Diaspora Studies最新文献

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Migration, Discrimination and Assimilation in the State of Israel 以色列国内的移民、歧视和同化

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Diaspora Studies

Pub Date : 2022-06-27 DOI: 10.1163/09763457-bja10014

Suraj Rajan Kadanthodu

The coalescence of Jews from across the world to form a unified Jewish nation-state has been the dream of many Jewish and Zionist leaders. With the gathering of immigrants after the State of Israel was established, the founders strived for a ‘fusion of exiles’ (mizug hagaluyot), where individual migrant cultural identities would assimilate to form a new Israeli identity that was predominantly European. Though the idea of a ‘New State’ appealed to Indian Jews, the promises that were made before they migrated from India did not materialise once they arrived in Israel, and they had to undergo several challenges, including discrimination based on colour and ethnicity, thus delaying their assimilation within Israeli society. This paper tries to understand the migration patterns of the Bene Israeli and Cochin Jewish communities and the prejudices enforced by the Israeli government and its agencies on them, which challenged their integration into mainstream Israeli society.

将世界各地的犹太人联合起来，形成一个统一的犹太民族国家，是许多犹太和犹太复国主义领导人的梦想。随着以色列国成立后移民的聚集，建国者努力实现“流亡者的融合”（mizug hagaluyot），在这种融合中，个人移民的文化身份将被同化，形成一种以欧洲人为主的新的以色列身份。尽管“新国家”的想法吸引了印度犹太人，但在他们从印度移民到以色列之前做出的承诺并没有在他们抵达以色列后实现，他们不得不面临一些挑战，包括基于肤色和种族的歧视，从而推迟了他们在以色列社会中的同化。本文试图了解Bene Israel和Cochin犹太社区的移民模式，以及以色列政府及其机构对他们的偏见，这些偏见挑战了他们融入以色列主流社会。

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Basque Food 巴斯克的食物

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Diaspora Studies

Pub Date : 2022-06-27 DOI: 10.1163/09763457-01502001

M. Goirizelaia, L. Iturregui, Annette Unda

This study looks at Basque migrants in the United States and shows how different geographical locations there attracted different groups of migrants over time and how the immigrants organised themselves as a diaspora community and maintained their identity. Emigration from the Basque Country to the United States began during the Gold Rush in 1848; since then there have been multiple, distinct waves of immigration. The study’s results are based on in-depth interviews with Basque Americans and a survey. We analysed Basque communities in the Far West, New England, the Mid-Atlantic states, North Carolina and Florida, and found that Basque food is the most common factor by which Basque migrants maintain their identity, regardless of state, place or generation. Even so, there are differences among communities, which distinguish them from each other. Consequently, in order to connect with the diaspora and create diaspora strategies, governments should take these differences into account.

这项研究着眼于美国的巴斯克移民，展示了随着时间的推移，那里不同的地理位置如何吸引不同的移民群体，以及移民如何将自己组织成散居社区并保持自己的身份。从巴斯克国家移民到美国始于1848年的淘金热；从那时起，出现了多次不同的移民潮。这项研究的结果是基于对巴斯克裔美国人的深入采访和一项调查得出的。我们分析了遥远西部、新英格兰、大西洋中部各州、北卡罗来纳州和佛罗里达州的巴斯克社区，发现巴斯克食物是巴斯克移民保持身份的最常见因素，无论州、地或代。即便如此，社区之间也存在差异，这使它们彼此不同。因此，为了与侨民建立联系并制定侨民战略，各国政府应考虑到这些差异。

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The Widening Global Network of Indonesian Diaspora Scholars in Malaysia 马来西亚印尼散居学者日益扩大的全球网络

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Diaspora Studies

Pub Date : 2022-02-23 DOI: 10.1163/09763457-20221004

Betti Rosita Sari, Yekti Maunati, Ganewati Wuryandari, Lamijo

The paper discusses the global network for Indonesian diaspora scholars who work in Malaysian tertiary education, an emerging Asian education hub. The study is based on documents, text reviews, interviews, and reflections from Indonesian diaspora scholars. Our analysis identified three main themes: building academic success, brain circulation, and contributing to development in the country of origin. The analysis indicates that the interplay between the quality of human diaspora capital and Malaysian policies on higher education has shaped the academic success stories of Indonesian diaspora scholars in Malaysia. Although the Indonesian diaspora scholars in Malaysia have generated brain drain debates, the findings show that while Indonesian scholars continue to work in Malaysia, they also exercise their global networks as sources of human capital and knowledge to assist their home country.

本文讨论了在新兴的亚洲教育中心马来西亚高等教育工作的印尼侨民学者的全球网络。这项研究是基于文献、文本评论、访谈和来自印尼侨民学者的反思。我们的分析确定了三个主要主题:建立学术成功、人才流通和为原籍国的发展做出贡献。分析表明，侨民资本的质量与马来西亚高等教育政策之间的相互作用，塑造了马来西亚印尼侨民学者的学术成功故事。虽然马来西亚的印度尼西亚侨民学者引发了人才流失的争论，但研究结果表明，当印度尼西亚学者继续在马来西亚工作时，他们也利用其全球网络作为人力资本和知识的来源，以帮助他们的祖国。

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Are Africans in Australia a Diaspora? 澳大利亚的非洲人是散居海外的吗?

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Diaspora Studies

Pub Date : 2022-02-21 DOI: 10.1163/09763457-20221002

F. Fozdar, Sarah Prout Quicke, David Mickler

Migration from the African continent to Australia has increased in volume and diversity in the last three decades, with the most recent census identifying 2.6 % of the total Australian population as either born in, or having at least one parent born in, Africa. In examining demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, and interrogating political, economic, social and cultural transnational practices, using an interdisciplinary approach that combines demography, political science and sociology, this paper seeks to identify in what ways and for what purposes this population might be considered a pan-African diaspora. We argue that there is some evidence of (i) pan-African consciousness underpinning the collective identity of African-Australian community organisations; (ii) governments, NGO s, communities and individuals engaging in activities that contribute meaningfully to Australian society, countries of origin and identity formation; (iii) significant diversity and important cleavages among these populations. Broader research is required to more adequately identify and measure the multifaceted transnational contributions of African-background peoples in Australia.

在过去的三十年里，从非洲大陆到澳大利亚的移民在数量和多样性上都有所增加，最近的人口普查确定了2.6% %的澳大利亚总人口要么出生在非洲，要么至少有一个父母出生在非洲。在研究人口和社会经济特征，并询问政治，经济，社会和文化跨国实践，使用结合了人口统计学，政治学和社会学的跨学科方法，本文试图确定以何种方式和出于何种目的，这些人口可能被认为是泛非洲侨民。我们认为，有一些证据表明:(1)泛非洲意识支撑着非洲裔澳大利亚人社区组织的集体认同;(ii)参与对澳大利亚社会、原籍国和身份形成有意义贡献的活动的政府、非政府组织 、社区和个人;(iii)这些种群之间存在显著的多样性和重要的分裂。需要进行更广泛的研究，以更充分地确定和衡量澳大利亚非洲背景民族的多方面跨国贡献。

引用次数: 2

Identity, Diaspora and Development 身份、散居与发展

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Diaspora Studies

Pub Date : 2022-02-21 DOI: 10.1163/09763457-20221001

Y. Aleksanyan

The Armenian diaspora started about two millennia ago. Today’s Armenian diaspora, largely formed during and after World War I, plays a prominent role in the country’s international relations, attracting foreign direct investments, sending remittances and boosting domestic demand. It has been argued that Armenians living abroad invest in Armenia, cooperate with Armenia-based businesses or send remittances because of their ethnic identity and their altruism towards family and friends. This paper discusses how Armenia can harness its diaspora’s potential through the cultivation of identity, development of certain institutions, financial tools and digital platforms. It looks at the avenues of diaspora–homeland cooperation and the critical role that the diaspora can play in the homeland’s development.

亚美尼亚人的散居大约始于两千年前。今天的亚美尼亚侨民主要是在第一次世界大战期间和之后形成的，在该国的国际关系中发挥着重要作用，吸引外国直接投资，汇款和促进国内需求。有人认为，居住在国外的亚美尼亚人在亚美尼亚投资、与亚美尼亚企业合作或汇款，是因为他们的种族认同和对家人和朋友的利他主义。本文讨论了亚美尼亚如何通过培养身份、发展某些机构、金融工具和数字平台来利用其侨民的潜力。它着眼于侨民与祖国合作的途径，以及侨民在祖国发展中可以发挥的关键作用。

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The Diverse Roles of Bangladesh’s Diaspora Communities in Jihadism 孟加拉国侨民社区在圣战主义中的不同角色

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Diaspora Studies

Pub Date : 2022-02-21 DOI: 10.1163/09763457-20221003

Shafi Md. Mostofa

Diaspora radicalisation has increasingly become a source of major concern for home and host countries, especially with technology facilitating easier communication with the global village. The popular perception used to be that expatriates were less vulnerable to radicalisation, but this paper argues that in reality the scenario is completely different. Using a desk-based literature review and interviews in Dhaka, and focusing on the Bangladeshi diaspora, the findings of the study show that members of the diaspora communities have increasingly been targeted, or indeed target other members, for radicalisation. Radical expatriates have not only recruited new members online and raised funds to support terrorism, they have also provided charismatic leadership, thereby directing extremist groups from the front.

侨民激进化越来越成为母国和东道国关注的主要问题，尤其是在技术促进了与地球村更容易沟通的情况下。过去人们普遍认为，外籍人士不太容易受到激进化的影响，但本文认为，现实情况完全不同。通过在达卡进行的案头文献综述和采访，并以孟加拉国侨民为重点，研究结果表明，侨民社区的成员越来越多地成为激进化的目标，甚至成为其他成员的目标。激进的外籍人士不仅在网上招募新成员并筹集资金支持恐怖主义，他们还提供了富有魅力的领导，从而从前线指挥极端组织。

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Re-orienting the Diaspora–Development Nexus 重新定位散居地——发展纽带

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Diaspora Studies

Pub Date : 2022-02-04 DOI: 10.1163/09763457-20220127

Sarah Peck

Since the 1990s diasporic communities have increasingly been recognized as agents of development, with states, citizens, and the global development community keen to harness their knowledge, skills, and economic capital. Approaches to the ‘diaspora option’ tend to be rooted in the discourses, practices, and products of neoliberal globalization. Yet the most recent decade of the 21st century has witnessed a backlash against this cosmopolitanism. This paper pushes for a re-orientation of the diaspora-development nexus that looks to respond to the contemporary realities of (and the backlash against) neoliberal globalization: (re)bordering, European and North American ethnonationalism, nativist politics, and anti-migrant discourses. Thinking through a post-diasporic lens foregrounds the interconnected geographies, the complex temporalities, and the (racialized) inequalities within the diaspora–development nexus. The paper concludes that through a post-diasporic lens the diaspora–development nexus can be centred on everyday social, cultural, material, and political circumstances and experiences and feelings of belonging through multiple locales, re-orienting the nexus to advance the everyday socio-economic, cultural, and political liberation of diasporic communities.

自20世纪90年代以来，散居社区越来越被认为是发展的推动者，国家、公民和全球发展团体都渴望利用他们的知识、技能和经济资本。“散居选择”的方法往往植根于新自由主义全球化的话语、实践和产品。然而，在21世纪最近的十年里，这种世界主义遭到了强烈反对。本文推动了对侨民-发展关系的重新定位，以回应新自由主义全球化的当代现实(以及对新自由主义全球化的强烈反对):(重新)边界，欧洲和北美的民族民族主义，本土主义政治和反移民话语。通过后流散的视角来思考流散发展关系中相互联系的地理、复杂的时间性和(种族化的)不平等。本文的结论是，通过后流散透镜，流散与发展的联系可以集中在日常的社会、文化、物质和政治环境以及通过多个地点的经验和归属感上，重新定位这种联系，以推进流散社区的日常社会经济、文化和政治解放。

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Heterogenising the Indian Hindu Diaspora in Thailand 在泰国的印度印度侨民的异质化

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Diaspora Studies

Pub Date : 2022-01-18 DOI: 10.1163/09763457-20220001

Pittikorn Panyamanee

The Indian diaspora is a diverse community of migrants who live dispersed around the globe. This includes the situation of Indian emigration to Thailand, which has been ongoing for hundreds of years. Several scholars in Indian Diaspora Studies have previously contributed to an understanding of the different social groups of the heterogenous Indian diaspora in terms of ethnicities, religions, periods of migration, and social and political consciousness. However, Indian Diaspora Studies in Thailand undertaken by Thai scholars over the past decade have only focused on the Siamese Brahmin and the Thai-Indian Sikh and Muslim diaspora in Thailand, and have tended to view Hindu immigrants to Thailand as a homogeneous group. Their contribution is constrained by considering migrants only through the lens of ethnicity, and dualistically conceptualising ethnic boundaries between Indianness and Thainess as a result. This paper, in conversation with previous scholarship, applies the notion of heterogeneity to understand the complexity of the Indian Hindu diaspora in contemporary Thai societies. This article, based on case studies in the Chiang Mai province, asserts that the Thai-Indian Hindu diaspora consists of heterogeneous groups that utilise multi-ethnic-religious identities as cultural strategies to establish their self-identification. Therefore, the Indian Hindu diaspora in Thai society is associated with the (re)formation and recombination of traditional and modern diasporic types of consciousness, reflecting the complexity of the Indian Hindu diaspora in Thailand today.

印度侨民是一个分散在全球各地的移民群体。这包括印度人移民到泰国的情况，这种情况已经持续了数百年。印度侨民研究的几位学者此前曾在种族、宗教、移民时期以及社会和政治意识方面帮助理解异质印度侨民的不同社会群体。然而，泰国学者在过去十年中在泰国进行的印度侨民研究只关注泰国的暹罗婆罗门、泰裔印度锡克教徒和穆斯林侨民，并倾向于将印度移民视为一个同质群体。他们的贡献受到了限制，因为他们只从种族的角度来考虑移民，并因此对印度人和泰国人之间的种族界限进行了二元概念化。本文在与以往学者的对话中，运用异质性的概念来理解当代泰国社会中印度-印度侨民的复杂性。本文基于清迈省的案例研究，认为泰国-印度-印度教侨民由异质群体组成，他们利用多民族宗教身份作为文化策略来建立自我认同。因此，泰国社会中的印度-印度侨民与传统和现代侨民意识类型的（重新）形成和重组联系在一起，反映了当今泰国印度-印度移民的复杂性。

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Explaining the evolution of Turkey’s diaspora engagement policy: a holistic approach 解释土耳其侨民接触政策的演变:一个整体的方法

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Diaspora Studies

Pub Date : 2021-11-12 DOI: 10.1080/09739572.2020.1839688

Ayca Arkilic

This article provides a comprehensive framework to explain why Turkey has adopted a pro-active diaspora agenda since the early 2000s. It shows that Turkey’s diaspora policy is the result of an amalgamation of domestic, transnational, and international factors: Domestically, the AKP’s rise to power resulted in drastic economic and political reforms and the promotion of a new identity based on neo-Ottomanism and Sunni-Muslim nationalism. These developments have transformed Turkey’s state-diaspora relations. The 2013 Gezi Park protests and the 2016 failed coup attempt also played a role. Transnationally, Turkish expatriates’ growing socioeconomic and political clout in their host countries, as evidenced by the mushrooming of political parties founded by Turks in Europe, has urged Turkey to reconsider the efficacy of its diaspora as a source of influence abroad as well as a noteworthy electorate in national elections. Various international events have also shaped Turkey’s new diaspora agenda, including Turkey’s increasing bargaining power vis-à-vis the EU since the early 2000s, particularly after the European refugee crisis, and the rise of Islamophobia in the post-9/11 era. I suggest that domestic factors have played the most significant role in shaping Turkey’s diaspora agenda. I examine the domestic dimension both as an independent factor and also in relation to transnational and international factors. The configuration of a new political elite has changed the ways in which Turkey interacts with its transnational diaspora and perceives its international position vis-à-vis European countries. The findings of the article draw on official statements and documents, semi-structured in-depth interviews conducted with Turkish officials, the Euro-Turks Barometer Survey, and news sources.

本文提供了一个全面的框架来解释为什么土耳其自21世纪初以来采取了积极的侨民议程。它表明，土耳其的侨民政策是国内、跨国和国际因素综合作用的结果:在国内，正义与发展党掌权导致了剧烈的经济和政治改革，并促进了基于新奥斯曼主义和逊尼派-穆斯林民族主义的新身份认同。这些发展改变了土耳其国家与侨民的关系。2013年的格齐公园抗议活动和2016年未遂政变也发挥了作用。从全球来看，土耳其侨民在其所在国日益增长的社会经济和政治影响力，正如欧洲土耳其人建立的政党如雨后春笋般涌现所证明的那样，促使土耳其重新考虑其侨民作为海外影响力来源以及国家选举中值得注意的选民的效力。各种国际事件也塑造了土耳其的新移民议程，包括自21世纪初以来，特别是在欧洲难民危机之后，土耳其与欧盟(-à-vis)的议价能力日益增强，以及9/11后时代伊斯兰恐惧症的兴起。我认为，国内因素在塑造土耳其侨民议程方面发挥了最重要的作用。我考察了国内维度，既作为一个独立的因素，也与跨国和国际因素有关。新政治精英的构成改变了土耳其与其跨国侨民互动的方式，并改变了土耳其对-à-vis欧洲国家的国际地位的看法。本文的研究结果来自官方声明和文件、与土耳其官员进行的半结构化深度访谈、欧洲-土耳其晴雨表调查和新闻来源。

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引用次数: 0

Diaspora as a soft power in India’s foreign policy towards Singapore 散居者是印度对新加坡外交政策中的软实力

IF 1 Q4 DEMOGRAPHY

Diaspora Studies

Pub Date : 2021-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/09739572.2021.1935108

A. Mohapatra, Aparna Tripathi

ABSTRACT India’s connections with Southeast Asia are rooted in history in terms of geography, civilization, culture, economy and strategy. These connections became deeper since the 1990s as India initiated the policy of ‘Look East’ that resulted in manifold growth with ASEAN and Singapore. The initiation of ‘Look East Policy’ opened the door for Singaporean Indians for investments and interaction with their motherland. Through the ‘Look East Policy’ the distance between India and ASEAN ended and India was connected with this region and especially Singapore through trade relations. With this policy, India was able to enter this region and this was the chance for the Indian people to revitalize and energize their social and cultural bonds with their motherland (Pande 2017). These relations were further intensified after 2014 as Prime Minister Narendra Modi officially launched ‘Act East Policy’. While ‘Look East Policy’ was launched by India in the backdrop of the critical economic situation, the ‘Act East Policy’ is aimed at strengthening our relations in terms of cultural, political and strategic dimensions. Therefore, this paper aims to study and analyse the role of the Indian diaspora as a soft power for making strong bilateral bonds between India and Singapore with special reference to the political and economic scenario.

印度与东南亚的联系在地理、文明、文化、经济和战略等方面都有着深厚的历史渊源。自20世纪90年代以来，随着印度发起“向东看”政策，这些联系变得更加深入，这导致了与东盟和新加坡的多方面增长。“向东看政策”的启动为新加坡裔印度人打开了投资和与祖国互动的大门。通过“向东看政策”，印度和东盟之间的距离结束了，印度通过贸易关系与该地区，特别是新加坡联系在一起。有了这一政策，印度能够进入这一地区，这是印度人民振兴和激发他们与祖国社会和文化纽带的机会(Pande 2017)。2014年，随着莫迪总理正式启动“向东行动政策”，两国关系进一步加强。印度在经济形势严峻的背景下推出了“向东看政策”，而“向东行动政策”旨在加强两国在文化、政治和战略方面的关系。因此，本文旨在研究和分析印度侨民作为软实力在印度和新加坡之间建立牢固双边关系中的作用，并特别参考政治和经济情景。

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引用次数: 1

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