The groundwater pollution by tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethylene that actually takes place is demonstrated in this peper. In order to understand the mechanism of pollution, simple experiment is carried out and qualitative discussions are made. Applying the results obtained from the experiment to the actual pollution, the mechanism of the pollution is predicted as follows: (1) The fall velocity of tetrachloroethylene is rapid; (2) Small droplets of tetrachloroethylene are retained in interstices of porous medium; (3) A stratified layer of tetrachloroethylene is formed on the impermeable bottom; and (4) The two-phase flow pattern tekes place. Some discussions required for the quantitative estimation based on the mathematical analyses are also given .
{"title":"Hydrogeological Study on Groundwater Pollution by Tetrachloethylene","authors":"K. Jinno, T. Ueda, K. Momii, H. Oishi, H. Yasuda","doi":"10.5917/JAGH1959.28.113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5917/JAGH1959.28.113","url":null,"abstract":"The groundwater pollution by tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethylene that actually takes place is demonstrated in this peper. In order to understand the mechanism of pollution, simple experiment is carried out and qualitative discussions are made. Applying the results obtained from the experiment to the actual pollution, the mechanism of the pollution is predicted as follows: (1) The fall velocity of tetrachloroethylene is rapid; (2) Small droplets of tetrachloroethylene are retained in interstices of porous medium; (3) A stratified layer of tetrachloroethylene is formed on the impermeable bottom; and (4) The two-phase flow pattern tekes place. Some discussions required for the quantitative estimation based on the mathematical analyses are also given .","PeriodicalId":422881,"journal":{"name":"THE JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE ASSOCIATION OF GROUNDWATER HYDROLOGY","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127470834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Water level of Lake Kawaguchi in Yamanashi Prefecture had risen more than 3 m above the standard level after the heavy rainfalls in summer of 1983. On that opportunity the authors started to study the hydrogeological conditions around the lake with the use of long-term observation data of the lake water level, groundwater level, precipitation and others (Figs. 4 and 5). The area is composed mainly of the Tertiary Misaka Group and the Quaternary volcanic rocks extruded from Fuji Volcano (Fig. 1). The Misaka Group and the Kofuji Mud-flow Deposits, one of the effusive rocks of the volcano, constitute the hydrogeological impermeable bed rocks. Although Lake Kawaguchi has no natural mouth for surface discharge, the water is drained off through the man-made tunnels. On the other hand, it is likely that the water permeates through the volcanic rocks into the underground valley about 5 km south of the lake, judging from the contour line of the groundwater level (Fig. 2). Figures 2 and 3 indicate that the hydrogeological watershed of the lake occupies only the northern part of the topographic watershed which extends southwards to the top of Mt. Fuji. The lake water is recharged from the surrounding mountains of the Misaka Group. The lake water remarkably rises after the 3 days rainfall reaches more than 200 mm (Figs. 6 and 7) . When the 3 days rainfall is less than 100 mm, it is invisible. Fluctuations of the lake water coincide with the rainfall pattern (Fig . 4). The graph of the accumulation value of the rainfall variation is similar to the fluctuation of the lake water level .
{"title":"Study on Groundwater Flow in the Northern Foot Area of Mt. Fuji and Water Level Changes of Lake Kawaguchi, based on the Hydrogeological Structure","authors":"T. Kanno, T. Ishii, K. Kuroda","doi":"10.5917/JAGH1959.28.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5917/JAGH1959.28.25","url":null,"abstract":"Water level of Lake Kawaguchi in Yamanashi Prefecture had risen more than 3 m above the standard level after the heavy rainfalls in summer of 1983. On that opportunity the authors started to study the hydrogeological conditions around the lake with the use of long-term observation data of the lake water level, groundwater level, precipitation and others (Figs. 4 and 5). The area is composed mainly of the Tertiary Misaka Group and the Quaternary volcanic rocks extruded from Fuji Volcano (Fig. 1). The Misaka Group and the Kofuji Mud-flow Deposits, one of the effusive rocks of the volcano, constitute the hydrogeological impermeable bed rocks. Although Lake Kawaguchi has no natural mouth for surface discharge, the water is drained off through the man-made tunnels. On the other hand, it is likely that the water permeates through the volcanic rocks into the underground valley about 5 km south of the lake, judging from the contour line of the groundwater level (Fig. 2). Figures 2 and 3 indicate that the hydrogeological watershed of the lake occupies only the northern part of the topographic watershed which extends southwards to the top of Mt. Fuji. The lake water is recharged from the surrounding mountains of the Misaka Group. The lake water remarkably rises after the 3 days rainfall reaches more than 200 mm (Figs. 6 and 7) . When the 3 days rainfall is less than 100 mm, it is invisible. Fluctuations of the lake water coincide with the rainfall pattern (Fig . 4). The graph of the accumulation value of the rainfall variation is similar to the fluctuation of the lake water level .","PeriodicalId":422881,"journal":{"name":"THE JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE ASSOCIATION OF GROUNDWATER HYDROLOGY","volume":"15 12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127519362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The land subsidence due to groundwater pumping in Senshu area, southern part of Osaka pref., began in 1969 and the highest value amounted to 40 cm for five years. The principal aguifers in this area are the sand and gravel strata in the Plio-Pleistocene Osaka Group, The water quality of 53 wells was examined during 1977 to 1980, and the chemical charactreistics were investigated. Among the main constieuents in water the alkalinity appeared to be related with the amount of subsidence. Using another data of 50 wells examined in 1972 besides the above data, the spatial distribution of alkalinity was checked more closely. The area pumping the water of high alkalinity coincides with the severe subsidence area. The alkainity also related with both of the concentrations of ammonium nitrogen and phosphate phosphorus. It is said, accordingy, that the groundwater in this subsidence area is characterized by high concentrations of C, N and P compounds. The reasons for this relationship are that (1) the younger marine clayey strata which serve as a con fining beds are rich in organic matter, (2) in an anaerobic condition the organic matter produces bicarbonate, ammonium and phosphate, and (3) heavy pumping leads to lowering piezometric head which results in squeezing out the pore water with high concentrations of C, N and P compounds through the confining beds. *日本地下水学会昭和53年度春季講演会および1981年度 日本地球化学会年会において一部を発表した. 紳大阪市立大学理学部 Faculty of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan. 1ま え が き 大阪府下の西大阪および東大阪地域では,か つて 年間10~20c田 に もお よぶ地盤沈下が発生 した登西大 阪については,1959年 より1966年 までの4次 にわた る工業用水法の適用 と,1962年 以降の建築物用地下 水の採取規触 こよって,ま た 東 大 阪については, 1966年 の第5次 工業用水法の適用によって,と もに 地盤沈下はほぼ完全に俸止した.沈 下速度の鈍化傾 向は,西 大阪では1963~64年,東 大阪では,1968年 以降に現われ,規 捌の効果が顕著である.岩 津ほか (1960),鶴 巻(1967,1977)は,両 地域の地 盤 沈 下進行時の地下水水質について報告 している. 大阪府の南部に当る泉州地域では,1968年 に地下 水利用適正化調査が実施された(通 産省企業局 ・大 阪通産局,1969).こ の 地域の沖積層は,東 ・西大 阪地域の ように分布が広範囲ではな く,そ の層厚 も 厚 くはないので,地 盤沈下は急速に進行す ることは ないだろ うとの予測のもとに,こ の調査がとりあげ られた ようであるeと ころが,1969年 以降になって 局部的に年間数c.の 沈下が認め られ,1969~74年 の 間の累積沈下量は最大で40CPtこ達 し,10c阻 以上の沈 下地区薗積は34km2に 達した.沈 下の著しい地区は, 泉大津市か ら貝塚市にいたる臨海部であ り,こ の地 区は玉975年1月 から工業用水採取規糊区域(大 阪府 公害防止条例に よる)と 定め られ,1978年1月 か ら 工業用水法による指定地域 となった. 泉州地域を対象 とす ,前 出 の適正化調査の一部をなす ,大 阪府 (1972)が 実施 している.両 者 とも調査範囲が広 く, 測点の密度が粗いきらいがある.本 研究では,泉 大 津市か ら泉佐野市にいたる地域を対象 とし,幾 つか の深井戸密集地区を重点的にとりあげた.こ れによ って,被 圧帯水層の地下水の水質の地区 ・深度によ る特徴を明らかに した上で,大 阪府(1972)の 資料 を援用 して水質分布を明らかにするとともに,そ れ と地盤沈下量分布 との関遠{生を検討した.大 阪地盤 沈下地帯の地下水水質の特徴は,主 として,東 ・西 大阪地域の資料によって,す でに鶴巻(1972)が 報 告 している.西 大阪地域には塩水侵入の著 しい地下 水が分布 し,東 大阪地域には化石水的な高塩化物地 下水が分布 しているので,そ の特徴は普遍性に欠け ているか も知れない.泉 州地域においても塩水化地 下水は存在す るが,こ れを除外しても淡水の水質資 料は豊冨に収集可能であ り,ま た化石水 的 地 下 水 は,全 く存在しない.
{"title":"Water Quality of Artesian Groundwater in Senshu Area, South of Osaka: with Special Refence to the Relationship between Water Quality and Land Subsidence@@@とくに水質と地盤沈下量との関連性","authors":"Michiji Tsurumaki","doi":"10.5917/JAGH1959.24.103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5917/JAGH1959.24.103","url":null,"abstract":"The land subsidence due to groundwater pumping in Senshu area, southern part of Osaka pref., began in 1969 and the highest value amounted to 40 cm for five years. The principal aguifers in this area are the sand and gravel strata in the Plio-Pleistocene Osaka Group, The water quality of 53 wells was examined during 1977 to 1980, and the chemical charactreistics were investigated. Among the main constieuents in water the alkalinity appeared to be related with the amount of subsidence. Using another data of 50 wells examined in 1972 besides the above data, the spatial distribution of alkalinity was checked more closely. The area pumping the water of high alkalinity coincides with the severe subsidence area. The alkainity also related with both of the concentrations of ammonium nitrogen and phosphate phosphorus. It is said, accordingy, that the groundwater in this subsidence area is characterized by high concentrations of C, N and P compounds. <BR> The reasons for this relationship are that (1) the younger marine clayey strata which serve as a con fining beds are rich in organic matter, (2) in an anaerobic condition the organic matter produces bicarbonate, ammonium and phosphate, and (3) heavy pumping leads to lowering piezometric head which results in squeezing out the pore water with high concentrations of C, N and P compounds through the confining beds. *日本地下水学会昭和53年度春季講演会および1981年度 日本地球化学会年会において一部を発表した. 紳大阪市立大学理学部 Faculty of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan. 1ま え が き 大阪府下の西大阪および東大阪地域では,か つて 年間10~20c田 に もお よぶ地盤沈下が発生 した登西大 阪については,1959年 より1966年 までの4次 にわた る工業用水法の適用 と,1962年 以降の建築物用地下 水の採取規触 こよって,ま た 東 大 阪については, 1966年 の第5次 工業用水法の適用によって,と もに 地盤沈下はほぼ完全に俸止した.沈 下速度の鈍化傾 向は,西 大阪では1963~64年,東 大阪では,1968年 以降に現われ,規 捌の効果が顕著である.岩 津ほか (1960),鶴 巻(1967,1977)は,両 地域の地 盤 沈 下進行時の地下水水質について報告 している. 大阪府の南部に当る泉州地域では,1968年 に地下 水利用適正化調査が実施された(通 産省企業局 ・大 阪通産局,1969).こ の 地域の沖積層は,東 ・西大 阪地域の ように分布が広範囲ではな く,そ の層厚 も 厚 くはないので,地 盤沈下は急速に進行す ることは ないだろ うとの予測のもとに,こ の調査がとりあげ られた ようであるeと ころが,1969年 以降になって 局部的に年間数c.の 沈下が認め られ,1969~74年 の 間の累積沈下量は最大で40CPtこ達 し,10c阻 以上の沈 下地区薗積は34km2に 達した.沈 下の著しい地区は, 泉大津市か ら貝塚市にいたる臨海部であ り,こ の地 区は玉975年1月 から工業用水採取規糊区域(大 阪府 公害防止条例に よる)と 定め られ,1978年1月 か ら 工業用水法による指定地域 となった. 泉州地域を対象 とす ,前 出 の適正化調査の一部をなす ,大 阪府 (1972)が 実施 している.両 者 とも調査範囲が広 く, 測点の密度が粗いきらいがある.本 研究では,泉 大 津市か ら泉佐野市にいたる地域を対象 とし,幾 つか の深井戸密集地区を重点的にとりあげた.こ れによ って,被 圧帯水層の地下水の水質の地区 ・深度によ る特徴を明らかに した上で,大 阪府(1972)の 資料 を援用 して水質分布を明らかにするとともに,そ れ と地盤沈下量分布 との関遠{生を検討した.大 阪地盤 沈下地帯の地下水水質の特徴は,主 として,東 ・西 大阪地域の資料によって,す でに鶴巻(1972)が 報 告 している.西 大阪地域には塩水侵入の著 しい地下 水が分布 し,東 大阪地域には化石水的な高塩化物地 下水が分布 しているので,そ の特徴は普遍性に欠け ているか も知れない.泉 州地域においても塩水化地 下水は存在す るが,こ れを除外しても淡水の水質資 料は豊冨に収集可能であ り,ま た化石水 的 地 下 水 は,全 く存在しない.","PeriodicalId":422881,"journal":{"name":"THE JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE ASSOCIATION OF GROUNDWATER HYDROLOGY","volume":"93 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115493211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Water well has a large-diameter hole, and is protected by the thick steel casing for the sake of pumping-up of water. The writer fited the probe of small density logging equipment in water wells, as shown in figure 1. A water well in Sofue toun Aichi prefecture which has the already known data of normal resistivity and natural-gamma logs was tested with use of the improvemental density logging equipment to depth of 160 meters. In consequence, the writer known that density logs was more efficiency for the geological identification in quaternary than normal resistivity and natural-gamma logs.
{"title":"An Example of Dencity Logging in a Water Well: 愛知県祖父江地点における試験例","authors":"Keiichi Kodai","doi":"10.5917/jagh1959.15.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5917/jagh1959.15.31","url":null,"abstract":"Water well has a large-diameter hole, and is protected by the thick steel casing for the sake of pumping-up of water. <BR> The writer fited the probe of small density logging equipment in water wells, as shown in figure 1. <BR> A water well in Sofue toun Aichi prefecture which has the already known data of normal resistivity and natural-gamma logs was tested with use of the improvemental density logging equipment to depth of 160 meters. <BR> In consequence, the writer known that density logs was more efficiency for the geological identification in quaternary than normal resistivity and natural-gamma logs.","PeriodicalId":422881,"journal":{"name":"THE JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE ASSOCIATION OF GROUNDWATER HYDROLOGY","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129947838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Kanto Loam is a deposit of the volcanic ash, and is widely distributed in the Kanto district. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the effects of tube-like macropores on hydraulic conductivities and on its anisotropy of the Kanto Loam. The permeability tester developed for this study was used to measure the anisotropy of conductivities. By using this device, it is possible to obtain the conductivities of two directions (vertical and horizontal) in one sample, simultaneously. Undisturbed soil samples for this measurements were taken at the outcrop in Kawasaki city in every 1 meters height. As a result, the following conclusions are obtaind. 1 . The hydralic conductivities of the layer with many tube-like macropores is much larger than that of layer with few macropores. The magnitude of the difference is 10 times in horizontal direction and 100 times in vertical. 2. The anisotropy of the hydraulic conductivity is also much influenced by the effects of tube-like macropores. Without tube-like macropores, the ratios of Kv (vertical hydraulic conductivity) to Kh (horizontal one) range from 1.0 to 1.5, while with macropores, the ratios of Kv to Kh range from 3.0 to 20.
{"title":"Hydraulic Conductivity and Its Anisotropy of the Kanto Loam","authors":"S. Yasuike, Yuichi Suzuki","doi":"10.5917/JAGH1959.28.163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5917/JAGH1959.28.163","url":null,"abstract":"The Kanto Loam is a deposit of the volcanic ash, and is widely distributed in the Kanto district. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the effects of tube-like macropores on hydraulic conductivities and on its anisotropy of the Kanto Loam. The permeability tester developed for this study was used to measure the anisotropy of conductivities. By using this device, it is possible to obtain the conductivities of two directions (vertical and horizontal) in one sample, simultaneously. Undisturbed soil samples for this measurements were taken at the outcrop in Kawasaki city in every 1 meters height. As a result, the following conclusions are obtaind. 1 . The hydralic conductivities of the layer with many tube-like macropores is much larger than that of layer with few macropores. The magnitude of the difference is 10 times in horizontal direction and 100 times in vertical. 2. The anisotropy of the hydraulic conductivity is also much influenced by the effects of tube-like macropores. Without tube-like macropores, the ratios of Kv (vertical hydraulic conductivity) to Kh (horizontal one) range from 1.0 to 1.5, while with macropores, the ratios of Kv to Kh range from 3.0 to 20.","PeriodicalId":422881,"journal":{"name":"THE JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE ASSOCIATION OF GROUNDWATER HYDROLOGY","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130318869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Drilling Situation of Water Well in Shizuoka Prefecture","authors":"S. Tsuchiya","doi":"10.5917/JAGH1959.16.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5917/JAGH1959.16.26","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":422881,"journal":{"name":"THE JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE ASSOCIATION OF GROUNDWATER HYDROLOGY","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123937236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.5917/JAGH1959.7.PREFACE
N. Kurata
{"title":"On thg salt-water encroachment in Gakunan district, Shizuoka pref.","authors":"N. Kurata","doi":"10.5917/JAGH1959.7.PREFACE","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5917/JAGH1959.7.PREFACE","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":422881,"journal":{"name":"THE JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE ASSOCIATION OF GROUNDWATER HYDROLOGY","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123498114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper is concerned with the changes of vertical water movement procsses in unsaturated sand under nonponding condition during and after a steady rain. In order to reveal the mechanism of vertical water movement, experiments were carried out by , using a large rainfall simulator, which can generate artificial rains with various intensities and durations, and two iron boxes filled with fine and coarse sands, repectively. Water contents were measured by using a neutron scattering moisture meter, and capillary potentials were obtained simultaneously from eight porous cups buried vertically at different drpths, each one being connected to a tensiometer. The mechanism of vertical water movement was studied by analyzing the changes of water content and capillary potential at selected depths. This analysis showed that the processes of vertical water movement (infiltration, percolation, redistribution, drainage) can be determined individually with water gradient and total potential gradient, that vertical water movemnt is affected by the presence of entrapped air near the ground surface during a heavy rain, that the early outflow begins as a result of the propagation of the air and water prssures in the suspended water and the upward transition zones before the wetting front reaches an upward infiltration zone, and that water and total potential profiles of water gradient G-≈0 and total potential gradient G°≈1 (coarse sand) andC°≈0. 75 (fine sand) move paralle to each initial profile with time during drainage, respectively. *本 ,昭 和53年 度秋季および昭和54年 度春季 日本地下水学会講演会にて発表 した内容に加筆e修 正を し た ものである. **筑 波大学大学院地球科学研究科 The University of Tsukuba, Graduate School, Institute of Geoscience 1序 論 地下水の癌養機構に関する研究は,純 然た る学問的見地のみならず,酒 養量の把握 とい う立場か ら も実用上非常に重要である.従 来,こ の方面における研究は少な く,し か もそれらの大半は野外調査 を中心に した ものである.ま た,土 壌物理学の分野においては,直 接地下水の洒養機構を扱 ってはい ないが,微 視的な土壌水分移動機構(水 分子 と媒体粒子の相互作用)の 解 明にまで研究が進められて いる.し か し,こ れらは・一般に不飽和土中での水分状態のみを扱 ってお り・不飽和土中の水分移動を 降雨か ら地下水 までの連続系におけ る問題 としては捉 えていない◎そのため,水 文学の立場か ら現実 の現象を解 く場合,水 収支計算等ド問題を生 じ易い◎ さて,地 下水洒養の立場か ら不飽和土中の水分移動機構を微視的に解 明することは・測器の精度等 の問題から困難である.従 って,地 下水の洒養機構の解明のためには・今のところ巨視的な立場か ら 実験を重ねるしかない と思われ る.特 に,本 研究 のように降雨を も重要視 した場合なこは・不飽和土中 の微視的な水分挙動 とい うよりもむ しろ,まず降雨を考慮 した巨視的な問 題を解 くことが先決である. そこで本研究では,降 雨の影響をつかみ易 くす るために大型人工降雨装置(科 学技術庁 醸国立防災 科学技術 セソター)を,不 飽和土中の水分移動を野外 と同じように捉えるために大型砂箱模型を使用 して大型模型実験を行な った◎ 本研究は,こ の大型模型実験を中心 として,1降 雨に よって もた らされ る雨水の非湛水条件下での不 飽和土中の鉛直水分移動機構の一般的解 明を 目指 している.今 回はその第一報 として・実験結果か ら 雨水の地表面か ら地下水面 までの水分移動を一連の連続的な物理変化 として捉え・各移動過程を物理 的に検討 し,水 分移動機構に若干の考察を加えた結果を報告す る◎. 尚,本 実験は科学技術庁促進調整費に よる 「地下水の水収支ρ解析手法に関する総合研究」レの一環 として,国 立防災科学技術 センター第3研 廃部が担当 しtc「水理模型実験に よる地下水 の基本特性に 関ナる研究」の実験を共 同で行なったものであり,本 研究はこの実験の結果を独 自に解析 した もので あ る.
{"title":"Vertical Water Movement in Unsaturated Sands during and aeter a Steady Rain","authors":"I. Kaihotsu","doi":"10.5917/JAGH1959.21.111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5917/JAGH1959.21.111","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is concerned with the changes of vertical water movement procsses in unsaturated sand under nonponding condition during and after a steady rain. In order to reveal the mechanism of vertical water movement, experiments were carried out by , using a large rainfall simulator, which can generate artificial rains with various intensities and durations, and two iron boxes filled with fine and coarse sands, repectively. <BR> Water contents were measured by using a neutron scattering moisture meter, and capillary potentials were obtained simultaneously from eight porous cups buried vertically at different drpths, each one being connected to a tensiometer. <BR> The mechanism of vertical water movement was studied by analyzing the changes of water content and capillary potential at selected depths. This analysis showed that the processes of vertical water movement (infiltration, percolation, redistribution, drainage) can be determined individually with water gradient and total potential gradient, that vertical water movemnt is affected by the presence of entrapped air near the ground surface during a heavy rain, that the early outflow begins as a result of the propagation of the air and water prssures in the suspended water and the upward transition zones before the wetting front reaches an upward infiltration zone, and that water and total potential profiles of water gradient G-≈0 and total potential gradient G°≈1 (coarse sand) andC°≈0. 75 (fine sand) move paralle to each initial profile with time during drainage, respectively. *本 ,昭 和53年 度秋季および昭和54年 度春季 日本地下水学会講演会にて発表 した内容に加筆e修 正を し た ものである. **筑 波大学大学院地球科学研究科 The University of Tsukuba, Graduate School, Institute of Geoscience 1序 論 地下水の癌養機構に関する研究は,純 然た る学問的見地のみならず,酒 養量の把握 とい う立場か ら も実用上非常に重要である.従 来,こ の方面における研究は少な く,し か もそれらの大半は野外調査 を中心に した ものである.ま た,土 壌物理学の分野においては,直 接地下水の洒養機構を扱 ってはい ないが,微 視的な土壌水分移動機構(水 分子 と媒体粒子の相互作用)の 解 明にまで研究が進められて いる.し か し,こ れらは・一般に不飽和土中での水分状態のみを扱 ってお り・不飽和土中の水分移動を 降雨か ら地下水 までの連続系におけ る問題 としては捉 えていない◎そのため,水 文学の立場か ら現実 の現象を解 く場合,水 収支計算等ド問題を生 じ易い◎ さて,地 下水洒養の立場か ら不飽和土中の水分移動機構を微視的に解 明することは・測器の精度等 の問題から困難である.従 って,地 下水の洒養機構の解明のためには・今のところ巨視的な立場か ら 実験を重ねるしかない と思われ る.特 に,本 研究 のように降雨を も重要視 した場合なこは・不飽和土中 の微視的な水分挙動 とい うよりもむ しろ,まず降雨を考慮 した巨視的な問 題を解 くことが先決である. そこで本研究では,降 雨の影響をつかみ易 くす るために大型人工降雨装置(科 学技術庁 醸国立防災 科学技術 セソター)を,不 飽和土中の水分移動を野外 と同じように捉えるために大型砂箱模型を使用 して大型模型実験を行な った◎ 本研究は,こ の大型模型実験を中心 として,1降 雨に よって もた らされ る雨水の非湛水条件下での不 飽和土中の鉛直水分移動機構の一般的解 明を 目指 している.今 回はその第一報 として・実験結果か ら 雨水の地表面か ら地下水面 までの水分移動を一連の連続的な物理変化 として捉え・各移動過程を物理 的に検討 し,水 分移動機構に若干の考察を加えた結果を報告す る◎. 尚,本 実験は科学技術庁促進調整費に よる 「地下水の水収支ρ解析手法に関する総合研究」レの一環 として,国 立防災科学技術 センター第3研 廃部が担当 しtc「水理模型実験に よる地下水 の基本特性に 関ナる研究」の実験を共 同で行なったものであり,本 研究はこの実験の結果を独 自に解析 した もので あ る.","PeriodicalId":422881,"journal":{"name":"THE JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE ASSOCIATION OF GROUNDWATER HYDROLOGY","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134147421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In order to develop water resources in coastal areas, reservoirs have been planed and built on river mouth. Salt water intrusion through an aquifer due to the drawdown of water level in these reservoirs should be taken into consideration when reservoirs are constructed. One of the possible approaches for the prevention of salt water intrusion is to control its movement by artificial groundwater recharge. In the present paper, state equation which describes the movement of the tip of salt water wedge is derived through the boundary element method. And the optimal groundwater recharge rate from a culvert placed within the aquifer is determined by the optimal control theory. Some examples are demonstrated to confirm the availability of the proposed method.
{"title":"Optimal Control of Salt Water Wedge by Recharge of Fresh Water","authors":"K. Fujino, T. Ueda, K. Jinno","doi":"10.5917/JAGH1959.28.153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5917/JAGH1959.28.153","url":null,"abstract":"In order to develop water resources in coastal areas, reservoirs have been planed and built on river mouth. Salt water intrusion through an aquifer due to the drawdown of water level in these reservoirs should be taken into consideration when reservoirs are constructed. One of the possible approaches for the prevention of salt water intrusion is to control its movement by artificial groundwater recharge. In the present paper, state equation which describes the movement of the tip of salt water wedge is derived through the boundary element method. And the optimal groundwater recharge rate from a culvert placed within the aquifer is determined by the optimal control theory. Some examples are demonstrated to confirm the availability of the proposed method.","PeriodicalId":422881,"journal":{"name":"THE JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE ASSOCIATION OF GROUNDWATER HYDROLOGY","volume":"292 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134215382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Mishima lava flow is located within the length of 40 km in the valley between Mt. Ashitaka and Hakone which is at the southern east slope of Mt. Fuji. There are rich fissures and caves in the lava flow and they make a large-scall subterranean stream. There are many springs of with yield of about 1. 5 million m3 per day at the end of lava flow. The groundwater in Mishima lava flow is not completely investigated. That is because there is no drop in the groundwater level even if the pumping test is carried out, so that the specific permeability is not obtained. The actual velocity v of the groundwater in lava flow and the porosity P of lava were measured by using the isotope flow meter, which was designed by the author (Fig. 6) and γ-γ loggin in 6 measuring holes of 2 sections of lava flow are shown in Fig. 3. Amount of groundwater flow Q was obtained by the following formula ;
{"title":"Study on Fissure Water in Mishima Lava Flow -Estimation of Flow Velocity Distribution of Groundwater, Porosity and Amount of Groundwater Flow in the Section of Lava Flow-","authors":"T. Ochiai","doi":"10.5917/jagh1959.11.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5917/jagh1959.11.7","url":null,"abstract":"The Mishima lava flow is located within the length of 40 km in the valley between Mt. Ashitaka and Hakone which is at the southern east slope of Mt. Fuji. There are rich fissures and caves in the lava flow and they make a large-scall subterranean stream. There are many springs of with yield of about 1. 5 million m<SUP>3</SUP> per day at the end of lava flow. <BR> The groundwater in Mishima lava flow is not completely investigated. That is because there is no drop in the groundwater level even if the pumping test is carried out, so that the specific permeability is not obtained. <BR> The actual velocity <I>v</I> of the groundwater in lava flow and the porosity <I>P</I> of lava were measured by using the isotope flow meter, which was designed by the author (Fig. 6) and γ-γ loggin in 6 measuring holes of 2 sections of lava flow are shown in Fig. 3. <BR> Amount of groundwater flow Q was obtained by the following formula ;","PeriodicalId":422881,"journal":{"name":"THE JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE ASSOCIATION OF GROUNDWATER HYDROLOGY","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131223726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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