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Effects of Acute and Developmental Exposure to Bisphenol S on Chinese Medaka (Oryzias sinensis). 双酚 S 对中华绒鳉急性期和发育期暴露的影响
IF 6.8 Q1 TOXICOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-22 DOI: 10.3390/jox14020027
Bingying Li, Yongsi Huang, Duan Pi, Xiang Li, Yafen Guo, Zhiying Liang, Xiaohong Song, Junjie Wang, Xuegeng Wang

Bisphenol S (BPS), one of the substitutes for bisphenol A (BPA), is widely used in various commodities. The BPS concentrations in surface water have gradually increased in recent years, making it a predominant bisphenol analogue in the aquatic environment and raising concerns about its health and ecological effects on aquatic organisms. For this study, we conducted a 96 h acute toxicity test and a 15-day developmental exposure test to assess the adverse effects of BPS exposure in Chinese medaka (Oryzias sinensis), a new local aquatic animal model. The results indicate that the acute exposure of Chinese medaka embryos to BPS led to relatively low toxicity. However, developmental exposure to BPS was found to cause developmental abnormalities, such as decreased hatching rate and body length, at 15 dpf. A transcriptome analysis showed that exposure to different concentrations of bisphenol S often induced different reactions. In summary, environmental concentrations of BPS can have adverse effects on the hatching and physical development of Chinese medaka, and further attention needs to be paid to the potential toxicity of environmental BPS.

双酚 S(BPS)是双酚 A(BPA)的替代品之一,被广泛应用于各种商品中。近年来,BPS 在地表水中的浓度逐渐升高,成为水生环境中最主要的双酚类似物,引起了人们对其对水生生物健康和生态影响的关注。在这项研究中,我们进行了 96 h 急性毒性试验和 15 天发育暴露试验,以评估暴露于 BPS 对中国青鳉(一种新的本地水生动物模型)的不良影响。结果表明,中国青鳉胚胎急性接触 BPS 的毒性相对较低。然而,发育期暴露于 BPS 会导致发育异常,如在 15 dpf 时孵化率和体长下降。转录组分析表明,暴露于不同浓度的双酚 S 往往会引起不同的反应。总之,环境浓度的双酚 S 会对中国青鳉的孵化和身体发育产生不利影响,需要进一步关注环境双酚 S 的潜在毒性。
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引用次数: 0
Xenobiotics Triggering Acute Intermittent Porphyria and Their Effect on Mouse Brain Respiratory Complexes. 诱发急性间歇性卟啉症的外来物质及其对小鼠脑呼吸复合体的影响
IF 6 Q1 TOXICOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-02-27 DOI: 10.3390/jox14010019
Johanna Romina Zuccoli, María Del Carmen Martínez, Pablo Vallecorsa, Ana María Buzaleh

Heme enzyme dysfunction causes a group of diseases called porphyrias. Particularly, a decrease in porphobilinogen deaminase, involved in the third step of heme biosynthesis, leads to acute intermittent porphyria (AIP). Considering our previous works demonstrating the multiplicity of brain metabolisms affected by porphyrinogenic agents, this study aimed to elucidate whether they cause any alteration on the mitochondrial respiratory chain. The activities of respiratory chain complexes (I to IV) were measured in encephalon mitochondria of CF1 male mice receiving volatile anesthetics: isoflurane (2 mL/kg) and sevoflurane (1.5 mL/kg), ethanol (30%), allylisopropylacetamide (AIA) (350 mg/kg), and barbital (167 mg/kg). Moreover, they were compared versus animals with pathological levels of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA, 40 mg/kg). Complex I-III activity was induced by isoflurane and decreased by AIA, ethanol, and ALA. Complex II-III activity was increased by sevoflurane and decreased by isoflurane and AIA. Complex II activity was increased by sevoflurane and barbital and decreased by AIA, ethanol, and ALA. Complex IV activity was increased by barbital and ALA and decreased by sevoflurane. The damage to the respiratory chain by ALA could be reflecting the pathophysiological condition of patients with AIP. Better understanding the broad effect of porphyrinogenic drugs and the mechanisms acting on the onset of AIP is vital in translational medicine.

血红素酶功能障碍会导致一组名为卟啉症的疾病。特别是,参与第三步血红素生物合成的卟啉原脱氨酶的减少会导致急性间歇性卟啉症(AIP)。考虑到我们之前的研究表明卟啉生成剂对大脑代谢的影响是多方面的,本研究旨在阐明卟啉生成剂是否会对线粒体呼吸链造成任何改变。研究人员测量了接受异氟醚(2 mL/kg)和七氟醚(1.5 mL/kg)、乙醇(30%)、烯丙基异丙基乙酰胺(AIA)(350 mg/kg)和巴比妥(167 mg/kg)等挥发性麻醉剂的 CF1 雄性小鼠脑线粒体中呼吸链复合物(I 至 IV)的活性。此外,它们还与5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA,40毫克/千克)达到病理水平的动物进行了比较。异氟醚诱导了复合体 I-III 的活性,而 AIA、乙醇和 ALA 则降低了复合体 I-III 的活性。七氟醚可增加复合体 II-III 的活性,异氟醚和 AIA 可降低其活性。七氟醚和巴比妥会增加复合体 II 的活性,而 AIA、乙醇和 ALA 会降低复合体 II 的活性。巴比妥和 ALA 可提高复合物 IV 的活性,而七氟烷则会降低其活性。ALA 对呼吸链的破坏可能反映了 AIP 患者的病理生理状况。更好地了解致卟啉药物的广泛作用以及AIP的发病机制对转化医学至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
The Complete Genome Sequence of Bacillus toyonensis Cbmb3 with Polyvinyl Chloride-Degrading Properties. 具有聚氯乙烯降解特性的丰饶芽孢杆菌 Cbmb3 的完整基因组序列。
IF 6 Q1 TOXICOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-02-26 DOI: 10.3390/jox14010018
Dandan Wang, Hong Yu, Xinbei Liu, Li Sun, Xijian Liu, Ruilong Hu, Chao Wang, Yuping Zhuge, Zhihong Xie

The accumulation of high amounts of plastic waste in the environment has raised ecological and health concerns, particularly in croplands, and biological degradation presents a promising approach for the sustainable treatment of this issue. In this study, a polyvinyl chloride (PVC)-degrading bacterium was isolated from farmland soil samples attached to waste plastic, utilizing PVC as the sole carbon source. The circular chromosome of the strain Cbmb3, with a length of 5,768,926 bp, was subsequently sequenced. The average GC content was determined to be 35.45%, and a total of 5835 open reading frames were identified. The strain Cbmb3 was designated as Bacillus toyonensis based on phylogenomic analyses and genomic characteristics. The bioinformatic analysis of the Cbmb3 genome revealed putative genes encoding essential enzymes involved in PVC degradation. Additionally, the potential genomic characteristics associated with phytoprobiotic effects, such as the synthesis of indole acetic acid and secondary metabolite synthesis, were also revealed. Overall, the present study provides the first complete genome of Bacillus toyonensis with PVC-degrading properties, suggesting that Cbmb3 is a potential strain for PVC bioremediation and application.

大量塑料垃圾在环境中的积累引发了生态和健康问题,尤其是在农田中。本研究从附着在废塑料上的农田土壤样本中分离出一种聚氯乙烯(PVC)降解细菌,该细菌以聚氯乙烯为唯一碳源。随后对菌株 Cbmb3 的环状染色体进行了测序,其长度为 5,768,926 bp。平均 GC 含量为 35.45%,共鉴定出 5835 个开放阅读框。根据系统发生组分析和基因组特征,将菌株 Cbmb3 定名为玩具诺氏芽孢杆菌(Bacillus toyonensis)。对 Cbmb3 基因组进行的生物信息学分析揭示了编码参与聚氯乙烯降解的重要酶的推定基因。此外,还揭示了与植物生物效应相关的潜在基因组特征,如吲哚乙酸的合成和次生代谢物的合成。总之,本研究首次提供了具有聚氯乙烯降解特性的丰产芽孢杆菌(Bacillus toyonensis)的完整基因组,表明 Cbmb3 是聚氯乙烯生物修复和应用的潜在菌株。
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引用次数: 0
Iron Oxide (Magnetite)-Based Nanobiomaterial with Medical Applications-Environmental Hazard Assessment Using Terrestrial Model Species. 基于氧化铁(磁铁矿)的医用纳米生物材料--利用陆地模式物种进行环境危害评估。
IF 6 Q1 TOXICOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-02-22 DOI: 10.3390/jox14010017
Susana I L Gomes, Janeck J Scott-Fordsmand, Mónica J B Amorim

Nanobiomaterials (NBMs) have tremendous potential applications including in cancer diagnosis and treatment. However, the health and environmental effects of NBMs must be thoroughly assessed to ensure safety. Fe3O4 (magnetite) nanoparticles coated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) were one of the focus NBMs within the EU project BIORIMA. Fe3O4 PEG-PLGA has been proposed to be used as a contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging for the identification of solid tumors and has revealed low cytotoxicity in several cell lines. However, the effects of Fe3O4 PEG-PLGA have not been assessed in terrestrial environments, the eventual final sink of most materials. In the present study, the effects of Fe3O4 PEG-PLGA and its precursor, (un-coated) Fe3O4 NMs, were assessed in soil model invertebrates Enchytraeus crypticus (Oligochaeta) and Folsomia candida (Collembola). The endpoints were survival, reproduction, and size, based on the standard OECD test (28 days) and its extension (56 days). The results showed no toxicity for any of the endpoints evaluated, indicating that the NBM Fe3O4 PEG-PLGA poses no unacceptable risk to the terrestrial environment.

纳米生物材料(NBMs)在癌症诊断和治疗等方面具有巨大的应用潜力。然而,必须彻底评估纳米生物材料对健康和环境的影响,以确保其安全性。涂有聚乙二醇(PEG)和聚乳酸-聚乙二醇酸(PLGA)的 Fe3O4(磁铁矿)纳米粒子是欧盟 BIORIMA 项目的重点纳米生物材料之一。有人建议将 Fe3O4 PEG-PLGA 用作磁共振成像中的造影剂,以识别实体瘤,并在多个细胞系中显示出较低的细胞毒性。然而,Fe3O4 PEG-PLGA 在陆地环境中的影响尚未得到评估,而陆地环境是大多数材料的最终归宿。本研究评估了 Fe3O4 PEG-PLGA 及其前体(未涂层)Fe3O4 NMs 对土壤模式无脊椎动物 Enchytraeus crypticus(隐翅目)和 Folsomia candida(鞘翅目)的影响。根据经合组织标准试验(28 天)及其扩展试验(56 天),终点为存活、繁殖和大小。结果表明,所评估的任何终点均无毒性,表明 NBM Fe3O4 PEG-PLGA 不会对陆地环境造成不可接受的风险。
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引用次数: 0
Exposure and Health Risks Posed by Potentially Toxic Elements in Soils of Metal Fabrication Workshops in Mbarara City, Uganda. 乌干达姆巴拉拉市金属制造车间土壤中潜在有毒元素的暴露与健康风险。
IF 6 Q1 TOXICOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-01-30 DOI: 10.3390/jox14010011
Eunice Nuwamanya, Denis Byamugisha, Caroline K Nakiguli, Christopher Angiro, Alice V Khanakwa, Timothy Omara, Simon Ocakacon, Patrick Onen, Daniel Omoding, Boniface Opio, Daniel Nimusiima, Emmanuel Ntambi

Metal fabrication workshops (MFWs) are common businesses in Ugandan cities, and especially those producing metallic security gates, window and door frames (burglar-proof), and balcony and staircase rails. The objective of this study was to comparatively assess the pollution levels and potential health risks of manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pd) and nickel (Ni) in pooled surface soil samples from four 5-, 7-, 8-, and 10-year-old MFWs (n = 28) and a control site (n = 8) in Mbarara City, Uganda. The concentration of the potentially toxic elements (PTEs) was determined using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. Contamination, ecological, and human health risk assessment indices and models were used to identify any risks that the PTEs could pose to the pristine environment and humans. Our results showed that PTE pollution of soils is occuring in the MFWs than at the control site. The mean concentrations of the PTEs (mg kg-1) in the samples were: Mn (2012.75 ± 0.23-3377.14 ± 0.31), Cr (237.55 ± 0.29-424.93 ± 0.31), Cd (0.73 ± 0.13-1.29 ± 0.02), Pb (107.80 ± 0.23-262.01 ± 0.19), and Ni (74.85 ± 0.25-211.37 ± 0.14). These results indicate that the PTEs could plausibly derive from the fabrication activities in these workshops, which is supported by the high values of contamination factors, index of geoaccumulation, and the overall increase in pollution load indices with the number of years of operation of the MFWs. Human health risk assessment showed that there are non-carcinogenic health risks that could be experienced by children who ingest PTEs in the soils from the 7-, 8- and 10-year-old MFWs. The incremental life cancer risk assessment suggested that there are potential cancerous health effects of Cd and Ni that could be experienced in children (who ingest soils from all the four MFWs) and adults (ingesting soils from the 8- and 10-year-old MFWs). This study underscores the need to implement regulatory guidelines on the operation and location of MFWs in Uganda. Further research should be undertaken to investigate the emission of the PTEs during welding operations in the MFWs.

金属加工作坊(MFWs)是乌干达城市中的常见行业,尤其是那些生产金属安全门、门窗框(防盗)以及阳台和楼梯扶手的作坊。本研究的目的是比较评估乌干达姆巴拉拉市四家 5 年、7 年、8 年和 10 年历史的家庭作坊(n = 28)和一个对照地点(n = 8)的集合表层土壤样本中锰(Mn)、铬(Cr)、镉(Cd)、铅(Pd)和镍(Ni)的污染水平和潜在健康风险。采用电感耦合等离子体-光发射光谱法测定了潜在有毒元素 (PTE) 的浓度。使用污染、生态和人类健康风险评估指数和模型来确定 PTEs 可能对原始环境和人类造成的任何风险。我们的研究结果表明,与对照地点相比,中型家庭工厂的土壤中出现了 PTE 污染。样本中 PTE 的平均浓度(毫克/千克-1)为锰(2012.75 ± 0.23-3377.14 ± 0.31)、铬(237.55 ± 0.29-424.93 ± 0.31)、镉(0.73 ± 0.13-1.29 ± 0.02)、铅(107.80 ± 0.23-262.01 ± 0.19)和镍(74.85 ± 0.25-211.37 ± 0.14)。这些结果表明,PTEs 很可能来自这些车间的制造活动,污染因子、地质累积指数的高值以及污染负荷指数随家庭作坊运行年数的增加而整体增加也证明了这一点。人 类 健 康 风 险 评 估 显 示 , 若 儿 童 摄 取 了 有 7 年 、 8 年 及 10 年 经 营 年 期 的 混 合 家 禽 屠 房 泥 土 中 的 PTE , 可 能 会 引 致 非 致 癌 健 康 风 险 。递增生命致癌风险评估表明,镉和镍可能对儿童(摄入来自所有四个小型工厂的土壤)和成人(摄入来自 8 岁和 10 岁小型工厂的土壤)产生致癌健康影响。这项研究强调了在乌干达实施有关小型家庭作坊的运作和地点的监管准则的必要性。应开展进一步研究,调查在中型家庭作坊进行焊接作业期间的 PTE 排放情况。
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引用次数: 0
Early Female Transgender Identity after Prenatal Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol: Report from a French National Diethylstilbestrol (DES) Cohort. 产前暴露于二乙烯雌酚后的早期女性变性身份:法国全国二乙基雌酚(DES)队列报告。
IF 6.8 Q1 TOXICOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-01-12 DOI: 10.3390/jox14010010
Laura Gaspari, Marie-Odile Soyer-Gobillard, Scott Kerlin, Françoise Paris, Charles Sultan

Diagnostic of transsexualism and gender incongruence are terms to describe individuals whose self-identity does not match their sex assignment at birth. A transgender woman is an individual assigned male at birth (AMAB) on the basis of the external or internal genitalia who identifies and lives as a woman. In recent decades, a significant increase in the number of transgender people has been reported. Although, its etiology is unknown, biological, anatomical, genetic, environmental and cultural factors have been suggested to contribute to gender variation. In XY animals, it has been shown that environmental endocrine disruptors, through their anti-androgenic activity, induce a female identity. In this work, we described four XY individuals who were exposed in utero to the xenoestrogen diethylstilbesterol (DES) and were part of the French HHORAGES cohort. They all reported a female transgender identity starting from childhood and adolescence. This high prevalence of male to female transgenderism (1.58%) in our cohort of 253 DES sons suggests that exposure to chemicals with xenoestrogen activity during fetal life may affect the male sex identity and behavior.

变性诊断和性别不协调是用来描述自我认同与其出生时性别分配不符的个人的术语。变性女性是指出生时根据外生殖器或内生殖器被分配为男性,但其身份认同和生活方式是女性的人。近几十年来,变性人的数量大幅增加。虽然变性的病因不明,但生物、解剖、遗传、环境和文化因素都被认为是导致性别变异的原因。研究表明,在 XY 动物中,环境内分泌干扰物通过其抗雄激素活性诱导雌性特征。在这项研究中,我们描述了四名在子宫内暴露于异性雌激素二乙基二苯乙烯醇(DES)的 XY 人,他们是法国 HHORAGES 群体的一部分。他们都报告说,自己从童年和青春期开始就有了女性变性身份。在我们的 253 名 DES 之子队列中,男性变性为女性的比例很高(1.58%),这表明在胎儿时期接触具有异雌激素活性的化学物质可能会影响男性的性别认同和行为。
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引用次数: 0
Silica Nanoparticles Disclose a Detailed Neurodegeneration Profile throughout the Life Span of a Model Organism. 纳米二氧化硅颗粒揭示了模型生物整个生命周期中神经退行性病变的详细情况
IF 6.8 Q1 TOXICOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-01-12 DOI: 10.3390/jox14010008
Annette Limke, Gereon Poschmann, Kai Stühler, Patrick Petzsch, Thorsten Wachtmeister, Anna von Mikecz

The incidence of age-related neurodegenerative diseases is rising globally. However, the temporal sequence of neurodegeneration throughout adult life is poorly understood. To identify the starting points and schedule of neurodegenerative events, serotonergic and dopaminergic neurons were monitored in the model organism C. elegans, which has a life span of 2-3 weeks. Neural morphology was examined from young to old nematodes that were exposed to silica nanoparticles. Young nematodes showed phenotypes such as dendritic beading of serotonergic and dopaminergic neurons that are normally not seen until late life. During aging, neurodegeneration spreads from specifically susceptible ADF and PDE neurons in young C. elegans to other more resilient neurons, such as dopaminergic CEP in middle-aged worms. Investigation of neurodegenerative hallmarks and animal behavior revealed a temporal correlation with the acceleration of neuromuscular defects, such as internal hatch in 2-day-old C. elegans. Transcriptomics and proteomics of young worms exposed to nano silica showed a change in gene expression concerning the gene ontology groups serotonergic and dopaminergic signaling as well as neuropeptide signaling. Consistent with this, reporter strains for nlp-3, nlp-14 and nlp-21 confirmed premature degeneration of the serotonergic neuron HSN and other neurons in young C. elegans. The results identify young nematodes as a vulnerable age group for nano silica-induced neural defects with a significantly reduced health span. Neurodegeneration of specific neurons impairs signaling by classical neurotransmitters as well as neuropeptides and compromises related neuromuscular behaviors in critical phases of life, such as the reproductive phase.

在全球范围内,与年龄相关的神经退行性疾病的发病率正在上升。然而,人们对整个成年期神经退行性变的时间顺序却知之甚少。为了确定神经退行性病变的起始点和时间表,我们在寿命为 2-3 周的模式生物 elegans 中监测了血清素能神经元和多巴胺能神经元。研究人员对暴露于纳米二氧化硅颗粒的幼线虫和老线虫的神经形态进行了检测。年轻的线虫出现了一些表型,如5-羟色胺能神经元和多巴胺能神经元的树突串珠状,而这些表型通常要到生命晚期才会出现。在衰老过程中,神经退行性病变会从幼年线虫中特别易受影响的 ADF 和 PDE 神经元扩散到其他更具恢复力的神经元,如中年线虫中的多巴胺能 CEP。对神经退行性标志和动物行为的研究发现,神经肌肉缺陷的加速与时间相关,例如在 2 天大的秀丽隐杆线虫中出现的内孵化。暴露于纳米二氧化硅的幼虫的转录组学和蛋白质组学显示,与血清素能和多巴胺能信号转导以及神经肽信号转导相关的基因表达发生了变化。与此相一致,nlp-3、nlp-14 和 nlp-21 的报告菌株证实了幼年线虫的血清素能神经元 HSN 和其他神经元过早退化。研究结果表明,幼年线虫是纳米二氧化硅诱导的神经缺陷的易感年龄组,其健康寿命显著缩短。特定神经元的神经变性会损害经典神经递质和神经肽的信号传递,并在生命的关键阶段(如生殖阶段)损害相关的神经肌肉行为。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluation of Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Effects in Buccal Mucosal Cells in Non-Smokers and Users of Traditional Combustible Tobacco Products and Non-Combustible Alternatives. 评估非吸烟者和传统可燃烟草制品及非可燃替代品使用者口腔黏膜细胞的细胞毒性和基因毒性效应。
IF 6.8 Q1 TOXICOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-01-12 DOI: 10.3390/jox14010009
Antonija Tadin, Vinka Stazic, Nada Galic, Davor Zeljezic

Aims/objectives: The aim of this cross-sectional observational study was to investigate cytogenetic damage to the buccal mucosa in non-smokers and consumers of traditional combustible tobacco products and non-combustible alternatives.

Methods: A total of 160 participants were divided into four groups according to the type of product used, including non-smokers, users of conventional combustible tobacco (cigarettes), heated tobacco, and electronic, tobacco-free vapor products (e-cigarettes). Buccal mucosa samples were analyzed using the micronucleus cytome assay to assess cytotoxic and genotoxic damage.

Results: E-cigarette users showed significantly higher values for all tested parameters in the micronucleus test compared to non-smokers (p < 0.05). Similarly, users of tobacco heating products showed an increase in all parameters (p < 0.05), with the exception of the number of cells with micronuclei. Conventional cigarette smokers showed a notable increase in the number of binucleated cells and cells with karyorrhexis and karyolysis (p ≤ 0.05). When assessing the differences between users of traditional combustible tobacco products and non-combustible alternatives, these did not appear to be significant, except for e-cigarette users, who had significantly more cells with condensed chromatin (p ≤ 0.001), while users of tobacco heating products had more pyknotic cells (p ≤ 0.001).

Conclusion: The results of this study underscore the heightened occurrence of cytotoxic and genotoxic damage in users of both conventional combustible tobacco products and non-combustible alternatives compared to non-smokers, emphasizing the detrimental impact of these products on the oral mucosa.

目的/目标:这项横断面观察性研究旨在调查非吸烟者、传统可燃烟草制品和非可燃烟草制品消费者口腔黏膜的细胞遗传学损伤:根据使用的烟草产品类型将160名参与者分为四组,包括非吸烟者、传统可燃烟草(香烟)使用者、加热烟草使用者和电子无烟蒸汽产品(电子烟)使用者。使用微核细胞组测定法对颊粘膜样本进行分析,以评估细胞毒性和基因毒性损伤:结果:在微核测试中,电子烟使用者的所有测试参数值都明显高于非吸烟者(p < 0.05)。同样,烟草加热产品使用者的所有参数都有所增加(p < 0.05),但微核细胞数量除外。传统香烟吸食者的双核细胞以及核分裂和核溶解细胞数量明显增加(p ≤ 0.05)。在评估传统可燃烟草制品和非可燃烟草制品使用者之间的差异时,这些差异似乎并不显著,但电子烟使用者除外,他们的染色质凝结细胞明显增多(p ≤ 0.001),而烟草加热制品使用者的细胞凋亡增多(p ≤ 0.001):本研究结果表明,与不吸烟者相比,使用传统可燃烟草制品和非可燃烟草制品的人发生细胞毒性和基因毒性损伤的几率更高,强调了这些产品对口腔黏膜的有害影响。
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引用次数: 0
Hazards Associated with the Combined Application of Fungicides and Poultry Litter in Agricultural Areas 在农业区联合施用杀真菌剂和家禽粪便的危害
IF 6 Q1 TOXICOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-01-09 DOI: 10.3390/jox14010007
Dario Corrêa-Junior, C. Parente, Susana Frases
In recent decades, the poultry farming industry has assumed a pivotal role in meeting the global demand for affordable animal proteins. While poultry farming makes a substantial contribution to food security and nutrition, it also presents environmental and public health challenges. The use of poultry litter as fertilizer for agricultural soils raises concerns about the transfer of pathogens and drug-resistant microorganisms from poultry farms to crop production areas. On the other hand, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), fungicides represent the second most used chemical group in agricultural practices. In this context, agricultural soils receive the application of both poultry litter as a fertilizer and fungicides used in agricultural production. This practice can result in fungal contamination of the soil and the development of antifungal resistance. This article explores the necessity of monitoring antifungal resistance, particularly in food production areas with co-application of poultry litter and fungicides. It also highlights the role of fungi in ecosystems, decomposition, and mutualistic plant associations. We call for interdisciplinary research to comprehensively understand fungal resistance to fungicides in the environment. This approach seeks to promote sustainability in the realms of human health, agriculture, and the environment, aligning seamlessly with the One Health concept.
近几十年来,家禽养殖业在满足全球对负担得起的动物蛋白的需求方面发挥了举足轻重的作用。家禽养殖业在为粮食安全和营养做出巨大贡献的同时,也带来了环境和公共卫生方面的挑战。使用家禽粪便作为农业土壤的肥料引起了人们对病原体和耐药微生物从家禽养殖场转移到农作物生产区的担忧。另一方面,根据联合国粮食及农业组织(FAO)的数据,杀菌剂是农业实践中使用第二多的化学品。在这种情况下,农业土壤既要施用家禽粪便作为肥料,又要施用农业生产中使用的杀真菌剂。这种做法会导致土壤真菌污染和抗真菌抗药性的产生。本文探讨了监测抗真菌抗药性的必要性,特别是在同时施用家禽粪便和杀真菌剂的食品生产区。文章还强调了真菌在生态系统、分解和植物互惠关系中的作用。我们呼吁开展跨学科研究,以全面了解环境中真菌对杀真菌剂的抗药性。这种方法旨在促进人类健康、农业和环境领域的可持续发展,与 "同一健康 "理念不谋而合。
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引用次数: 0
Relevance of Carcinogen-Induced Preclinical Cancer Models 致癌物诱导的临床前癌症模型的相关性
IF 6 Q1 TOXICOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-01-05 DOI: 10.3390/jox14010006
R. Sewduth, K. Georgelou
Chemical agents can cause cancer in animals by damaging their DNA, mutating their genes, and modifying their epigenetic signatures. Carcinogen-induced preclinical cancer models are useful for understanding carcinogen-induced human cancers, as they can reproduce the diversity and complexity of tumor types, as well as the interactions with the host environment. However, these models also have some drawbacks that limit their applicability and validity. For instance, some chemicals may be more effective or toxic in animals than in humans, and the tumors may differ in their genetics and phenotypes. Some chemicals may also affect normal cells and tissues, such as by causing oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell death, which may alter the tumor behavior and response to therapy. Furthermore, some chemicals may have variable effects depending on the exposure conditions, such as dose, route, and duration, as well as the animal characteristics, such as genetics and hormones. Therefore, these models should be carefully chosen, validated, and standardized, and the results should be cautiously interpreted and compared with other models. This review covers the main features of chemically induced cancer models, such as genetic and epigenetic changes, tumor environment, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis, and immune response. We also address the pros and cons of these models and the current and future challenges for their improvement. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the state of the art of carcinogen-induced cancer models and provides new perspectives for cancer research.
化学制剂可通过破坏动物的 DNA、使其基因突变和改变其表观遗传特征而导致动物患癌。致癌物诱发的临床前癌症模型有助于了解致癌物诱发的人类癌症,因为它们可以再现肿瘤类型的多样性和复杂性,以及与宿主环境的相互作用。不过,这些模型也有一些缺点,限制了它们的适用性和有效性。例如,某些化学物质在动物体内的效果或毒性可能比在人体内更强,肿瘤的遗传学和表型也可能不同。有些化学物质还可能影响正常细胞和组织,如引起氧化应激、炎症和细胞死亡,从而改变肿瘤的行为和对治疗的反应。此外,一些化学物质可能会因暴露条件(如剂量、途径和持续时间)以及动物特征(如遗传和激素)的不同而产生不同的影响。因此,应慎重选择、验证和标准化这些模型,并谨慎解释其结果和与其他模型进行比较。本综述涵盖了化学诱导癌症模型的主要特点,如遗传和表观遗传学变化、肿瘤环境、血管生成、侵袭和转移以及免疫反应。我们还讨论了这些模型的优缺点以及当前和未来改进这些模型所面临的挑战。这篇综述全面概述了致癌物诱导癌症模型的最新进展,为癌症研究提供了新的视角。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Xenobiotics
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