Pub Date : 2023-03-20DOI: 10.11648/j.ajwse.20230901.12
Zhou Ruoyu, Meichun Gou
: Taking the installation construction of super large radial gates of Nam theun1 hydropower station in Laos as an example, due to the lag of civil construction period and the dam structure
:以老挝南通1号水电站超大型弧形闸门安装施工为例，由于土建工期的滞后和大坝结构的原因
{"title":"Research on Installation Technology of Super Large Radial Gate of Dam in Complex Environment","authors":"Zhou Ruoyu, Meichun Gou","doi":"10.11648/j.ajwse.20230901.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajwse.20230901.12","url":null,"abstract":": Taking the installation construction of super large radial gates of Nam theun1 hydropower station in Laos as an example, due to the lag of civil construction period and the dam structure","PeriodicalId":423224,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Water Science and Engineering","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131096271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-20DOI: 10.11648/j.ajwse.20230901.13
Kana Aisha Abubakar, Isah Muhammad Awwal, Kana r Ahmad Abubaka
: Water quality is a big concern for the humankind as it is the most important natural resource. The quality of water is affected by anthropogenic activities carried which could render it unsuitable for human consumption. The present study assessed heavy metal distribution and toxicity in surface and groundwater resources of an area characterized by salt mining from brine ponds. Samples were analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC) elemental compositions of: Ba, Mn, Fe, Cu, Sr, and Zn to assess their spatial distribution, sources, variability, toxicity and possible health risks. Median concentrations of Ba, Mn, Fe, Cu, Sr
{"title":"An Appraisal of Heavy Metal Distribution in Surface Water and Groundwater in the Vicinity of a Salt Mine","authors":"Kana Aisha Abubakar, Isah Muhammad Awwal, Kana r Ahmad Abubaka","doi":"10.11648/j.ajwse.20230901.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajwse.20230901.13","url":null,"abstract":": Water quality is a big concern for the humankind as it is the most important natural resource. The quality of water is affected by anthropogenic activities carried which could render it unsuitable for human consumption. The present study assessed heavy metal distribution and toxicity in surface and groundwater resources of an area characterized by salt mining from brine ponds. Samples were analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC) elemental compositions of: Ba, Mn, Fe, Cu, Sr, and Zn to assess their spatial distribution, sources, variability, toxicity and possible health risks. Median concentrations of Ba, Mn, Fe, Cu, Sr","PeriodicalId":423224,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Water Science and Engineering","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124644504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-09DOI: 10.11648/j.ajwse.20230901.11
G. Yadeta
: Land degradation in many third world countries threatens the livelihood of millions of people and constrains the ability of countries to develop a healthy agricultural and natural resource base. This study was conducted to explore Impact of Soil Conservation on Household Income in East Wollega, H/G/ Wollaga and West Shawa Zones of Oromia Region. In this study, three-stage sampling procedure was used to select six districts, tuwelve kebeles and 252 specific sample farm households. Descriptive and econometric analyses were employed. This study has been designed with objective of to assess the impacts of the SWC on yields and farmers’ income, to assess community perception towards the ongoing SWC interventions. and to identify constraints and opportunities on SWC practices in the study area. The analysis is based on the data collected from randomly selected 252 farm households in western Ethiopia. a propensity score matching method for impact analysis to avoid bias arising from possible self-selection. The descriptive analysis showed that, out of the 252 household heads, in the study area the average farm size of the respondents was fragmented into 3.36 parcel, each with average 2.26 hectares. In the sampled area, 13.3%, 57.8%, 14.8%, and 14.1% of the interviewed farmers has been built SWC structures on cultivated land by SLM programme, by campaign, with their family and through both (campaign and family) respectively. The results obtained through a propensity score matching method was 7931.3 Ethiopian Birr net on household income of farmers increase for adopters as compared to non-adopters.
{"title":"Impact of Soil Conservation on Household Income in East Wollega, H/G/ Wollaga and West Shawa Zones of Oromia Region","authors":"G. Yadeta","doi":"10.11648/j.ajwse.20230901.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajwse.20230901.11","url":null,"abstract":": Land degradation in many third world countries threatens the livelihood of millions of people and constrains the ability of countries to develop a healthy agricultural and natural resource base. This study was conducted to explore Impact of Soil Conservation on Household Income in East Wollega, H/G/ Wollaga and West Shawa Zones of Oromia Region. In this study, three-stage sampling procedure was used to select six districts, tuwelve kebeles and 252 specific sample farm households. Descriptive and econometric analyses were employed. This study has been designed with objective of to assess the impacts of the SWC on yields and farmers’ income, to assess community perception towards the ongoing SWC interventions. and to identify constraints and opportunities on SWC practices in the study area. The analysis is based on the data collected from randomly selected 252 farm households in western Ethiopia. a propensity score matching method for impact analysis to avoid bias arising from possible self-selection. The descriptive analysis showed that, out of the 252 household heads, in the study area the average farm size of the respondents was fragmented into 3.36 parcel, each with average 2.26 hectares. In the sampled area, 13.3%, 57.8%, 14.8%, and 14.1% of the interviewed farmers has been built SWC structures on cultivated land by SLM programme, by campaign, with their family and through both (campaign and family) respectively. The results obtained through a propensity score matching method was 7931.3 Ethiopian Birr net on household income of farmers increase for adopters as compared to non-adopters.","PeriodicalId":423224,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Water Science and Engineering","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115142471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-21DOI: 10.11648/J.AJWSE.20210704.11
Talnan Jean Honore Coulibaly, Naga Coulibaly, Kouassi Yéboua Firmin, Camara Issa
The climatic variability observed during the last decades in West Africa results in a decrease of the rainfall that influenced resources more thus in water and lively cultural the food insecurity, the desertification, the farming exodus. Him in default not less for the Coast of Ivory. So, data of stations rainfall knew a flight, but he/it is that they are limited because of their slant and their spatial cover that don't cover the whole country. A new data set combining data of satellite and stations of observation permits a better precision in the climatic variability survey. The methods of Nicholson and filter low pass of Hanning of order 2 permitted to identify the showing a deficit and excess years. In the region of Poro two climatic periods have been identified, a period of drought of 1981 to 1993 and a humid period of 1994 to 2014. For more of precision, on a daily scale, the method of number of dry consecutive days (Consecutive Dry Days) permitted to determine the episodes of drought. The decade 1981-1990 knew a strong drought with more of 70 dry days. On the other hand, the last decade 2001-2010 marks a resumption of rains. What entails a decrease of the number of dry days in the region of Poro.
{"title":"Use of CHIRPS Data to Characterize Rainfall in West Africa: Case of the Poro Region in Côte d'Ivoire","authors":"Talnan Jean Honore Coulibaly, Naga Coulibaly, Kouassi Yéboua Firmin, Camara Issa","doi":"10.11648/J.AJWSE.20210704.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJWSE.20210704.11","url":null,"abstract":"The climatic variability observed during the last decades in West Africa results in a decrease of the rainfall that influenced resources more thus in water and lively cultural the food insecurity, the desertification, the farming exodus. Him in default not less for the Coast of Ivory. So, data of stations rainfall knew a flight, but he/it is that they are limited because of their slant and their spatial cover that don't cover the whole country. A new data set combining data of satellite and stations of observation permits a better precision in the climatic variability survey. The methods of Nicholson and filter low pass of Hanning of order 2 permitted to identify the showing a deficit and excess years. In the region of Poro two climatic periods have been identified, a period of drought of 1981 to 1993 and a humid period of 1994 to 2014. For more of precision, on a daily scale, the method of number of dry consecutive days (Consecutive Dry Days) permitted to determine the episodes of drought. The decade 1981-1990 knew a strong drought with more of 70 dry days. On the other hand, the last decade 2001-2010 marks a resumption of rains. What entails a decrease of the number of dry days in the region of Poro.","PeriodicalId":423224,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Water Science and Engineering","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116805098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-08DOI: 10.11648/J.AJWSE.20210703.11
Zhou Ruoyu
When the rotor of the hydroelectric generator is running, the centrifugal force of the rotor rim is very high. Centrifugal force will produce obvious radial deformation on the rotor rim lamination, which will cause a radial separation gap between the rim and the rotor spider. The larger the diameter of the rotor, the larger the separation gap, therefore, when the rotor is assembled, each component is required to have sufficient strength, good balance and integrity. In order to ensure the stability and balance of the rim during the installation, it is necessary to focus on the technical measures to control installation of the wedges, to complete the thermal keying operations in strict accordance with the requirements. The purpose of the rotor thermal keying is to maintain the safety and stability during operation, to facilitate rim and rotor hub to be closely combined, and to achieve a reliable cooperation between them. A certain amount of mechanical compression is applied simultaneously between rim and rotor spider, which can generally be achieved by thermal keying or conventional rim hot keying on the basis of cold keying, the rim is heated to generate gap between rotor rim and hub, the keys are driven to the gap in specified depth. After the rotor rim is cooled down, the effective coordination between rotor rim and rotor hub can be ensured, the centripetal force generated during the operation of the unit can be offset to maintain the unit’s reliable operation. The installation of hydro-generator rotor’s wedge is an important process, it's a matter of the roundness and concentricity, higher requirements is needed for large capacity generators. Based on the structural characteristics of the rotor installed at the Ludila Power Station on the Jinsha River, this article introduces the installation and welding process of the wedges for the rotor at the Ludila Power Station, as well as the difference between thermal keying technology and conventional rim hot keying. Quality control, installing procedure and methods for installation of rotor wedge are described. This article could provide guidance and reference for the implementation of similar projects, research on new advanced technology for the industry.
{"title":"Technology Research for Rotor Wedge Installation of Hydrogenerator","authors":"Zhou Ruoyu","doi":"10.11648/J.AJWSE.20210703.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJWSE.20210703.11","url":null,"abstract":"When the rotor of the hydroelectric generator is running, the centrifugal force of the rotor rim is very high. Centrifugal force will produce obvious radial deformation on the rotor rim lamination, which will cause a radial separation gap between the rim and the rotor spider. The larger the diameter of the rotor, the larger the separation gap, therefore, when the rotor is assembled, each component is required to have sufficient strength, good balance and integrity. In order to ensure the stability and balance of the rim during the installation, it is necessary to focus on the technical measures to control installation of the wedges, to complete the thermal keying operations in strict accordance with the requirements. The purpose of the rotor thermal keying is to maintain the safety and stability during operation, to facilitate rim and rotor hub to be closely combined, and to achieve a reliable cooperation between them. A certain amount of mechanical compression is applied simultaneously between rim and rotor spider, which can generally be achieved by thermal keying or conventional rim hot keying on the basis of cold keying, the rim is heated to generate gap between rotor rim and hub, the keys are driven to the gap in specified depth. After the rotor rim is cooled down, the effective coordination between rotor rim and rotor hub can be ensured, the centripetal force generated during the operation of the unit can be offset to maintain the unit’s reliable operation. The installation of hydro-generator rotor’s wedge is an important process, it's a matter of the roundness and concentricity, higher requirements is needed for large capacity generators. Based on the structural characteristics of the rotor installed at the Ludila Power Station on the Jinsha River, this article introduces the installation and welding process of the wedges for the rotor at the Ludila Power Station, as well as the difference between thermal keying technology and conventional rim hot keying. Quality control, installing procedure and methods for installation of rotor wedge are described. This article could provide guidance and reference for the implementation of similar projects, research on new advanced technology for the industry.","PeriodicalId":423224,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Water Science and Engineering","volume":"31 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132087339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-28DOI: 10.11648/j.ajwse.20210702.15
R. Leishear
The title of this article may seem abrasive, but the stakes are human lives that are affected by E. coli infections and drinking water contaminations by lead and copper. First of all, this research targets a new and urgent understanding of a common cause for E. coli outbreaks, which results in many illnesses and deaths every year. As part of a world-wide problem, E. coli infects more than 73,000 people and kills more than 60 people every year in the U.S. alone. Also a connection exists between urinary tract infections and water main break transmissions of E. coli, where five to seven million cases strike each year in the U.S. Methods are confined to an extensive literature review and detailed studies of pertinent topics. Research concludes that a phenomenon referred to as water hammer breaks underground water mains, and underground E. coli enters water mains during power outages or pressure losses to distribute E. Coli to our homes, businesses and irrigation systems to drive E. coli outbreaks. People die from E. coli, and illnesses and deaths are preventable. New theory proves that water systems are infected during normal operations that crack water mains to permit E. coli ingress into pipes to infect homes, businesses and irrigation. E. Coli infection outbreaks can be stopped. Essentially, water hammer breaks water mains, E. coli enters piping during power outages and other system shutdowns, infected water is pushed to customers ahead of any disinfectants that are added prior to return to service, and infections spread to water consumers. The most important research conclusion is that E. coli infections will stop by controlling water main break destruction and controlling water operations after power outages and water pressure losses. A parallel health concern relates lead and copper contaminations of water supplies to water hammer induced water main breaks. Another important finding proves that lead and copper contamination of drinking water systems can be minimized. If water hammers are reduced, water main breaks will be reduced, and infections and contaminations will be reduced. Although facts explain observations of lethal E. coli outbreaks, experimental validation of theory following a future outbreak is required. There is more work required, but if people are unaware of this pandemic health hazard, no work will be done, and the hazard will continue. The learning curve to safe drinking water should not climb slowly, but should sharply leap to save lives and ensure water safety.
{"title":"Our Water Mains Contaminate Us with E. Coli, Lead and Copper – Preventable Illness and Death Follow","authors":"R. Leishear","doi":"10.11648/j.ajwse.20210702.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajwse.20210702.15","url":null,"abstract":"The title of this article may seem abrasive, but the stakes are human lives that are affected by E. coli infections and drinking water contaminations by lead and copper. First of all, this research targets a new and urgent understanding of a common cause for E. coli outbreaks, which results in many illnesses and deaths every year. As part of a world-wide problem, E. coli infects more than 73,000 people and kills more than 60 people every year in the U.S. alone. Also a connection exists between urinary tract infections and water main break transmissions of E. coli, where five to seven million cases strike each year in the U.S. Methods are confined to an extensive literature review and detailed studies of pertinent topics. Research concludes that a phenomenon referred to as water hammer breaks underground water mains, and underground E. coli enters water mains during power outages or pressure losses to distribute E. Coli to our homes, businesses and irrigation systems to drive E. coli outbreaks. People die from E. coli, and illnesses and deaths are preventable. New theory proves that water systems are infected during normal operations that crack water mains to permit E. coli ingress into pipes to infect homes, businesses and irrigation. E. Coli infection outbreaks can be stopped. Essentially, water hammer breaks water mains, E. coli enters piping during power outages and other system shutdowns, infected water is pushed to customers ahead of any disinfectants that are added prior to return to service, and infections spread to water consumers. The most important research conclusion is that E. coli infections will stop by controlling water main break destruction and controlling water operations after power outages and water pressure losses. A parallel health concern relates lead and copper contaminations of water supplies to water hammer induced water main breaks. Another important finding proves that lead and copper contamination of drinking water systems can be minimized. If water hammers are reduced, water main breaks will be reduced, and infections and contaminations will be reduced. Although facts explain observations of lethal E. coli outbreaks, experimental validation of theory following a future outbreak is required. There is more work required, but if people are unaware of this pandemic health hazard, no work will be done, and the hazard will continue. The learning curve to safe drinking water should not climb slowly, but should sharply leap to save lives and ensure water safety.","PeriodicalId":423224,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Water Science and Engineering","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129537940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-14DOI: 10.11648/J.AJWSE.20210702.12
He Yuhong, Zhou Qilin
The high organic loading sediment in the areas of algal accumulation are the primary cause of frequent occurrence of black water in the western Chao Lake. Through an algal accumulation experiment, plow-tillage based on resuspension characteristics and its effect on lake sediment was assessed using a large device capable of simulating lake-winds and sediment resuspension. The dynamics of overlying water coloration, ρ(Fe2+), ρ(S2-) in the process of black water induction, the key physicochemical characteristics of newly formed water–sediment interface, and iron and sulfur variations in interstitial-water and their response to plow-tillage were examined. The results showed that plow-tillage depth significantly influenced black-water formation; a 15 cm plow-tillage depth helped in controlling black-water. When black water occurred in other plow-tillage controls, i.e., (2, 5, and 10 cm), along with blank-treatments during day 8 to 14, typical overlying water characteristics [ρ(Fe2+) and ρ(S2-)] of the plow-tillage 15 cm treatments were 68.6%, 79.5%, 48.1%, 46.7%, and 51.3%; and 75.2%, 65.7%, 57.1%, 74.5%, and 75.0%, respectively, in comparison to that of the other plow-tillage controls and blank-treatments. Further analysis of the bottom-water and bottom-sediments revealed that the 15 cm plow-tillage depth treatment significantly enhanced the tolerance of the fresh water–sediment interface to algal accumulation and anoxic environments. Through the black water induction simulation, the dissolved oxygen concentration, redox potential, and pH of the bottom-water and at the interface were observably much higher than those in the black-water groups. However, ρ(ΣH2S) was significantly lower than that of other treatments. The ρ(Fe2+) in the surface-sediment water was 0.54 mg/L, which corresponds only 25.3–33.7% that of the black-water groups. Fe2+ accounted for 25.2% of the total iron, being considerably lower than ~40.0% of the black-water groups. The concentration of acid-volatile sulfides was 0.51 µg/g, which corresponds only 14.6–17.2% that of the black-water groups. Overall, plow-tillage helped to physically improve sediment in areas of algal accumulation. Plow-tillage could help turn surface-sediment overloaded with organic pollutants to the lower-layer, blocking material migration and supply of contaminated surface-sediment, and controlling anaerobic microbial activity. It could prevent the formation of black water-generating substances in the water column where algae accumulate and die, effectively preventing the occurrence of black water.
{"title":"Effects of Plow-Tillage on Preventing and Controlling the Black Water Events in Shallow Lakes","authors":"He Yuhong, Zhou Qilin","doi":"10.11648/J.AJWSE.20210702.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJWSE.20210702.12","url":null,"abstract":"The high organic loading sediment in the areas of algal accumulation are the primary cause of frequent occurrence of black water in the western Chao Lake. Through an algal accumulation experiment, plow-tillage based on resuspension characteristics and its effect on lake sediment was assessed using a large device capable of simulating lake-winds and sediment resuspension. The dynamics of overlying water coloration, ρ(Fe2+), ρ(S2-) in the process of black water induction, the key physicochemical characteristics of newly formed water–sediment interface, and iron and sulfur variations in interstitial-water and their response to plow-tillage were examined. The results showed that plow-tillage depth significantly influenced black-water formation; a 15 cm plow-tillage depth helped in controlling black-water. When black water occurred in other plow-tillage controls, i.e., (2, 5, and 10 cm), along with blank-treatments during day 8 to 14, typical overlying water characteristics [ρ(Fe2+) and ρ(S2-)] of the plow-tillage 15 cm treatments were 68.6%, 79.5%, 48.1%, 46.7%, and 51.3%; and 75.2%, 65.7%, 57.1%, 74.5%, and 75.0%, respectively, in comparison to that of the other plow-tillage controls and blank-treatments. Further analysis of the bottom-water and bottom-sediments revealed that the 15 cm plow-tillage depth treatment significantly enhanced the tolerance of the fresh water–sediment interface to algal accumulation and anoxic environments. Through the black water induction simulation, the dissolved oxygen concentration, redox potential, and pH of the bottom-water and at the interface were observably much higher than those in the black-water groups. However, ρ(ΣH2S) was significantly lower than that of other treatments. The ρ(Fe2+) in the surface-sediment water was 0.54 mg/L, which corresponds only 25.3–33.7% that of the black-water groups. Fe2+ accounted for 25.2% of the total iron, being considerably lower than ~40.0% of the black-water groups. The concentration of acid-volatile sulfides was 0.51 µg/g, which corresponds only 14.6–17.2% that of the black-water groups. Overall, plow-tillage helped to physically improve sediment in areas of algal accumulation. Plow-tillage could help turn surface-sediment overloaded with organic pollutants to the lower-layer, blocking material migration and supply of contaminated surface-sediment, and controlling anaerobic microbial activity. It could prevent the formation of black water-generating substances in the water column where algae accumulate and die, effectively preventing the occurrence of black water.","PeriodicalId":423224,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Water Science and Engineering","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128697701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-07DOI: 10.11648/J.AJWSE.20210702.11
U. P. Ajonina, Tepoule Nguéke Joseph, Chang Linda Meh
Floods along the Atlantic coast of Limbe are the most predominant natural disaster posing serious threats to man and the environment. Without adequate information about the risk levels and why the implementation of locally appropriate adaptation measures are less effective, flood disasters will continue to become more rampant and disastrous. The ability to accurately identify, measure and evaluate the various vulnerabilities of affected people and communities is a right step towards reducing disaster risk. This article focuses on developing a Flood Vulnerability Index (FVI) based on exposure, susceptibility and resilience factors that will guide putting in place specific adaptation plans targeted at reducing the impacts of floods. The study made use of the mixed research design method. Reponses were gathered from 183 respondents using questionnaires and focus group discussions (FGD) from household heads to construct an integrated vulnerability index made up of 22 indicators grouped into susceptibility indicators (15), resilience (5) and exposure (2). A handheld Global Positioning System (GPS) was used in the measurement of distance and elevation. Data collected was subjected to analysis of variance to test if significant differences in vulnerability exist within the neighborhoods and the level of success of adaptation strategies was also investigated. Findings show that Motowo and Church Street have very small vulnerability to floods, Cassava Farm and Clerks Quarters have high vulnerability to floods and Down Beach with an index of 0.84 has a very high vulnerable to floods. From the results coastal communities are significantly different (p < 0.01) in terms of vulnerability to flood hazards. A total of 19.39% of the population highlighted that the adaptation strategies put in place to help combat floods in their neighborhoods are effective while 80.61% of the respondents decried that the measures were not effective. Coping strategies need to take into consideration the myriad of factors involved in the determination of vulnerability so as to help putting in place a comprehensive multi-risk adaptation strategy. Policies implications of the results warrant a conscious effort by the council to clear chocked gutters, culverts and major drains to ease water flow especially during the rainy seasons and local authorities and ministries must make sure proper land use plans are in place and are enforced without any fear or favor so as to ensure resilience to flood risks.
{"title":"Assessing Flood Vulnerability Index for Policy Implications Towards Flood Risk Management Along the Atlantic Coast of Limbe, Cameroon","authors":"U. P. Ajonina, Tepoule Nguéke Joseph, Chang Linda Meh","doi":"10.11648/J.AJWSE.20210702.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJWSE.20210702.11","url":null,"abstract":"Floods along the Atlantic coast of Limbe are the most predominant natural disaster posing serious threats to man and the environment. Without adequate information about the risk levels and why the implementation of locally appropriate adaptation measures are less effective, flood disasters will continue to become more rampant and disastrous. The ability to accurately identify, measure and evaluate the various vulnerabilities of affected people and communities is a right step towards reducing disaster risk. This article focuses on developing a Flood Vulnerability Index (FVI) based on exposure, susceptibility and resilience factors that will guide putting in place specific adaptation plans targeted at reducing the impacts of floods. The study made use of the mixed research design method. Reponses were gathered from 183 respondents using questionnaires and focus group discussions (FGD) from household heads to construct an integrated vulnerability index made up of 22 indicators grouped into susceptibility indicators (15), resilience (5) and exposure (2). A handheld Global Positioning System (GPS) was used in the measurement of distance and elevation. Data collected was subjected to analysis of variance to test if significant differences in vulnerability exist within the neighborhoods and the level of success of adaptation strategies was also investigated. Findings show that Motowo and Church Street have very small vulnerability to floods, Cassava Farm and Clerks Quarters have high vulnerability to floods and Down Beach with an index of 0.84 has a very high vulnerable to floods. From the results coastal communities are significantly different (p < 0.01) in terms of vulnerability to flood hazards. A total of 19.39% of the population highlighted that the adaptation strategies put in place to help combat floods in their neighborhoods are effective while 80.61% of the respondents decried that the measures were not effective. Coping strategies need to take into consideration the myriad of factors involved in the determination of vulnerability so as to help putting in place a comprehensive multi-risk adaptation strategy. Policies implications of the results warrant a conscious effort by the council to clear chocked gutters, culverts and major drains to ease water flow especially during the rainy seasons and local authorities and ministries must make sure proper land use plans are in place and are enforced without any fear or favor so as to ensure resilience to flood risks.","PeriodicalId":423224,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Water Science and Engineering","volume":"45 18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126334900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-12DOI: 10.11648/J.AJWSE.20210701.12
Muhammad Aslam, Habib-ur-Rehman, N. Khan
Lahore is the provincial capital of Punjab and second biggest city of Pakistan with respect to the population. Average annual population growth of Lahore is 4.14% from 1998-2018, which is much higher than the average population growth rate of Pakistan which is 2.4%. According to investigations average annual groundwater depletion rate of Lahore is 1.07 m/year. As with the growth of population new housing societies are being built to accommodate the burgeoning population. These societies enhance impermeable areas, moreover, pump huge amount of groundwater from the underground water source. There should be sustainability in water pumping and water recharging. Past studies show that groundwater exploitation in Lahore is not sustainable as abstraction rates are higher as compared to groundwater recharge rates. Therefore it is necessary of find out alternative means to recharge the groundwater aquifer of Lahore. There is a need to investigate the role of infiltration galleries to accelerate the groundwater recharge. In order to complete the research, temporal distribution was plotted on ArcMap. HEC-HMS was used for the calculation of discharges which were verified with analytical methods. Groundwater model prepared on Visual MODFLOW was calibrated and validated. The results indicate that due to groundwater overexploitation water levels continue to decrease with the passage of time. The average simulated water table decline is 1.1 meter per year in the study area. So in order to overcome this crisis, infiltration galleries were proposed and designed in the study area. It was seen that these infiltration galleries allow recharging the groundwater at better rate. As the model results showed that depletion rate of groundwater reduces and the groundwater level is about 0.3m higher when there are infiltration galleries. The study proposes that the Infiltration Galleries have a potential to recharge the groundwater at good rate, therefore its installation must be preferred according to the groundwater hydrological balance in the region.
{"title":"Assessing the Role of Infiltration Galleries to Enhance Groundwater Recharge in Model Town Lahore","authors":"Muhammad Aslam, Habib-ur-Rehman, N. Khan","doi":"10.11648/J.AJWSE.20210701.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJWSE.20210701.12","url":null,"abstract":"Lahore is the provincial capital of Punjab and second biggest city of Pakistan with respect to the population. Average annual population growth of Lahore is 4.14% from 1998-2018, which is much higher than the average population growth rate of Pakistan which is 2.4%. According to investigations average annual groundwater depletion rate of Lahore is 1.07 m/year. As with the growth of population new housing societies are being built to accommodate the burgeoning population. These societies enhance impermeable areas, moreover, pump huge amount of groundwater from the underground water source. There should be sustainability in water pumping and water recharging. Past studies show that groundwater exploitation in Lahore is not sustainable as abstraction rates are higher as compared to groundwater recharge rates. Therefore it is necessary of find out alternative means to recharge the groundwater aquifer of Lahore. There is a need to investigate the role of infiltration galleries to accelerate the groundwater recharge. In order to complete the research, temporal distribution was plotted on ArcMap. HEC-HMS was used for the calculation of discharges which were verified with analytical methods. Groundwater model prepared on Visual MODFLOW was calibrated and validated. The results indicate that due to groundwater overexploitation water levels continue to decrease with the passage of time. The average simulated water table decline is 1.1 meter per year in the study area. So in order to overcome this crisis, infiltration galleries were proposed and designed in the study area. It was seen that these infiltration galleries allow recharging the groundwater at better rate. As the model results showed that depletion rate of groundwater reduces and the groundwater level is about 0.3m higher when there are infiltration galleries. The study proposes that the Infiltration Galleries have a potential to recharge the groundwater at good rate, therefore its installation must be preferred according to the groundwater hydrological balance in the region.","PeriodicalId":423224,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Water Science and Engineering","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125154372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-04DOI: 10.11648/J.AJWSE.20210701.11
Andrés Silva, L. Gonçalves, A. Moura, S. Lousada, J. Gouveia, R. Camacho
This study aims to carry out a proper flood risk assessment in Machico’s main watercourse and purpose at least two different flood mitigation measures to prevent major impacts over the watershed. Furthermore, the assessment addresses the need for structural-measures — i.e. detention basins — towards mitigating flood hazards under high-intensity and short-duration precipitation events. It became possible to morphometrically characterize all the watersheds using empirical equations to gather specific parameters and indexes. A proper articulation between the hydrological and the spatial analysis using geographic information systems was then carried out. According to many parameters calculated the watershed of Machico proved to assume a very large-size and to be highly prone to flash floods. The spatial analysis took into consideration the watershed’s Fill Rate using both Dutch and the Ternary Phase Diagram methods and allowed us to define criteria towards the establishment of detention basins as a valid flood mitigation measure. Finally, it was clear that the watershed corresponding to Machico’s main watercourse induces the need to further implement either a detention basin or to modify the roughness coefficient of its river channel. Moreover, the comparison between the results obtained with DROTA’s Flood Risk Report, allows us to consider this study’s outcome both satisfactory and valid.
{"title":"Flood Hazard Assessment in Madeira (Portugal) – The Case Study of Machico","authors":"Andrés Silva, L. Gonçalves, A. Moura, S. Lousada, J. Gouveia, R. Camacho","doi":"10.11648/J.AJWSE.20210701.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJWSE.20210701.11","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to carry out a proper flood risk assessment in Machico’s main watercourse and purpose at least two different flood mitigation measures to prevent major impacts over the watershed. Furthermore, the assessment addresses the need for structural-measures — i.e. detention basins — towards mitigating flood hazards under high-intensity and short-duration precipitation events. It became possible to morphometrically characterize all the watersheds using empirical equations to gather specific parameters and indexes. A proper articulation between the hydrological and the spatial analysis using geographic information systems was then carried out. According to many parameters calculated the watershed of Machico proved to assume a very large-size and to be highly prone to flash floods. The spatial analysis took into consideration the watershed’s Fill Rate using both Dutch and the Ternary Phase Diagram methods and allowed us to define criteria towards the establishment of detention basins as a valid flood mitigation measure. Finally, it was clear that the watershed corresponding to Machico’s main watercourse induces the need to further implement either a detention basin or to modify the roughness coefficient of its river channel. Moreover, the comparison between the results obtained with DROTA’s Flood Risk Report, allows us to consider this study’s outcome both satisfactory and valid.","PeriodicalId":423224,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Water Science and Engineering","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115802588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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