Pub Date : 2022-04-03DOI: 10.1080/18918131.2022.2036414
F. Hassellind
{"title":"The problems of genocide: permanent security and the language of transgression","authors":"F. Hassellind","doi":"10.1080/18918131.2022.2036414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/18918131.2022.2036414","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42311,"journal":{"name":"Nordic Journal of Human Rights","volume":"102 1","pages":"410 - 412"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75953176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-03DOI: 10.1080/18918131.2021.2015104
Debolina Basu Bhatt
{"title":"Prosecutorial Discretion at The International Criminal Court","authors":"Debolina Basu Bhatt","doi":"10.1080/18918131.2021.2015104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/18918131.2021.2015104","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42311,"journal":{"name":"Nordic Journal of Human Rights","volume":"43 9 1","pages":"413 - 417"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82689044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/18918131.2022.2073078
S. Teo
ABSTRACT Few recent developments have captured the human imagination as much as those within the field of artificial intelligence (AI). The increasing pervasiveness and ubiquity of AI affect both individual lives and society at large. Yet the human rights concerns raised in connection to AI have primarily concentrated around infringements of enumerated discrete rights, such as to privacy, non-discrimination, and freedom of expression and information. While it is important to examine the discrete rights under threat, a fundamental disconnect is present at the foundational level between human rights and AI, because AI systems increasingly challenge the notions of how, by whom, and what human rights violations are being committed. This paper takes a problem-finding perspective and argues that the conceptual foundations of the human rights protection framework are facing a serious challenge. The legal-positivist framing of the discrete rights themselves is examined through an analysis of the misaligned harm typology between the objects of human rights protection and the threats posed by AI systems. The paper highlights three main misalignments, from the perspective of saliency, temporality, and causality of harms, and argues that these misalignments challenge the structural enabling conditions for the exercise and meaningful protection of human rights.
{"title":"How Artificial Intelligence Systems Challenge the Conceptual Foundations of the Human Rights Legal Framework","authors":"S. Teo","doi":"10.1080/18918131.2022.2073078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/18918131.2022.2073078","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Few recent developments have captured the human imagination as much as those within the field of artificial intelligence (AI). The increasing pervasiveness and ubiquity of AI affect both individual lives and society at large. Yet the human rights concerns raised in connection to AI have primarily concentrated around infringements of enumerated discrete rights, such as to privacy, non-discrimination, and freedom of expression and information. While it is important to examine the discrete rights under threat, a fundamental disconnect is present at the foundational level between human rights and AI, because AI systems increasingly challenge the notions of how, by whom, and what human rights violations are being committed. This paper takes a problem-finding perspective and argues that the conceptual foundations of the human rights protection framework are facing a serious challenge. The legal-positivist framing of the discrete rights themselves is examined through an analysis of the misaligned harm typology between the objects of human rights protection and the threats posed by AI systems. The paper highlights three main misalignments, from the perspective of saliency, temporality, and causality of harms, and argues that these misalignments challenge the structural enabling conditions for the exercise and meaningful protection of human rights.","PeriodicalId":42311,"journal":{"name":"Nordic Journal of Human Rights","volume":"3 2","pages":"216 - 234"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72467205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/18918131.2022.2075628
Allison Corkery, G. Isaacs, Carilee Osborne
ABSTRACT One criticism of the human rights framework is that it has not – and therefore, some argue, cannot – meaningfully contest the hegemony of neoliberal economic thinking. In this article, we argue that the manner in which the disciplines of human rights and economics ‘speak past each other’ is a critical factor in this perception. While there has been a notable push to strengthen interrelations between the two fields, for the most part this has primarily been through the application of human rights norms to specific economic issues, rather than as a challenge to the logic underpinning economics, as a discipline. The article draws from a year-long project to build a community of practice at the nexus of human rights and economic justice, primarily in South Africa. South Africa is an illustrative context in which to explore cross-disciplinary engagement. While it has one of the most progressive constitutions in the world and a vibrant human rights community, the government has neglected rights in economic policymaking. This article considers the theoretical, methodological, and strategic opportunities and challenges involved overcoming such contradictions. In particular, we argue for the usefulness of a law and political economy (LPE) approach to build out the interrelations between the two fields.
{"title":"Pushing Boundaries: Building a Community of Practice at the Intersection of Human Rights and Economics","authors":"Allison Corkery, G. Isaacs, Carilee Osborne","doi":"10.1080/18918131.2022.2075628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/18918131.2022.2075628","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT One criticism of the human rights framework is that it has not – and therefore, some argue, cannot – meaningfully contest the hegemony of neoliberal economic thinking. In this article, we argue that the manner in which the disciplines of human rights and economics ‘speak past each other’ is a critical factor in this perception. While there has been a notable push to strengthen interrelations between the two fields, for the most part this has primarily been through the application of human rights norms to specific economic issues, rather than as a challenge to the logic underpinning economics, as a discipline. The article draws from a year-long project to build a community of practice at the nexus of human rights and economic justice, primarily in South Africa. South Africa is an illustrative context in which to explore cross-disciplinary engagement. While it has one of the most progressive constitutions in the world and a vibrant human rights community, the government has neglected rights in economic policymaking. This article considers the theoretical, methodological, and strategic opportunities and challenges involved overcoming such contradictions. In particular, we argue for the usefulness of a law and political economy (LPE) approach to build out the interrelations between the two fields.","PeriodicalId":42311,"journal":{"name":"Nordic Journal of Human Rights","volume":"124 1","pages":"44 - 63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74652615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT The past two decades at the European Court of Human Rights have been marked by various efforts to reduce its backlog of cases through changing the substantive, procedural, and formal practices surrounding access to the Court. Proposals aimed at facilitating these efforts have also rested on the unarticulated premise that solving the ECtHR's backlog problem necessarily involves an either-or choice between improving the Court's efficiency and shrinking individual access to it. This article departs from that premise. Drawing on Martha Fineman's ‘theory of vulnerability’ and her vision for social justice, the article lays out a proposal that allows for the coexistence of efficiency and individual access through a hybrid decision-making (HDM) model. First, we show that from a vulnerability theory perspective, better access to human rights courts is a key component of a just human rights system. Second, we argue that in order to be just, procedures need to be context-sensitive and adopted in ways that acknowledge humans' inherent vulnerability. To support the argument, we draw inspiration from the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights, whose current practices help illustrate the point that more equitable access to justice need not be a relic of the past.
{"title":"From the Vantage Point of Vulnerability Theory: Algorithmic Decision-Making and Access to the European Court of Human Rights","authors":"Zuzanna Godzimirska, Aysel Küçüksu, Salome Addo Ravn","doi":"10.1080/18918131.2022.2078028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/18918131.2022.2078028","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The past two decades at the European Court of Human Rights have been marked by various efforts to reduce its backlog of cases through changing the substantive, procedural, and formal practices surrounding access to the Court. Proposals aimed at facilitating these efforts have also rested on the unarticulated premise that solving the ECtHR's backlog problem necessarily involves an either-or choice between improving the Court's efficiency and shrinking individual access to it. This article departs from that premise. Drawing on Martha Fineman's ‘theory of vulnerability’ and her vision for social justice, the article lays out a proposal that allows for the coexistence of efficiency and individual access through a hybrid decision-making (HDM) model. First, we show that from a vulnerability theory perspective, better access to human rights courts is a key component of a just human rights system. Second, we argue that in order to be just, procedures need to be context-sensitive and adopted in ways that acknowledge humans' inherent vulnerability. To support the argument, we draw inspiration from the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights, whose current practices help illustrate the point that more equitable access to justice need not be a relic of the past.","PeriodicalId":42311,"journal":{"name":"Nordic Journal of Human Rights","volume":"16 1","pages":"235 - 249"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78008358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/18918131.2022.2061237
Miriam Cullen, J. Munro
Abstract This article builds on the widespread recognition that disaster is not a ‘natural’ phenomenon but occurs where exposure to a particular hazard coincides with pre-existing vulnerabilities to it—which might be social, economic or environmental—to increase personal susceptibility to harm. It argues that the impacts of climate change impose an increasingly pressing need to revive the realisation of economic, social and cultural rights as a priority, not only through their express incorporation into disaster risk planning, policies and domestic law, but by rethinking how they are implemented to include and empower the people who need them most.
{"title":"Preventing Disasters and Displacement: How Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights Can Advance Local Resilience","authors":"Miriam Cullen, J. Munro","doi":"10.1080/18918131.2022.2061237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/18918131.2022.2061237","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article builds on the widespread recognition that disaster is not a ‘natural’ phenomenon but occurs where exposure to a particular hazard coincides with pre-existing vulnerabilities to it—which might be social, economic or environmental—to increase personal susceptibility to harm. It argues that the impacts of climate change impose an increasingly pressing need to revive the realisation of economic, social and cultural rights as a priority, not only through their express incorporation into disaster risk planning, policies and domestic law, but by rethinking how they are implemented to include and empower the people who need them most.","PeriodicalId":42311,"journal":{"name":"Nordic Journal of Human Rights","volume":"40 1","pages":"118 - 132"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79298782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/18918131.2022.2057694
J. Fraser
{"title":"The Human Right to a Healthy Environment","authors":"J. Fraser","doi":"10.1080/18918131.2022.2057694","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/18918131.2022.2057694","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42311,"journal":{"name":"Nordic Journal of Human Rights","volume":"27 1","pages":"264 - 267"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77301831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/18918131.2022.2064074
H. Keller, Corina Heri
ABSTRACT This article evaluates the potential role of the European Court of Human Rights in adjudicating cases related to climate change. The Court is currently facing its first four climate applications, and addressing them is more than a routine process of applying existing case law. These cases speak to fundamental questions regarding the Court’s engagement with systemic problems, politically and technically challenging issues, and its own subsidiarity to state decision-making. Looking at recent environmental case law, this article identifies and discusses various possible futures for the Court’s approach to climate cases, including from admissibility, substantive, and remedial perspectives. It also considers the tendencies and factors influencing the Court’s potential response to climate claims. This includes its docket crisis, its evolution towards a ‘procedural turn’, and its approach to the balancing of competing interests and its selection of the appropriate level of scrutiny. We conclude that the Court must contribute to the search for a modus vivendi that permits competing interests to coexist and ensures a liveable future. This is not only a question of ensuring future enjoyment of human rights, but also of safeguarding the Court’s own ability to carry out its role and to thrive into the future.
{"title":"The Future is Now: Climate Cases Before the ECtHR","authors":"H. Keller, Corina Heri","doi":"10.1080/18918131.2022.2064074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/18918131.2022.2064074","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article evaluates the potential role of the European Court of Human Rights in adjudicating cases related to climate change. The Court is currently facing its first four climate applications, and addressing them is more than a routine process of applying existing case law. These cases speak to fundamental questions regarding the Court’s engagement with systemic problems, politically and technically challenging issues, and its own subsidiarity to state decision-making. Looking at recent environmental case law, this article identifies and discusses various possible futures for the Court’s approach to climate cases, including from admissibility, substantive, and remedial perspectives. It also considers the tendencies and factors influencing the Court’s potential response to climate claims. This includes its docket crisis, its evolution towards a ‘procedural turn’, and its approach to the balancing of competing interests and its selection of the appropriate level of scrutiny. We conclude that the Court must contribute to the search for a modus vivendi that permits competing interests to coexist and ensures a liveable future. This is not only a question of ensuring future enjoyment of human rights, but also of safeguarding the Court’s own ability to carry out its role and to thrive into the future.","PeriodicalId":42311,"journal":{"name":"Nordic Journal of Human Rights","volume":"12 1","pages":"153 - 174"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84479519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/18918131.2022.2052589
Emil Andersson
{"title":"Actualizing Human Rights: Global Inequality, Future People, and Motivation","authors":"Emil Andersson","doi":"10.1080/18918131.2022.2052589","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/18918131.2022.2052589","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42311,"journal":{"name":"Nordic Journal of Human Rights","volume":"116 1","pages":"261 - 263"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80411782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/18918131.2022.2082011
Gentian Zyberi, J. Schaffer, Carola Lingaas, Eduardo Sánchez Madrigal
What may the future hold for human rights? The Nordic Journal of Human Rights (NJHR) – a leading forum for interdisciplinary exchanges on human rights in the Nordic region and beyond – is celebrating its 40th anniversary. Its Editorial Office decided to honour the occasion with a special issue on ‘The Future of Human Rights’. In our call for papers, we invited submissions that provide insights on the future development of human rights and that are theoretically informed, empirically grounded, and methodologically rigorous in their ambitions to advance not only the academic study of human rights, but also its relevance to reflective practice in the real world. These papers would eventually set agendas and advance new potential lines of inquiry. True to the multiand inter-disciplinary approach of both the journal and the subject of human rights, we encouraged and welcomed contributions drawing from different disciplines. Looking back at the past 40 years of the existence of our journal, it is evident that human rights – as a legal, political, and social practice – have experienced significant achievements and successes, some notable setbacks and failures, and numerous unprecedented and unforeseen events and developments. Likewise, the academic study of human rights has matured and become increasingly specialised. Part of that development is also expressed in the articles and special issues published by the journal. From its establishment in 1982 as the Scandinavian-language journal Mennesker og Rettigheter, to its eventual consolidation as the Englishlanguage Nordic Journal of Human Rights in 2010, the journal has become one of the leading publications and fora for academic discourse in the field. Yet, rather than retrospectively summarising these 40 years, we use(d) the occasion to invite scholars and practitioners to prospectively conjecture about what the coming decades may hold for human rights, to discern where current trends are likely to lead, and to make sense of the future they herald. Speculating about the future, let alone predicting it, is a daunting task for academic researchers and practitioners alike. Human rights seem to be permanently at a crossroads and are frequently subjected to scepticism, even harsh criticism. According to some scholars, the idea of human rights has failed to deliver on its radical promise of emancipation. Some even argue that human rights are instruments for dominating and oppressing the very populations they are meant to protect – that the powers-that-be can use the discourse of human rights to justify colonialism, warfare, and attacks on civilians. Yet the ideal of human rights continues to inspire not only academic criticism, but also real-world activism to
人权的未来会怎样?《北欧人权杂志》(NJHR)是北欧地区及其他地区跨学科人权交流的主要论坛，它正在庆祝创刊40周年。其编辑部决定以“人权的未来”特刊来纪念这一时刻。在我们的论文征集中，我们邀请提交的论文提供了对人权未来发展的见解，并且在理论上有依据，有经验基础，在方法上严谨，不仅要推进人权的学术研究，而且要与现实世界中的反思实践相关联。这些论文最终将设定议程，并推进新的潜在研究方向。我们本着期刊和人权主题的多学科和跨学科方法，鼓励并欢迎来自不同学科的投稿。回顾我们杂志过去40年的存在，很明显，人权——作为一项法律、政治和社会实践——经历了重大的成就和成功，也经历了一些明显的挫折和失败，以及许多前所未有的和不可预见的事件和发展。同样，对人权的学术研究也日趋成熟和专业化。这一发展也部分体现在该杂志发表的文章和特刊上。从1982年作为斯堪的纳维亚语期刊Mennesker og Rettigheter成立，到2010年最终合并为英语期刊Nordic journal of Human Rights，该期刊已成为该领域学术论述的主要出版物和论坛之一。然而，我们不是回顾总结这40年，而是利用这个机会邀请学者和实践者前瞻性地推测未来几十年对人权的影响，辨别当前趋势可能导致的结果，并理解它们预示的未来。对学术研究人员和从业者来说，推测未来是一项艰巨的任务，更不用说预测未来了。人权似乎永远处于十字路口，经常受到怀疑，甚至是严厉的批评。一些学者认为，人权理念未能实现其解放的激进承诺。有些人甚至认为，人权是统治和压迫它们本来要保护的人群的工具——当权者可以用人权的话语来为殖民主义、战争和对平民的攻击辩护。然而，人权的理想不仅继续激发学术批评，而且还激发了现实世界的行动主义
{"title":"Special Issue: The Future of Human Rights","authors":"Gentian Zyberi, J. Schaffer, Carola Lingaas, Eduardo Sánchez Madrigal","doi":"10.1080/18918131.2022.2082011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/18918131.2022.2082011","url":null,"abstract":"What may the future hold for human rights? The Nordic Journal of Human Rights (NJHR) – a leading forum for interdisciplinary exchanges on human rights in the Nordic region and beyond – is celebrating its 40th anniversary. Its Editorial Office decided to honour the occasion with a special issue on ‘The Future of Human Rights’. In our call for papers, we invited submissions that provide insights on the future development of human rights and that are theoretically informed, empirically grounded, and methodologically rigorous in their ambitions to advance not only the academic study of human rights, but also its relevance to reflective practice in the real world. These papers would eventually set agendas and advance new potential lines of inquiry. True to the multiand inter-disciplinary approach of both the journal and the subject of human rights, we encouraged and welcomed contributions drawing from different disciplines. Looking back at the past 40 years of the existence of our journal, it is evident that human rights – as a legal, political, and social practice – have experienced significant achievements and successes, some notable setbacks and failures, and numerous unprecedented and unforeseen events and developments. Likewise, the academic study of human rights has matured and become increasingly specialised. Part of that development is also expressed in the articles and special issues published by the journal. From its establishment in 1982 as the Scandinavian-language journal Mennesker og Rettigheter, to its eventual consolidation as the Englishlanguage Nordic Journal of Human Rights in 2010, the journal has become one of the leading publications and fora for academic discourse in the field. Yet, rather than retrospectively summarising these 40 years, we use(d) the occasion to invite scholars and practitioners to prospectively conjecture about what the coming decades may hold for human rights, to discern where current trends are likely to lead, and to make sense of the future they herald. Speculating about the future, let alone predicting it, is a daunting task for academic researchers and practitioners alike. Human rights seem to be permanently at a crossroads and are frequently subjected to scepticism, even harsh criticism. According to some scholars, the idea of human rights has failed to deliver on its radical promise of emancipation. Some even argue that human rights are instruments for dominating and oppressing the very populations they are meant to protect – that the powers-that-be can use the discourse of human rights to justify colonialism, warfare, and attacks on civilians. Yet the ideal of human rights continues to inspire not only academic criticism, but also real-world activism to","PeriodicalId":42311,"journal":{"name":"Nordic Journal of Human Rights","volume":"88 1","pages":"1 - 12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82189517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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