstrates that over many years, the Chelyabinsk branch of the Union of Soviet Writers was able to organise full-fledged work. This was due to the frequent change of leadership, including due to the repression of many members, the reorganisation of the management system of the Union’s branches, the predominance of non-professional authors, the shortage of “old” personnel, including editors, the lack of interaction between writers and regional authorities, the scarcity of the pre-revolutionary literary tradition, the poverty of prose writers and poets, especially beginners who often used this artistic structure for selfish purposes.
{"title":"The Orange Circle Literary Brigade and the Literary Movement of Chelyabinsk in the Late 1930s","authors":"N. Zhuravleva","doi":"10.15826/izv2.2023.25.1.015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15826/izv2.2023.25.1.015","url":null,"abstract":"This article considers the short period of existence of the Orange Circle literary brigade in Chelyabinsk (1939–1940). Sharing the belief in building communism, the team developed outside the Union of Soviet Writers and relied on the aesthetics of the Silver Age in their work. This was probably due to the influence of its leader Alexey Bykov, a writer who began his career in St Petersburg in the early twentieth century and published the novel Thistle (1907). Unfortunately, the lack of publications and the loss of manuscripts, as well as the scarce number of archival materials make it difficult to reconstruct the social and literary practices of the group. However, the very fact of the appearance of such an “alternative” association in the era of early Stalinism in a provincial town with a meager sociocultural base which received an impulse for development only during the first five-year plans gives rise to scholarly reflection. The birth of the literary brigade took place during a difficult period in the history of the USSR, which had embarked on an unprecedented path of building socialism. The inconsistency of the process of institutionalisation of the new system gave rise to previously unfamiliar conflicts at all levels, which were especially acute in the artistic environment. The author demonstrates that over many years, the Chelyabinsk branch of the Union of Soviet Writers was able to organise full-fledged work. This was due to the frequent change of leadership, including due to the repression of many members, the reorganisation of the management system of the Union’s branches, the predominance of non-professional authors, the shortage of “old” personnel, including editors, the lack of interaction between writers and regional authorities, the scarcity of the pre-revolutionary literary tradition, the poverty of prose writers and poets, especially beginners who often used this artistic structure for selfish purposes.","PeriodicalId":42281,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Uralskogo Federalnogo Universiteta-Seriya 2-Gumanitarnye Nauki","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89074989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.15826/izv2.2023.25.1.014
Larisa I. Ivanova-Veen, I. V. Smekalov
This study publishes the results yielded when examining archival materials (RGALI archive and MArhI Museum) containing authentic students (apprentices) lists of the Free State Art Studios. These unique artistic institutions were founded in 1918 in Moscow following the avant-garde reform of specialised education. This article publishes three interconnected lists of Moscow students (apprentices) of K. S. Malevich in the Second Free State Art Studios. The authors compare the lists with each other. With reference to them, the article examines the history of the formation of the “individual” workshop of the outstanding avant-garde artist. The pedagogical activity was an integral part of Malevich’s artistic biography, but so far only the relatively late stages of his teaching in Vitebsk and Petrograd (Leningrad) have been studied. The short but eventful Moscow stage (November 1918 — October 1919), which saw the formation of the principles of Malevich’s pedagogy, has not been studied previously yet. The authors comment on the main events of the two training seasons of the life of the “individual” workshop until the Headmaster’s departure to Vitebsk (October 1919). Additionally, the authors describe the personalities of the Moscow apprentices, illustrating the events behind their appearance in Malevich’s orbit. The article contains data on the artistic biographies of painters, sculptors, architects, and designers who are famous nowadays, i.e. I. Zavyalov, G. Klutsis, Z. Komissarenko, G. Krutikov, I. Kudryashov, I. Meerzon, A.-Ya. Minchin, T. Shapiro, etc. Also, nearly forgotten authors grouped around Malevich too, and to a considerable extent, they determined the general cultural background of avant-garde art. The data published help expand the idea about Malevich’s school and the originality of his workshop in Moscow, explaining the specific forms and context of the interaction among artists. Many of Malevich’s Moscow apprentices themselves became organisers of Free State Art Studios in the regions.
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.15826/izv2.2023.25.1.012
E. Neklyudov
This article continues the study of one of the constituent parts of the reform of the organisational foundations of the Russian mining industry in the second half of the nineteenth — early twentieth centuries, associated with the organisation of state supervision over private industry. The author deals with problems faced by officials of mining supervision, i.e. district engineers of the Ural mining region. In the early twentieth century, it remained the largest in terms of the number of objects of supervision and this aspect is in many respects indicative of what was happening around the whole country. According to the district engineers themselves, at that time, they had to face both problems of organising their work (defining the boundaries of districts and objects of supervision, financing, and official status), and problems related to the performance of their duties (lack of “measures of influence” on entrepreneurs). It turns out that if the former ones got solved, although not always promptly, the latter ones persisted, despite their acute character and social significance. It is concluded that the main reason for this was the different levels of overcoming certain problems. If organisational issues were resolved by means of administrative measures, as a rule, finding understanding in the mining department itself, functional ones required the approval of legislative bodies which brought them to a level of discussion where the mining department was no longer of decisive importance. The presence of diverse difficulties in the work of mining supervision in the early twentieth century indicates that at the final stage of its existence, it was not a perfect institution and did not always achieve its main goal of educating responsible entrepreneurship in such an important sector of the economy as the mining industry.
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.15826/izv2.2023.25.1.016
R. V. Sinitsyn
This article deals with the problems of research in national science of the dynamics of grain yields in European Russia between the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. For the purpose of the article, the author refers to crop statistics. Disputes about their reliability have been going on for about two hundred years, however, no irrefutable evidence of their unreliability has been presented. This is also true about the discussion of the early twenty-first century, where the source was criticised by B. N. Mironov and M. A. Davydov, and their opponents were S. A. Nefedov, A. V. Ostrovsky, and I. A. Kuznetsov. Interest in the dynamics of productivity emerged in the late nineteenth century. The focus of attention was the question of whether there was an increase in productivity in the period under review or not. At the turn of the twentieth century, A. F. Fortunatov and R. I. Preger maintained that productivity had increased, and I. Kh. Ozerov argued that it had not. In the 1920s, three views on the character of yield dynamics formed. V. G. Mikhailovsky and M. I. Semenov talked about a growth in yield combined with cyclical and random fluctuations. F. Cherevanin wrote that the yield in European Russia changed exclusively cyclically. V. M. Obukhov and A. L. Weinstein argued that grain yields grew, obscured by random fluctuations, in the absence of a cyclical component. It was the third point of view that prevailed with B. S. Yastremsky, A. S. Nifontov, A. V. Ostrovsky, V. G. Rastyannikov, and I. V. Deryugina following it. Only N. O. Voskresenskaya questioned the widespread increase in productivity. However, the previously used research methods (interval enlargement, correlation-regression analysis) are imperfect, and therefore the findings require rechecking using methods that are not in demand by national science for the analysis of crop statistics (hypothesis of the averages, Foster — Stewart method), which will help to better understand the nature grain yield dynamics in European Russia in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
本文论述了19世纪至20世纪初俄罗斯欧洲地区粮食产量动态的国家科学研究问题。为了这篇文章的目的，作者引用了农作物统计数据。关于它们的可靠性的争论已经持续了大约两百年，然而，没有无可辩驳的证据证明它们的不可靠性。21世纪初的讨论也是如此，当时的资料来源受到b·n·米罗诺夫和m·a·达维多夫的批评，而他们的对手是s·a·涅费多夫、a·v·奥斯特洛夫斯基和i·a·库兹涅佐夫。对生产力动态的兴趣出现在19世纪后期。注意的焦点是在本报告所述期间生产力是否有所提高的问题。在二十世纪之交，A. F.福尔图纳托夫和R. I.普雷格坚持认为生产力已经提高。奥泽罗夫辩称，事实并非如此。20世纪20年代，形成了三种关于屈服动力学特征的观点。V. G. Mikhailovsky和M. I. Semenov谈到了与周期性和随机波动相结合的产量增长。F. Cherevanin写道，俄罗斯欧洲区的收益率完全是周期性变化的。v·m·奥布霍夫(V. M. Obukhov)和a·l·韦恩斯坦(a . L. Weinstein)认为，在缺乏周期性因素的情况下，粮食产量的增长被随机波动所掩盖。盛行的是第三种观点，其后是b.s.雅斯特列姆斯基、a.s.尼丰托夫、a.v.奥斯特洛夫斯基、v.g.拉斯季尼科夫和i.v.德尤吉纳。只有n·o·沃斯克列先斯卡娅对生产率的普遍提高提出了质疑。然而，以前使用的研究方法(区间扩大，相关回归分析)是不完善的，因此研究结果需要使用国家科学对作物统计分析不需要的方法(平均假设，福斯特-斯图尔特方法)进行重新检查，这将有助于更好地了解19世纪和20世纪初欧洲俄罗斯的自然粮食产量动态。
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