Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.30970/sls.2020.69.3497
Mykola Nahirny
Background: Historiography has long debated the identity of the terms “Ruthenian” and “Ukrainian”. It is obvious that “the Ruthenian” is the historical name of the modern name “the Ukrainian”. However, there are still theories that try to justify the separation of the Ruthenians and the Ukrainians, to recognize the Ruthenians as a separate nation – that is, they promote the ideas of political Rusynism (Ruthenianism). Ukraine's neighbors use a Ruthenian question for their own purposes, primarily to separate the Ruthenians from the Ukrainians in order to assimilate them more quickly. The Ruthenian-Ukrainian community in Croatia did not escape such a problem. The question of political Rusynism is well covered in historiography. However, there are almost no works about political Rusynism in Croatia. Purpose: Consideration of the origin and development of the ideas of political Ruthenianism among immigrants from Ukrainian lands in Croatia and the impact of these ideas on the prospects for the development and existence of both national groups - both Ruthenians and Ukrainians. Results: An immigrants from Ukrainian lands who came to Croatia in the middle of the 18th century identified themselves as the Ruthenians; those who moved here from the end of the 19th century called themselves as the Ukrainians. On the eve of the First World War, russophile tendencies prevailed among the Ruthenians. During the interwar period, contacts between Ukrainian emigrants of various migration waves strengthened. This fact contributed to the spread of the self-name “the Ukrainians”, which coexisted with the name “the Ruthenians”. Post-war attempts to unite the Ruthenians and the Ukrainians into one nationality were unsuccessful. The Yugoslav authorities deliberately separated the Ruthenians and the Ukrainians, and contributed to the formation of the Ruthenian national consciousness. The situation in Croatia was different. Here, the interests of the two ethnic groups were expressed by the Union of Ruthenians and Ukrainians of Croatia (SRiU). The position of the SRiU was that the Ruthenians were traditional, and the Ukrainians were the actual name of the same nation. But there was resistance to such a policy of the Union among the Ruthenians in Croatia. Conservative Ruthenians sought to maintain a certain distance from the Ukrainians. In particular, they held separate festivals, “summer schools” for young people, and used the wording “the Ruthenians and Ukrainians” instead of “the Ruthenians-Ukrainians”. The reason for the recent rise of Ruthenian separatism was the policy of the Croatian government. At the beginning of the 21st century, Croatia, under pressure from the West, adopted a number of pieces of legislation to strengthen the rights of national minorities. The new legislation gave great rights to national minorities (separately to the Ruthenians and separately to the Ukrainians), which leveled the long-standing common policy of the Ruthenian-Ukrainian community. The
{"title":"Political Rusynism in Croatia","authors":"Mykola Nahirny","doi":"10.30970/sls.2020.69.3497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30970/sls.2020.69.3497","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Historiography has long debated the identity of the terms “Ruthenian” and “Ukrainian”. It is obvious that “the Ruthenian” is the historical name of the modern name “the Ukrainian”. However, there are still theories that try to justify the separation of the Ruthenians and the Ukrainians, to recognize the Ruthenians as a separate nation – that is, they promote the ideas of political Rusynism (Ruthenianism). Ukraine's neighbors use a Ruthenian question for their own purposes, primarily to separate the Ruthenians from the Ukrainians in order to assimilate them more quickly. The Ruthenian-Ukrainian community in Croatia did not escape such a problem. The question of political Rusynism is well covered in historiography. However, there are almost no works about political Rusynism in Croatia. Purpose: Consideration of the origin and development of the ideas of political Ruthenianism among immigrants from Ukrainian lands in Croatia and the impact of these ideas on the prospects for the development and existence of both national groups - both Ruthenians and Ukrainians. Results: An immigrants from Ukrainian lands who came to Croatia in the middle of the 18th century identified themselves as the Ruthenians; those who moved here from the end of the 19th century called themselves as the Ukrainians. On the eve of the First World War, russophile tendencies prevailed among the Ruthenians. During the interwar period, contacts between Ukrainian emigrants of various migration waves strengthened. This fact contributed to the spread of the self-name “the Ukrainians”, which coexisted with the name “the Ruthenians”. Post-war attempts to unite the Ruthenians and the Ukrainians into one nationality were unsuccessful. The Yugoslav authorities deliberately separated the Ruthenians and the Ukrainians, and contributed to the formation of the Ruthenian national consciousness. The situation in Croatia was different. Here, the interests of the two ethnic groups were expressed by the Union of Ruthenians and Ukrainians of Croatia (SRiU). The position of the SRiU was that the Ruthenians were traditional, and the Ukrainians were the actual name of the same nation. But there was resistance to such a policy of the Union among the Ruthenians in Croatia. Conservative Ruthenians sought to maintain a certain distance from the Ukrainians. In particular, they held separate festivals, “summer schools” for young people, and used the wording “the Ruthenians and Ukrainians” instead of “the Ruthenians-Ukrainians”. The reason for the recent rise of Ruthenian separatism was the policy of the Croatian government. At the beginning of the 21st century, Croatia, under pressure from the West, adopted a number of pieces of legislation to strengthen the rights of national minorities. The new legislation gave great rights to national minorities (separately to the Ruthenians and separately to the Ukrainians), which leveled the long-standing common policy of the Ruthenian-Ukrainian community. The","PeriodicalId":422873,"journal":{"name":"Problems of slavonic studies","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132086932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.30970/sls.2021.70.3749
Maryna Hohulia
Background: This work compares the story Encyclopedia of the Dead by Danilo Kiš and novel The Museum of Unconditional Surrender by Dubravka Ugrešić which were written outside the homeland of their authors. It is used the definition of the literary cosmopolitanism as a kind of cultural cosmopolitanism which is characterized raising the issue of identity of heroes in the perspective of world citizenship, often depicting the coexistence of different identities without the specifying a national one. The article studies the influence of Kiš's poetics on Ugrešić's poetics, intertextual relations in the mentioned works. Purpose: The similarity at the level of motives, symbols, worldviews, structure, genre features, artistic techniques as main characteristics of the literary cosmopolitanism is studied in this article. Results: The Central European literary cosmopolitanism in the works by Kiš and Ugrešić is reflected in narration, images and symbols, motives, quotations of the other texts with the similar, cosmopolitan themes. Here the authors set the task of preserving and reconstructing the past by the various "reservoirs of memory" such as memories, photographs, artifacts, customs. The topic of freedom is extremely relevant as a fundamental one for totalitarian and post-totalitarian societies, which is manifested here either through the censorship of memory, or through the fantastic visions of freedom from censorship. Keywords: museum, encyclopedia, library, memory, cosmopolitanism. Assman, A., 2012. Spaces of memory. Forms and transformations of cultural memory. Kyiv: Nika-Tsentr. (In Ukrainian) Birth Certificate, 2021. [online] Cornell University Press. Avialable at: https://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/book/9780801448881/birth-certificate/ [Accessed September, 6, 2021] (In English) Gvozden, V., 2002. Danilo Kiš as a Central European writer: contribution to writing and reading identity. In: B. Zieliński, ed. National and Supranational model of culture: Central Europe and the Balkan Peninsula. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza, s.83–94. (In Polish) Kiš, D., 1979. The Anatomy Lesson. Beolgrade: Nolit. (In Serbian) Kiš, D., 2008. The Book of the Love and Death. L’viv: LA “Piramida”. (In Ukrainian) Kosmos, І., 2015. Mapping of Exile in the Works of Post-Yugoslav Authors. PhD thesis. University of Zagreb. Zagreb, Croatia. (In Croatian) Miedzielski, E., 2014. Unity in difference, differences in unity. Mapping the cultural space of contemporary Croatia on the basis of Croatian prose from the pre-millennium. Poznań: Nauka i innowacje. (In Polish) Milutinović, Z., 2014. Territorial Trap: Danilo Kiš, Cultural Geography and Geopolitical Imagination. East European Politics and Societies, 28, 4 (2014), pp.715–738. (In English) Nedeljković, M., 2016. Kiš's vigilance: ethics as aesthetics in the prose of Danilo Kiš. PhD thesis. University of Westminster. London, United Kingdom. (In English) Pantić, M., 2002. The variations on a theme „D
{"title":"Central european literary cosmopolitanism: “Encyclopedia of the dead” by Danilo Kish and “Museum of unconditional surrender” by Dubravka Ugreshich","authors":"Maryna Hohulia","doi":"10.30970/sls.2021.70.3749","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30970/sls.2021.70.3749","url":null,"abstract":"Background: This work compares the story Encyclopedia of the Dead by Danilo Kiš and novel The Museum of Unconditional Surrender by Dubravka Ugrešić which were written outside the homeland of their authors. It is used the definition of the literary cosmopolitanism as a kind of cultural cosmopolitanism which is characterized raising the issue of identity of heroes in the perspective of world citizenship, often depicting the coexistence of different identities without the specifying a national one. The article studies the influence of Kiš's poetics on Ugrešić's poetics, intertextual relations in the mentioned works. Purpose: The similarity at the level of motives, symbols, worldviews, structure, genre features, artistic techniques as main characteristics of the literary cosmopolitanism is studied in this article. Results: The Central European literary cosmopolitanism in the works by Kiš and Ugrešić is reflected in narration, images and symbols, motives, quotations of the other texts with the similar, cosmopolitan themes. Here the authors set the task of preserving and reconstructing the past by the various \"reservoirs of memory\" such as memories, photographs, artifacts, customs. The topic of freedom is extremely relevant as a fundamental one for totalitarian and post-totalitarian societies, which is manifested here either through the censorship of memory, or through the fantastic visions of freedom from censorship. Keywords: museum, encyclopedia, library, memory, cosmopolitanism. Assman, A., 2012. Spaces of memory. Forms and transformations of cultural memory. Kyiv: Nika-Tsentr. (In Ukrainian) Birth Certificate, 2021. [online] Cornell University Press. Avialable at: https://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/book/9780801448881/birth-certificate/ [Accessed September, 6, 2021] (In English) Gvozden, V., 2002. Danilo Kiš as a Central European writer: contribution to writing and reading identity. In: B. Zieliński, ed. National and Supranational model of culture: Central Europe and the Balkan Peninsula. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza, s.83–94. (In Polish) Kiš, D., 1979. The Anatomy Lesson. Beolgrade: Nolit. (In Serbian) Kiš, D., 2008. The Book of the Love and Death. L’viv: LA “Piramida”. (In Ukrainian) Kosmos, І., 2015. Mapping of Exile in the Works of Post-Yugoslav Authors. PhD thesis. University of Zagreb. Zagreb, Croatia. (In Croatian) Miedzielski, E., 2014. Unity in difference, differences in unity. Mapping the cultural space of contemporary Croatia on the basis of Croatian prose from the pre-millennium. Poznań: Nauka i innowacje. (In Polish) Milutinović, Z., 2014. Territorial Trap: Danilo Kiš, Cultural Geography and Geopolitical Imagination. East European Politics and Societies, 28, 4 (2014), pp.715–738. (In English) Nedeljković, M., 2016. Kiš's vigilance: ethics as aesthetics in the prose of Danilo Kiš. PhD thesis. University of Westminster. London, United Kingdom. (In English) Pantić, M., 2002. The variations on a theme „D","PeriodicalId":422873,"journal":{"name":"Problems of slavonic studies","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133742049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.30970/sls.2020.69.3490
Olha Shchodra
Background: The article attempts to study the processes of political consolidation of Slavic tribes in the IV–VIII centuries, to establish the main factors that influenced the formation of the early Slavic states; trace the prehistory of Rus’ and determine the beginnings of the Rus’ empire. Purpose: To identify a set of medieval sources for studying the history of the early Slavic states, to analyze the information of medieval writers about the Slavs and Rus’ people, their early state formations and titles of rulers to help establish the nature and degree of state-building processes. Analysis of written sources shows that the first reports of the early Slavic states appear in the Byzantine chronicles in the VI century during the era of the Great Migration, when large-scale migration in the Balkans formed large Slavic regions and Slavic expansion was a serious threat to the territories of the empire. Arab authors begin to mention the Slavs and Rus’ people later, in the VII–VIII centuries, during the beginning of Arab expansion within Byzantium and the development of international trade between Europe and the Arab East in which the Slavs played a leading role. According to sources the formation of Rus’ in southern Eastern Europe was preceded by the formation of large military-political associations of the Slavs - the unions of the Ants and Dulibs, Greater Croatia. Here as in the Baltic Pomerania and the Danube, they originated in the Slavic areas through which international trade routes passed. International trade contributed to the development of cities, strengthened the process of political consolidation and became an important factor in the formation of the early Slavic states and the formation of the Rus’ empire. Its territorial core was the Middle Dnieper region through which passed the routes connecting the north and south of the continent, as well as the transcontinental trade route between the European West and the Arab East. The establishment of control over water and land international routes was the main reason for the expansion of the Rus’ people which resulted in the formation of the largest European empire in the Middle Ages. Keywords: migrations of the Slavs, early Slavic states, the Ant Union, the Dulib Union, international trade routes, Rus’ people, Rus’ empire.
{"title":"The Empire of Rus’: prehistory and the beginnings of formation","authors":"Olha Shchodra","doi":"10.30970/sls.2020.69.3490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30970/sls.2020.69.3490","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The article attempts to study the processes of political consolidation of Slavic tribes in the IV–VIII centuries, to establish the main factors that influenced the formation of the early Slavic states; trace the prehistory of Rus’ and determine the beginnings of the Rus’ empire. Purpose: To identify a set of medieval sources for studying the history of the early Slavic states, to analyze the information of medieval writers about the Slavs and Rus’ people, their early state formations and titles of rulers to help establish the nature and degree of state-building processes. Analysis of written sources shows that the first reports of the early Slavic states appear in the Byzantine chronicles in the VI century during the era of the Great Migration, when large-scale migration in the Balkans formed large Slavic regions and Slavic expansion was a serious threat to the territories of the empire. Arab authors begin to mention the Slavs and Rus’ people later, in the VII–VIII centuries, during the beginning of Arab expansion within Byzantium and the development of international trade between Europe and the Arab East in which the Slavs played a leading role. According to sources the formation of Rus’ in southern Eastern Europe was preceded by the formation of large military-political associations of the Slavs - the unions of the Ants and Dulibs, Greater Croatia. Here as in the Baltic Pomerania and the Danube, they originated in the Slavic areas through which international trade routes passed. International trade contributed to the development of cities, strengthened the process of political consolidation and became an important factor in the formation of the early Slavic states and the formation of the Rus’ empire. Its territorial core was the Middle Dnieper region through which passed the routes connecting the north and south of the continent, as well as the transcontinental trade route between the European West and the Arab East. The establishment of control over water and land international routes was the main reason for the expansion of the Rus’ people which resulted in the formation of the largest European empire in the Middle Ages. Keywords: migrations of the Slavs, early Slavic states, the Ant Union, the Dulib Union, international trade routes, Rus’ people, Rus’ empire.","PeriodicalId":422873,"journal":{"name":"Problems of slavonic studies","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122541393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.30970/sls.2021.70.3754
Igor Shpyk
Background: One of the least researched periods of Bulgarian-Ukrainian intercul-tural dialogue is late Middle Ages period. It is explained by the low number of sources and their fragmented character, and mainly by incomplete methodology of their pro-cessing, lack of respective conceptual approaches, which are still applied, despite seri-ous criticism. In the second part of the 20th century Ukrainian Slavic Studies, being under mo-nopoly influence of the Russian historiographic patterns, fully accepted the concept of the “second South Slavic influence”, artificially adapting it to the Ukrainian late Middle Ages history. Definitely it was not beneficial for it as self-sufficient processes of reli-gious and cultural relations of Ukraine-Rus with Bulgaria of the 14th–15th centuries were narrowed down only to one abstract phenomenon, which main recipient undoubt-edly was Moscow. Purpose: Modern Ukrainian researchers continue using the term “second South Slavic influence”, and this automatically makes their texts not only a bit terminologically vague, but often retranslates outdated historiographic patterns with clearly expressed myth-making elements. To finally neutralize the afore-mentioned tendency, one should refer back to the origins of our national historiography that includes alternative interpre-tations of cultural relations of Ukraine-Rus with Bulgaria and other South Slavic coun-tries in the late Middle Ages period. Their subsequent analysis is the man objective of this article. Results: Ukrainian scholars of the 19th – first quarter of the 20th century rigorous-ly studied all the aspects of Bulgarian-Ukrainian relations of the late Middle Ages peri-od known at that time. I. Franko and М. Hrushevsky contributed to these studies the most, and some of their opinions are based both on the in-depth knowledge of Ukraini-an and Bulgarian cultural and religious life, and the results of comparative analysis of the respective book and literary monuments, therefore they are still scientifically topical. At the same time, materials of all these studies, irrespective of their scientific value, is an inseparable part of Ukrainian Slavic researchers’ knowledge about the place of their cul-tural heritage within the system of interslavic relations of ancient times. Key words: Bulgaria, Ukraine-Rus, cultural relations, “second South Slavic influ-ence”, the late Middle Ages, Ukrainian Slavic Studies. Dashkevich, N., 1904. Several facts on Rus’ communication with South Slavs in Lith-uanian-Polish period of its history, including dumas. Kievan Anthology dedicated to Т. D. Florinsky. Kiev, pp.117–137. (In Russian) Franko, I. Ya., 1981. Collection of works. In 50 volumes, 30. Kyyiv: Naukova dumka. (In Ukrainian) Franko, I. Ya., 1984. Collection of works. In 50 volumes, 41. Kyyiv: Naukova dumka. (In Ukrainian) Franko, I., 1899. Apocrypha and legends from Ukrainian manuscripts. The Monu-ments of the Ukrainian-Russian Language and Literature, 2. L"viv. (In Ukrainian)
{"title":"Bulgarian-Ukrainian Relations in the Late Middle Ages in the Works of Ukrainian Scholars of the 19th–First Quarter of the 20th Century","authors":"Igor Shpyk","doi":"10.30970/sls.2021.70.3754","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30970/sls.2021.70.3754","url":null,"abstract":"Background: One of the least researched periods of Bulgarian-Ukrainian intercul-tural dialogue is late Middle Ages period. It is explained by the low number of sources and their fragmented character, and mainly by incomplete methodology of their pro-cessing, lack of respective conceptual approaches, which are still applied, despite seri-ous criticism. In the second part of the 20th century Ukrainian Slavic Studies, being under mo-nopoly influence of the Russian historiographic patterns, fully accepted the concept of the “second South Slavic influence”, artificially adapting it to the Ukrainian late Middle Ages history. Definitely it was not beneficial for it as self-sufficient processes of reli-gious and cultural relations of Ukraine-Rus with Bulgaria of the 14th–15th centuries were narrowed down only to one abstract phenomenon, which main recipient undoubt-edly was Moscow. Purpose: Modern Ukrainian researchers continue using the term “second South Slavic influence”, and this automatically makes their texts not only a bit terminologically vague, but often retranslates outdated historiographic patterns with clearly expressed myth-making elements. To finally neutralize the afore-mentioned tendency, one should refer back to the origins of our national historiography that includes alternative interpre-tations of cultural relations of Ukraine-Rus with Bulgaria and other South Slavic coun-tries in the late Middle Ages period. Their subsequent analysis is the man objective of this article. Results: Ukrainian scholars of the 19th – first quarter of the 20th century rigorous-ly studied all the aspects of Bulgarian-Ukrainian relations of the late Middle Ages peri-od known at that time. I. Franko and М. Hrushevsky contributed to these studies the most, and some of their opinions are based both on the in-depth knowledge of Ukraini-an and Bulgarian cultural and religious life, and the results of comparative analysis of the respective book and literary monuments, therefore they are still scientifically topical. At the same time, materials of all these studies, irrespective of their scientific value, is an inseparable part of Ukrainian Slavic researchers’ knowledge about the place of their cul-tural heritage within the system of interslavic relations of ancient times. Key words: Bulgaria, Ukraine-Rus, cultural relations, “second South Slavic influ-ence”, the late Middle Ages, Ukrainian Slavic Studies. Dashkevich, N., 1904. Several facts on Rus’ communication with South Slavs in Lith-uanian-Polish period of its history, including dumas. Kievan Anthology dedicated to Т. D. Florinsky. Kiev, pp.117–137. (In Russian) Franko, I. Ya., 1981. Collection of works. In 50 volumes, 30. Kyyiv: Naukova dumka. (In Ukrainian) Franko, I. Ya., 1984. Collection of works. In 50 volumes, 41. Kyyiv: Naukova dumka. (In Ukrainian) Franko, I., 1899. Apocrypha and legends from Ukrainian manuscripts. The Monu-ments of the Ukrainian-Russian Language and Literature, 2. L\"viv. (In Ukrainian)","PeriodicalId":422873,"journal":{"name":"Problems of slavonic studies","volume":"128 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124240294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.30970/sls.2020.69.3487
Ya. O. Kravets
Purpose: The article is devoted to the Sorbian studies work of the Italian Slavic scholar of Lusatian origin Wolfango Giusti (1901-1980) “The Folk Lusatian Serbian Song” (1926), totally unknown in Ukrainian Slavic scholars’ circles. The author of a large number of Sorbian studies publications printed in the 1920s and 1930s in the pages of Italian Slavic editions, he became a true popularizer of Lusatian culture, and his works found a special reverberation in the research papers of authoritative Sorbian scholars. W. Giusti’s name as researcher and translator has recently been more frequently mentioned in Slavistic publications, his interest in Ukrainian poetry, esp. in the 1920s, is written about. The interest in W. Giusti’s literary legacy is linked, in particular, to his being interested in T. Shevchenko’s and M. Shashkevych’s lyrics. In the research under analysis, the Italian scholar stressed that “the soul of the Lusatian people has found its best and fullest expression in their folk song”. Also mentioned by W. Giusti were Ukrainian folk songs, rich in their multi-genre samples. Results: The paper presents a classification of the most characteristic folk songs, the classification coming to be basis-providing for the Italian scholar: W. Giusti relied on authoritative research papers, including those by the scholars K. Fiedler and B. Krawc. The Italian Slavicist acquaints us with songs of love between brother and sister, love songs about the way of life of the whole people, songs resonating with the motif of fidelity. Neither has the literary scholar bypassed the issue of the neighbouring peoples’ influence experienced by Lusatian culture, particularly that of a Germanic culture, providing some examples of a “spiritual analogy” with German folk songs. W. Giusti completed his short essay by promising to offer the reader, before long, “other genres of the extremely rich Lusatian folklore”. The promise came to be fulfilled as early as the next year, in the work published under the title “Folk Lusatian Serbian Songs”. Key words: Lusatian folklore, Wolfango Giusti, folk song, motif of fidelity/infidelity, dramatic mood, classification of songs, aspects of “Wendish” folklore, Germanic influence.
{"title":"Lusatian Folklore in the Slavic Research of the Italian Wolfango (Wolf) Giusti","authors":"Ya. O. Kravets","doi":"10.30970/sls.2020.69.3487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30970/sls.2020.69.3487","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The article is devoted to the Sorbian studies work of the Italian Slavic scholar of Lusatian origin Wolfango Giusti (1901-1980) “The Folk Lusatian Serbian Song” (1926), totally unknown in Ukrainian Slavic scholars’ circles. The author of a large number of Sorbian studies publications printed in the 1920s and 1930s in the pages of Italian Slavic editions, he became a true popularizer of Lusatian culture, and his works found a special reverberation in the research papers of authoritative Sorbian scholars. W. Giusti’s name as researcher and translator has recently been more frequently mentioned in Slavistic publications, his interest in Ukrainian poetry, esp. in the 1920s, is written about. The interest in W. Giusti’s literary legacy is linked, in particular, to his being interested in T. Shevchenko’s and M. Shashkevych’s lyrics. In the research under analysis, the Italian scholar stressed that “the soul of the Lusatian people has found its best and fullest expression in their folk song”. Also mentioned by W. Giusti were Ukrainian folk songs, rich in their multi-genre samples. Results: The paper presents a classification of the most characteristic folk songs, the classification coming to be basis-providing for the Italian scholar: W. Giusti relied on authoritative research papers, including those by the scholars K. Fiedler and B. Krawc. The Italian Slavicist acquaints us with songs of love between brother and sister, love songs about the way of life of the whole people, songs resonating with the motif of fidelity. Neither has the literary scholar bypassed the issue of the neighbouring peoples’ influence experienced by Lusatian culture, particularly that of a Germanic culture, providing some examples of a “spiritual analogy” with German folk songs. W. Giusti completed his short essay by promising to offer the reader, before long, “other genres of the extremely rich Lusatian folklore”. The promise came to be fulfilled as early as the next year, in the work published under the title “Folk Lusatian Serbian Songs”. Key words: Lusatian folklore, Wolfango Giusti, folk song, motif of fidelity/infidelity, dramatic mood, classification of songs, aspects of “Wendish” folklore, Germanic influence.","PeriodicalId":422873,"journal":{"name":"Problems of slavonic studies","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125638013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.30970/sls.2020.69.3491
Leontij Voitovych
Background: The Thorny problems of indo-european and Slavic ethnogenezis abandon debatable the questions of beginning of the Ukrainian ethnos and his state system. Practical absence of a traditional spring base pushed away on the second plan usual historiography methods and pulled out on the first plan a tool end proofs of the special disciplines created on his base: linguistics, onomastics, ethnography, anthropology and archaeology. But white the Ukrainian researchers from far away watch after the polemic of their neighbours, last, especially taking into account the terms of “hibrid war”. With lightness attribut these questions to beginning of 20 of century and, even, later. Purpose: In the article a realizable attempt is on the basic of the last achievements of world science to analyse Slavic ethnogenezis from appearance of the Slavic tribal unions. Community development of the se tribal unions is analysed also in the light of mone new theories of chiefdom up to her transformation in the early state of military wife type (military hovernment). Results: The consequences of this development are fixed in the first fixed undoubted report about existence the Caganat of Rus’. In the process of research the comparative analysis of development of institutes of the state of military hovernment was carried out in Slavic, Scandinavian and Centrally-Cerman arrays. The similar global analisis of these difficult processes and phenomena comes true in general first with complete realization discussions are round them on the whole as well as in separate details. The undoubted is seemed only by a general conclusion in relation to completion of these processes and transformations in the Dnepr region in the first half of 9 of Century as a result of creation of Caganat of Rus’. Key words: old indo-european association, culture of lithoidal battle-exes, German and Baltic-Slavic languare groups, tribe, chefdom, state of military hovernment, Caganat of Rus’.
{"title":"What Rus’-Ukraina was begun with?","authors":"Leontij Voitovych","doi":"10.30970/sls.2020.69.3491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30970/sls.2020.69.3491","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The Thorny problems of indo-european and Slavic ethnogenezis abandon debatable the questions of beginning of the Ukrainian ethnos and his state system. Practical absence of a traditional spring base pushed away on the second plan usual historiography methods and pulled out on the first plan a tool end proofs of the special disciplines created on his base: linguistics, onomastics, ethnography, anthropology and archaeology. But white the Ukrainian researchers from far away watch after the polemic of their neighbours, last, especially taking into account the terms of “hibrid war”. With lightness attribut these questions to beginning of 20 of century and, even, later. Purpose: In the article a realizable attempt is on the basic of the last achievements of world science to analyse Slavic ethnogenezis from appearance of the Slavic tribal unions. Community development of the se tribal unions is analysed also in the light of mone new theories of chiefdom up to her transformation in the early state of military wife type (military hovernment). Results: The consequences of this development are fixed in the first fixed undoubted report about existence the Caganat of Rus’. In the process of research the comparative analysis of development of institutes of the state of military hovernment was carried out in Slavic, Scandinavian and Centrally-Cerman arrays. The similar global analisis of these difficult processes and phenomena comes true in general first with complete realization discussions are round them on the whole as well as in separate details. The undoubted is seemed only by a general conclusion in relation to completion of these processes and transformations in the Dnepr region in the first half of 9 of Century as a result of creation of Caganat of Rus’. Key words: old indo-european association, culture of lithoidal battle-exes, German and Baltic-Slavic languare groups, tribe, chefdom, state of military hovernment, Caganat of Rus’.","PeriodicalId":422873,"journal":{"name":"Problems of slavonic studies","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130735093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.30970/sls.2021.70.3739
Nazar Nechesnyi
Background: Throughout the ХІХ century, Panslavism actually determined the foreign policy of the Russian Empire, and at the same time was a topic to which Russian intellectuals often referred in their works. And although in the ХХ century the ideas of Panslavism lost their significance, they did not disappear and continued to remain a topic for intellectual discussions and debates in scientific and literary circles. Thus, the Russian writer Alexander Solzhenitsyn (1918–2008) repeatedly referred to the analysis of the Slavic idea in his works, trying to find out what influence it had on the development of Russia. Purpose: Objectively cover the views of Solzhenitsyn on the idea of Slavic unity and its role in the development of Russia. It is necessary to analyze the journalistic works of O. Solzhenitsyn, in which he considered issues important to our study. Moreover, the article is an analysis of the reaction to the idea of O. Solzhenitsyn, as well as the impact of the idea on the development of Russia's intellectual environment. Results: An analysis of O. Solzhenitsyn’s works gives grounds to conclude that the theme of Slavic unity did not occupy a central place in his work. The writer considered it only in the context of his concept of the historical development of Russia. According to this concept, first the Russian Empire, and later the USSR, constantly interfered in unnecessary foreign policy adventures, ignoring domestic development. In fact, O. Solzhenitsyn mainly mentioned Panslavism in his essay “The Russian Question until the End of the Twentieth Century”, in which he gave a brief overview of Russian history. The idea of Slavic unity and its role in the history of Russia was negatively assessed by the writer, because the Russian Empire, trying to implement it, spent too many resources, which in turn had a very bad effect on the development of the Russian people. Accordingly, the author warned against repeating such mistakes in the future. However, in the works of O. Solzhenitsyn there is a certain inconsistency when it comes to the Eastern Slavs. This situation can be explained by the writer's ideological convictions as a Russian nationalist: all his proposals, including the unity of the Eastern Slavs within one state, were attempts to theoretically substantiate Russia's right to own East Slavic lands. However, Solzhenitsyn's ideas did not have a significant impact on Russian society and government, as the proposal to focus on domestic development, abandoning constant foreign policy adventures, did not correlate with the imperial character of the Russian people. Keywords: O. Solzhenitsyn, Slavic idea, Panslavism, history of Russia. Dyakov, V., 1994. On the historical and sociological concept of A. Solzhenitsyn. Social Sciences and Modernity, 1, pp.64–76. (In Russian) Dugin, A., 2000. Foundations of Geopolitics. Moscow: Vector–Eurasia. (In Russian) Nizhnikov, S., 2014. Socio-political views of A. I. Solzhenitsyn. Philosophical Sciences, 2,
{"title":"The idea of slavic unity in the works of Alexander Solzhenitsyn","authors":"Nazar Nechesnyi","doi":"10.30970/sls.2021.70.3739","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30970/sls.2021.70.3739","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Throughout the ХІХ century, Panslavism actually determined the foreign policy of the Russian Empire, and at the same time was a topic to which Russian intellectuals often referred in their works. And although in the ХХ century the ideas of Panslavism lost their significance, they did not disappear and continued to remain a topic for intellectual discussions and debates in scientific and literary circles. Thus, the Russian writer Alexander Solzhenitsyn (1918–2008) repeatedly referred to the analysis of the Slavic idea in his works, trying to find out what influence it had on the development of Russia. Purpose: Objectively cover the views of Solzhenitsyn on the idea of Slavic unity and its role in the development of Russia. It is necessary to analyze the journalistic works of O. Solzhenitsyn, in which he considered issues important to our study. Moreover, the article is an analysis of the reaction to the idea of O. Solzhenitsyn, as well as the impact of the idea on the development of Russia's intellectual environment. Results: An analysis of O. Solzhenitsyn’s works gives grounds to conclude that the theme of Slavic unity did not occupy a central place in his work. The writer considered it only in the context of his concept of the historical development of Russia. According to this concept, first the Russian Empire, and later the USSR, constantly interfered in unnecessary foreign policy adventures, ignoring domestic development. In fact, O. Solzhenitsyn mainly mentioned Panslavism in his essay “The Russian Question until the End of the Twentieth Century”, in which he gave a brief overview of Russian history. The idea of Slavic unity and its role in the history of Russia was negatively assessed by the writer, because the Russian Empire, trying to implement it, spent too many resources, which in turn had a very bad effect on the development of the Russian people. Accordingly, the author warned against repeating such mistakes in the future. However, in the works of O. Solzhenitsyn there is a certain inconsistency when it comes to the Eastern Slavs. This situation can be explained by the writer's ideological convictions as a Russian nationalist: all his proposals, including the unity of the Eastern Slavs within one state, were attempts to theoretically substantiate Russia's right to own East Slavic lands. However, Solzhenitsyn's ideas did not have a significant impact on Russian society and government, as the proposal to focus on domestic development, abandoning constant foreign policy adventures, did not correlate with the imperial character of the Russian people. Keywords: O. Solzhenitsyn, Slavic idea, Panslavism, history of Russia. Dyakov, V., 1994. On the historical and sociological concept of A. Solzhenitsyn. Social Sciences and Modernity, 1, pp.64–76. (In Russian) Dugin, A., 2000. Foundations of Geopolitics. Moscow: Vector–Eurasia. (In Russian) Nizhnikov, S., 2014. Socio-political views of A. I. Solzhenitsyn. Philosophical Sciences, 2,","PeriodicalId":422873,"journal":{"name":"Problems of slavonic studies","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128787756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.30970/sls.2021.70.3737
Mykola Genyk
Background The Helsinki Accords signed in 1975 set inviolability of frontiers, ensured respect for human rights and hence formed the new international situation in the East Central Europe. With the emergence of opposition movements and the crisis of so-cialist bloc and the communist ideology, the issue of the future order, interethnic rela-tions, borders and national minorities arose. Purpose The purpose of the article is to research preconditions for signing of “The Declaration on the Matter of Principles of the Polish-Ukrainian Cooperation” in 1987 and its role in paving the way for bilateral relationship. Results. On the Polish opposition initiative in 1987 “The Declaration on the Mat-ter of Principles of the Polish-Ukrainian Cooperation” was signed with representatives of the Ukrainian emigration. It supported inviolability of borders and respect for nation-al minorities’ rights. The declaration was the first agreed between Polish opposition and Ukrainian émigrés document to suggest integrated and thorough project of Polish-Ukrainian cooperation after the downfall of the Socialist Camp and the Soviet Union. Its statements developed by civil society institutions, and partly approved by the gov-ernment-in-exile, were recognized by state structures of both nations after gaining of in-dependence and became a basis of their relationship. The Declaration gave a great impe-tus to normalization of relations between independent Poland and Ukraine. Its principles were implemented in an interstate framework treaty between Ukraine and Poland in 1992 and in a joint statement about mutual understanding and unity signed on the twen-ty-first of May, 1997. Key words: the Polish-Ukrainian relations, frontiers, national minorities, the East Central Europe. Before we will be with Europe. Jerzy Stankiewicz is talking to Grzegorz Kostrzewa, 1989. Tygodnik Polski, 35. 27 sierpnia. (In Polish) Boruta, M., 2002. Free with Free, Equal with Equal. Poland and the Poles about Inde-pendence of the Eastern Neighbours of Rzeczypospolita. Kraków: ARCANA, 355 p. (In Polish) Chushak, Kh., 2011. There is no Free Poland without Free Ukraine: Ukraine and Ukrainians in the Political Thought of Polish Opposition (1976–1989). Lviv: Instytut ukrayinoznavstva im. I. Kryp’yakevycha NAN Ukrayiny; Vydavnyctvo “PAIS”. (In Ukrainian) Concerning the Issue of Polish-Ukrainian Relations [unpublished sourse], 1986. The Declaration. Samostijnyk. Visnyk nezalezhnoho ukrayins"koho slova, 4–5. J. Targalski’s Private Archive in Warsaw. (In Ukrainian) Ideological Declaration of Confederation of Independent Poland [unpublished sourse]. 1 IX 1979. Archives of the KARTA Center (AOK). Archives of the Opposition (AO). Sygn. AO IV/13.1. K. 1. Warsaw. (In Polish) Les archives de l’Institut Litteraire a Paris (AILP). Les coupures de presse (CP). 1991. Vol. 3: Kozak S. Poland and Ukraine. Paths and Impassable Roads to Mutual Understand-ing, 1991. Więź, 11–12 (XI–XII), pp.113–115. (In Polish) Małynowycz, W.,
{"title":"The influence of “The declaration on the matter of principles of the polish-ukrainian cooperation” of 1987 on the forging of bilateral relationship","authors":"Mykola Genyk","doi":"10.30970/sls.2021.70.3737","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30970/sls.2021.70.3737","url":null,"abstract":"Background The Helsinki Accords signed in 1975 set inviolability of frontiers, ensured respect for human rights and hence formed the new international situation in the East Central Europe. With the emergence of opposition movements and the crisis of so-cialist bloc and the communist ideology, the issue of the future order, interethnic rela-tions, borders and national minorities arose. Purpose The purpose of the article is to research preconditions for signing of “The Declaration on the Matter of Principles of the Polish-Ukrainian Cooperation” in 1987 and its role in paving the way for bilateral relationship. Results. On the Polish opposition initiative in 1987 “The Declaration on the Mat-ter of Principles of the Polish-Ukrainian Cooperation” was signed with representatives of the Ukrainian emigration. It supported inviolability of borders and respect for nation-al minorities’ rights. The declaration was the first agreed between Polish opposition and Ukrainian émigrés document to suggest integrated and thorough project of Polish-Ukrainian cooperation after the downfall of the Socialist Camp and the Soviet Union. Its statements developed by civil society institutions, and partly approved by the gov-ernment-in-exile, were recognized by state structures of both nations after gaining of in-dependence and became a basis of their relationship. The Declaration gave a great impe-tus to normalization of relations between independent Poland and Ukraine. Its principles were implemented in an interstate framework treaty between Ukraine and Poland in 1992 and in a joint statement about mutual understanding and unity signed on the twen-ty-first of May, 1997. Key words: the Polish-Ukrainian relations, frontiers, national minorities, the East Central Europe. Before we will be with Europe. Jerzy Stankiewicz is talking to Grzegorz Kostrzewa, 1989. Tygodnik Polski, 35. 27 sierpnia. (In Polish) Boruta, M., 2002. Free with Free, Equal with Equal. Poland and the Poles about Inde-pendence of the Eastern Neighbours of Rzeczypospolita. Kraków: ARCANA, 355 p. (In Polish) Chushak, Kh., 2011. There is no Free Poland without Free Ukraine: Ukraine and Ukrainians in the Political Thought of Polish Opposition (1976–1989). Lviv: Instytut ukrayinoznavstva im. I. Kryp’yakevycha NAN Ukrayiny; Vydavnyctvo “PAIS”. (In Ukrainian) Concerning the Issue of Polish-Ukrainian Relations [unpublished sourse], 1986. The Declaration. Samostijnyk. Visnyk nezalezhnoho ukrayins\"koho slova, 4–5. J. Targalski’s Private Archive in Warsaw. (In Ukrainian) Ideological Declaration of Confederation of Independent Poland [unpublished sourse]. 1 IX 1979. Archives of the KARTA Center (AOK). Archives of the Opposition (AO). Sygn. AO IV/13.1. K. 1. Warsaw. (In Polish) Les archives de l’Institut Litteraire a Paris (AILP). Les coupures de presse (CP). 1991. Vol. 3: Kozak S. Poland and Ukraine. Paths and Impassable Roads to Mutual Understand-ing, 1991. Więź, 11–12 (XI–XII), pp.113–115. (In Polish) Małynowycz, W., ","PeriodicalId":422873,"journal":{"name":"Problems of slavonic studies","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131237330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.30970/sls.2020.69.3499
Viktoriya Lyubashchenko
Background: The 17th century was marked by tragic religious conflicts and the Thirty Years’ War. The polarization of the Western Church, begun by ‘The First Reformation’, was deepened during this period by the emergence of new denominations. These factors forced political and church leaders to consider more effective forms of interstate and interchurch relations. In Protestant theology was formed the ideological program of ‘The Second Reformation’, which was associated with social and scientific progress and was to prepare mankind for the Millennial Kingdom. The implementation of this program required overcoming the contradictions between the Protestant churches: therefore, the mainstream of ‘The Second Reformation’ was irenicism, which during the Thirty Years’ War went beyond the narrow confessional boundaries. Purpose: On the example of church and scientific-educational activity of a Czech thinker John Amos Comenius shows the process of search by reformers of the 17th century the ways of religious understanding. The author of the article proves rethinking by John Comenius of irenic projects in favor of the ecumenical model, which would synthesize the ideas of humanism, pacifism and religious tolerance. This model was embodied in his idea of the Universal Christianity as an integral element of social and spiritual harmony of the world. Results: The author of the article confirms the thesis that John Comenius’ ecumenical worldview was based on the spiritual tradition and ecclesiastical paradigm of the Czech Brotherhood, on scientific achievements and socio-ethical utopias of the Early Modern period, as well as on irenic projects of European reformers. Disappointed with the futility of the Colloquium Charitativum (1645), John Comenius proposed a new vision of the Universal Christianity, based on the rejection of the confessional traditions, which could not shake religious faith but instead caused theological controversy. He proposed the Universal Christianity, directed on the mutual respect of believers of different churches and their cooperation. According to John Comenius, such Universal Christianity can become a spiritual platform of religious peace. Key words: John Amos Comenius, Czech Brotherhood, ‘The Second Reformation’, irenicism, ecumenism.
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Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.30970/sls.2021.70.3746
I. Dimova
Background: Ján Stacho is an eminent Slovak author (1936–1995) who first has published in 1959. Two years later he became member of the so-called Trnava group, made up of him, Ján Ondruš, Jozef Mihalkovič and Ľubomír Feldek. The group’s poet-ics and aesthetics can be found in their manifestos – “There will be a talk about chil-dren's poetry”, “There will be a talk about translation” and “There will be a talk about poetry”, the last of which is lost. Ján Ondruš’s debut book “Wedding Journey“ was first published in 1961. His poems and one of the group’s literary manifestos are the subject of the present study. Purpose: The article examines the idea of childhood memory as “natural memory”. The concept is found in the poetry of Ján Ondruš, who is part of the Slovak poetry Trnava group. His poems serve the purpose of the article – to look at the realizations of the concretists’ theoretical views in the poems of the author mentioned above. Results: The article outlines the concept of memory, which we find in the aesthetic platform of the Slovak Trnava group, specifically in their manifesto “There will be a talk about children's literature.” In this text, the authors plead for writing poetry that is not “sucked from the finger” but is “squeezed” from memory. We deduce the “uses” of memory from the texts of one of the Trnava groups’ representatives, Ján Stacho. The subject of our research is his debut poetry collection from 1961, “Wedding Journey.” In his poems, we connect memory – as childhood and natural – with the metaphor of “salt-ing the senses” and the naive, unencumbered “sensing” the world to grasp the latter. We also include an intertextual reference to the text "Memory" of another poet from the Trnava group Ján Ondruš, which representatives refer to as one of their program’s works. Key words: childhood memory, natural memory, senses, Slovak literature, Trnava group. Bílik, R., 2000. Ľubomír Feldek. Bratislava: Kalligram. (In Slovak) Bokníková, A., 2006. Trnava Group – Concretists. Bratislava: Kalligram. (In Slovak) Feldek, Ľ., 2007. The Doomed Group of Trnava. Bratislava: Columbus. (In Slovak) Gilman, R., 2005. The Drama Is Coming Now: The Theater Criticism of Richard Gilman. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. (In English) Hajko, D., 1998. Ján Stacho: Essay on the Poet Who Wanted to Read the Ciphers of Being. Bratislava: National Literary Centre. (In Slovak) Jelínek, A., 1961. Vítězslav Nezval. Praha: Czechoslovak Writers. (In Czech) Kupec, I., 1955. In Defense of Poetry. Cultural Life, 44 (10), pp.4–6. (In Slovak) Maslowski, N. and Šubrt, J., 2015. Collective Memory. Theoretical Questions. Praha: Karolinum. (In Slovak) Matejov, F., 1986. Ján Ondruš’ Poem Memory. V: Literary Views. Proceedings of Young Literary Science. Bratislava: Smena, pp.164–185. Mikula, V., 2013. “Red” Fifties in “Golden” Sixties. V: Waiting for History. Articles on Slovak Literary History. Bratislava: UK, pp.127–147. (In Slovak) Nora, P., 2004. The Global Rise o
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