Abstract In this paper, an object recognition method and a pose estimation approach using stereo vision is presented. The proposed approach was used for position based visual servoing of a 6 DoF manipulator. The object detection and recognition method was designed with the purpose of increasing robustness. A RGB color-based object descriptor and an online correction method is proposed for object detection and recognition. Pose was estimated by using the depth information derived from stereo vision camera and an SVD based method. Transformation between the desired pose and object pose was calculated and later used for position based visual servoing. Experiments were carried out to verify the proposed approach for object recognition. The stereo camera was also tested to see whether the depth accuracy is adequate. The proposed object recognition method is invariant to scale, orientation and lighting condition which increases the level of robustness. The accuracy of stereo vision camera can reach 1 mm. The accuracy is adequate for tasks such as grasping and manipulation.
{"title":"An Object Detection and Pose Estimation Approach for Position Based Visual Servoing","authors":"Lei Shi","doi":"10.1515/ecce-2017-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ecce-2017-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this paper, an object recognition method and a pose estimation approach using stereo vision is presented. The proposed approach was used for position based visual servoing of a 6 DoF manipulator. The object detection and recognition method was designed with the purpose of increasing robustness. A RGB color-based object descriptor and an online correction method is proposed for object detection and recognition. Pose was estimated by using the depth information derived from stereo vision camera and an SVD based method. Transformation between the desired pose and object pose was calculated and later used for position based visual servoing. Experiments were carried out to verify the proposed approach for object recognition. The stereo camera was also tested to see whether the depth accuracy is adequate. The proposed object recognition method is invariant to scale, orientation and lighting condition which increases the level of robustness. The accuracy of stereo vision camera can reach 1 mm. The accuracy is adequate for tasks such as grasping and manipulation.","PeriodicalId":42365,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Control and Communication Engineering","volume":"12 1","pages":"34 - 39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2017-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46891121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Given the fact that the installing costs of an optical ground wire on overhead lines directly depend on its cross-section, which in turn depends on the level of fault current it should withstand, in order to reduce these current values in the optical ground wire, I suggested performing its isolated descents from the end towers of the line with its transition to an optical cable. The research was carried out on the example of a 500 kV overhead line in the National Electric Power Grid. The Method of Symmetrical Components for calculating asymmetrical fault currents was not used; therefore, calculations were carried out on the base of presenting the line as a multi-wire system for the considered case as a five-wire system (optical ground wire, steel ground wire, and three phase wires). Such approach allows taking into account the initial asymmetry of the line parameters and modeling any kind of asymmetrical faults. The analyses of calculated results were performed. The conclusive evidence that the optical ground wire isolated descents from the end towers of the line give the possibility of reducing the level of maximal fault current distribution values in it and therefore its cross section, is presented.
{"title":"The Way of Reducing Current Values in Optical Ground Wires at Asymmetrical Faults on Overhead Transmission Lines","authors":"G. Égamnazarov","doi":"10.1515/ecce-2016-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ecce-2016-0007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Given the fact that the installing costs of an optical ground wire on overhead lines directly depend on its cross-section, which in turn depends on the level of fault current it should withstand, in order to reduce these current values in the optical ground wire, I suggested performing its isolated descents from the end towers of the line with its transition to an optical cable. The research was carried out on the example of a 500 kV overhead line in the National Electric Power Grid. The Method of Symmetrical Components for calculating asymmetrical fault currents was not used; therefore, calculations were carried out on the base of presenting the line as a multi-wire system for the considered case as a five-wire system (optical ground wire, steel ground wire, and three phase wires). Such approach allows taking into account the initial asymmetry of the line parameters and modeling any kind of asymmetrical faults. The analyses of calculated results were performed. The conclusive evidence that the optical ground wire isolated descents from the end towers of the line give the possibility of reducing the level of maximal fault current distribution values in it and therefore its cross section, is presented.","PeriodicalId":42365,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Control and Communication Engineering","volume":"11 1","pages":"13 - 20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/ecce-2016-0007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67208869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Nakhodov, A. Baskys, Nils-Olav Skeie, C. Pfeiffer, I. Dmytro
Abstract The energy efficiency monitoring methods in industry are based on statistical modeling of energy consumption. In the present paper, the widely used method of energy efficiency monitoring “Monitoring and Targeting systems” has been considered, highlighting one of the most important issues — selection of the proper mathematical model of energy consumption. The paper gives a list of different models that can be applied in the corresponding systems. The numbers of criteria that estimate certain characteristics of the mathematical model are represented. The traditional criteria of model adequacy and the “additional” criteria, which allow estimating the model characteristics more precisely, are proposed for choosing the mathematical model of energy consumption in “Monitoring and Targeting systems”. In order to provide the comparison of different models by several criteria simultaneously, an approach based on Data Envelopment Analysis is proposed. Such approach allows providing a more accurate and reliable energy efficiency monitoring.
{"title":"Selection Methodology of Energy Consumption Model Based on Data Envelopment Analysis","authors":"V. Nakhodov, A. Baskys, Nils-Olav Skeie, C. Pfeiffer, I. Dmytro","doi":"10.1515/ecce-2016-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ecce-2016-0006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The energy efficiency monitoring methods in industry are based on statistical modeling of energy consumption. In the present paper, the widely used method of energy efficiency monitoring “Monitoring and Targeting systems” has been considered, highlighting one of the most important issues — selection of the proper mathematical model of energy consumption. The paper gives a list of different models that can be applied in the corresponding systems. The numbers of criteria that estimate certain characteristics of the mathematical model are represented. The traditional criteria of model adequacy and the “additional” criteria, which allow estimating the model characteristics more precisely, are proposed for choosing the mathematical model of energy consumption in “Monitoring and Targeting systems”. In order to provide the comparison of different models by several criteria simultaneously, an approach based on Data Envelopment Analysis is proposed. Such approach allows providing a more accurate and reliable energy efficiency monitoring.","PeriodicalId":42365,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Control and Communication Engineering","volume":"11 1","pages":"12 - 5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/ecce-2016-0006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67209164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Easy usage and integration with various applications made IEEE 802.11 one of the most used technologies these days, both at home and business premises. Over the years, there have been many additional improvements to the 802.11 standards. Nevertheless, the algorithms and Media Access Control (MAC) layer methods are almost the same as in previous Wi-Fi versions. In this paper, a set of methods to improve the total system capacity is proposed – such as efficient transmit power management based on Game Theory with a custom wireless medium protocol. The transmit power management and wireless medium protocol is verified by both simulation and real application scenarios. The results conclude that the capacity of the proposed wireless medium protocol is overall 20 percent higher than the standard 802.11 wireless medium access protocols. Additional TCP Acknowledgment filtering, which was tested together with the proposed wireless medium access protocol, can provide up to 10-percent-higher TCP throughput in high-density scenarios, especially for asymmetrical traffic cases. The conducted research suggests that efficient power management could result in lighter transmit power allocation rules that are currently set by the local regulators for current Wi-Fi devices. Thus, better propagation characteristics and wireless medium management would lead to an overall higher wireless system capacity.
{"title":"TCP Performance in Multi-Polling Game Theory-Based IEEE 802.11 Networks","authors":"Tomas Cuzanauskas, A. Anskaitis","doi":"10.1515/ecce-2016-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ecce-2016-0010","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Easy usage and integration with various applications made IEEE 802.11 one of the most used technologies these days, both at home and business premises. Over the years, there have been many additional improvements to the 802.11 standards. Nevertheless, the algorithms and Media Access Control (MAC) layer methods are almost the same as in previous Wi-Fi versions. In this paper, a set of methods to improve the total system capacity is proposed – such as efficient transmit power management based on Game Theory with a custom wireless medium protocol. The transmit power management and wireless medium protocol is verified by both simulation and real application scenarios. The results conclude that the capacity of the proposed wireless medium protocol is overall 20 percent higher than the standard 802.11 wireless medium access protocols. Additional TCP Acknowledgment filtering, which was tested together with the proposed wireless medium access protocol, can provide up to 10-percent-higher TCP throughput in high-density scenarios, especially for asymmetrical traffic cases. The conducted research suggests that efficient power management could result in lighter transmit power allocation rules that are currently set by the local regulators for current Wi-Fi devices. Thus, better propagation characteristics and wireless medium management would lead to an overall higher wireless system capacity.","PeriodicalId":42365,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Control and Communication Engineering","volume":"11 1","pages":"33 - 40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/ecce-2016-0010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67209515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This paper is related to an alternative energetics microgrid with a wind generator and a hydrogen energy storage system. The main aim of this research is the development of solutions for effective use of the wind generators in alternative energetics devices, at the same time providing uninterrupted power supply of the critical loads. In this research, it was accepted that the alternative energetics microgrid operates in an autonomous mode and the connection to the conventional power grid is not used. In the case when wind speed is low, the necessary power is provided by the energy storage system, which includes a fuel cell and a tank with stored hydrogen. The theoretical analysis of the storage system operation is made. The possible usage time of the stored hydrogen depends on the available amount of hydrogen and the consumption of the hydrogen by the fuel cell. The consumption, in turn, depends on used fuel cell power. The experimental results suggest that if the wind generator can provide only a part of the needed power, the abiding power can be provided by the fuel cell. In this case, a load filter is necessary to decrease the fuel cell current pulsations.
{"title":"Alternative Energetics DC Microgrid With Hydrogen Energy Storage System","authors":"G. Zaļeskis, I. Steiks","doi":"10.1515/ecce-2016-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ecce-2016-0008","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper is related to an alternative energetics microgrid with a wind generator and a hydrogen energy storage system. The main aim of this research is the development of solutions for effective use of the wind generators in alternative energetics devices, at the same time providing uninterrupted power supply of the critical loads. In this research, it was accepted that the alternative energetics microgrid operates in an autonomous mode and the connection to the conventional power grid is not used. In the case when wind speed is low, the necessary power is provided by the energy storage system, which includes a fuel cell and a tank with stored hydrogen. The theoretical analysis of the storage system operation is made. The possible usage time of the stored hydrogen depends on the available amount of hydrogen and the consumption of the hydrogen by the fuel cell. The consumption, in turn, depends on used fuel cell power. The experimental results suggest that if the wind generator can provide only a part of the needed power, the abiding power can be provided by the fuel cell. In this case, a load filter is necessary to decrease the fuel cell current pulsations.","PeriodicalId":42365,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Control and Communication Engineering","volume":"11 1","pages":"21 - 26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/ecce-2016-0008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67208921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Metlevskis, R. Martavičius, A. Katkevičius, D. Plonis
Abstract Constructions of meander slow-wave systems with additional shields grounded at different positions are presented. The construction of meander slow-wave systems with additional shields grounded at both edges is investigated in detail. The influence of the main constructive parameters on the electrical characteristics of meander slow-wave systems with additional shields grounded at both edges is evaluated. The main constructive parameters of the investigated system are: the length of the conductor, the width of meander conductor, the width of additional shield, and the width of the gap between adjacent meander conductors. Sonnet® software package, which is based on the method of moments, has been used during the investigation. The results of the influence of constructive parameters to the phase delay time, input impedance, and the width of pass-band of the system are discussed.
{"title":"Influence Coefficients of Constructive Parameters of Meander Slow-Wave System with Additional Shields","authors":"E. Metlevskis, R. Martavičius, A. Katkevičius, D. Plonis","doi":"10.1515/ecce-2016-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ecce-2016-0009","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Constructions of meander slow-wave systems with additional shields grounded at different positions are presented. The construction of meander slow-wave systems with additional shields grounded at both edges is investigated in detail. The influence of the main constructive parameters on the electrical characteristics of meander slow-wave systems with additional shields grounded at both edges is evaluated. The main constructive parameters of the investigated system are: the length of the conductor, the width of meander conductor, the width of additional shield, and the width of the gap between adjacent meander conductors. Sonnet® software package, which is based on the method of moments, has been used during the investigation. The results of the influence of constructive parameters to the phase delay time, input impedance, and the width of pass-band of the system are discussed.","PeriodicalId":42365,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Control and Communication Engineering","volume":"11 1","pages":"27 - 32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/ecce-2016-0009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67209033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The present paper deals with the use of systems and devices with artificial intelligence in the motor vehicle driving. The main objective of transport operations is a transportation planning with minimum energy consumption. There are various methods for energy saving, and the paper discusses one of them – proper planning of transport operations. To gain proper planning it is necessary to involve the system and devices with artificial intelligence. They will display possible developments in the choice of one or another transport plan. Consequently, it can be supposed how much the plan is effective against the spent energy. The intelligent device considered in this paper consists of an algorithm, a database, and the internet for the connection to other intelligent devices. The main task of the target function is to minimize the total downtime at intermediate stations. A specific unique PHP-based computer model was created. It uses the MySQL database for simulation data storage and processing. Conclusions based on the experiments were made. The experiments showed that after optimization, a train can pass intermediate stations without making multiple stops breaking and accelerating, which leads to decreased energy consumption.
{"title":"Algorithm of Energy Efficiency Improvement for Intelligent Devices in Railway Transport","authors":"A. Beinarovica, M. Gorobecs, Anatolijs Ļevčenkovs","doi":"10.1515/ecce-2016-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ecce-2016-0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The present paper deals with the use of systems and devices with artificial intelligence in the motor vehicle driving. The main objective of transport operations is a transportation planning with minimum energy consumption. There are various methods for energy saving, and the paper discusses one of them – proper planning of transport operations. To gain proper planning it is necessary to involve the system and devices with artificial intelligence. They will display possible developments in the choice of one or another transport plan. Consequently, it can be supposed how much the plan is effective against the spent energy. The intelligent device considered in this paper consists of an algorithm, a database, and the internet for the connection to other intelligent devices. The main task of the target function is to minimize the total downtime at intermediate stations. A specific unique PHP-based computer model was created. It uses the MySQL database for simulation data storage and processing. Conclusions based on the experiments were made. The experiments showed that after optimization, a train can pass intermediate stations without making multiple stops breaking and accelerating, which leads to decreased energy consumption.","PeriodicalId":42365,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Control and Communication Engineering","volume":"10 1","pages":"29 - 34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2016-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/ecce-2016-0004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67208804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Adjustment of an unknown parameter of the multistage expert procedure is considered. The lower and upper boundaries of the parameter are counted to be known. A key condition showing that experts’ estimations are satisfactory in the current procedure is an inequality, in which the value based on the estimations is not greater than the parameter. The algorithms of hard and soft adjusting are developed. If the inequality is true and its both terms are too close for a long sequence of expert procedures, the adjusting can be early stopped. The algorithms are reversible, implying inversion to the reverse inequality and sliding up off the lower boundary.
{"title":"Hard and Soft Adjusting of a Parameter With Its Known Boundaries by the Value Based on the Experts’ Estimations Limited to the Parameter","authors":"V. Romanuke","doi":"10.1515/ecce-2016-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ecce-2016-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Adjustment of an unknown parameter of the multistage expert procedure is considered. The lower and upper boundaries of the parameter are counted to be known. A key condition showing that experts’ estimations are satisfactory in the current procedure is an inequality, in which the value based on the estimations is not greater than the parameter. The algorithms of hard and soft adjusting are developed. If the inequality is true and its both terms are too close for a long sequence of expert procedures, the adjusting can be early stopped. The algorithms are reversible, implying inversion to the reverse inequality and sliding up off the lower boundary.","PeriodicalId":42365,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Control and Communication Engineering","volume":"28 1","pages":"23 - 28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2016-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67208710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The intensive research of speech emotion recognition introduced a huge collection of speech emotion features. Large feature sets complicate the speech emotion recognition task. Among various feature selection and transformation techniques for one-stage classification, multiple classifier systems were proposed. The main idea of multiple classifiers is to arrange the emotion classification process in stages. Besides parallel and serial cases, the hierarchical arrangement of multi-stage classification is most widely used for speech emotion recognition. In this paper, we present a sequential-forward-feature-selection-based multi-stage classification scheme. The Sequential Forward Selection (SFS) and Sequential Floating Forward Selection (SFFS) techniques were employed for every stage of the multi-stage classification scheme. Experimental testing of the proposed scheme was performed using the German and Lithuanian emotional speech datasets. Sequential-feature-selection-based multi-stage classification outperformed the single-stage scheme by 12–42 % for different emotion sets. The multi-stage scheme has shown higher robustness to the growth of emotion set. The decrease in recognition rate with the increase in emotion set for multi-stage scheme was lower by 10–20 % in comparison with the single-stage case. Differences in SFS and SFFS employment for feature selection were negligible.
{"title":"Multi-Stage Recognition of Speech Emotion Using Sequential Forward Feature Selection","authors":"Tatjana Liogiene, G. Tamulevicius","doi":"10.1515/ecce-2016-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ecce-2016-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The intensive research of speech emotion recognition introduced a huge collection of speech emotion features. Large feature sets complicate the speech emotion recognition task. Among various feature selection and transformation techniques for one-stage classification, multiple classifier systems were proposed. The main idea of multiple classifiers is to arrange the emotion classification process in stages. Besides parallel and serial cases, the hierarchical arrangement of multi-stage classification is most widely used for speech emotion recognition. In this paper, we present a sequential-forward-feature-selection-based multi-stage classification scheme. The Sequential Forward Selection (SFS) and Sequential Floating Forward Selection (SFFS) techniques were employed for every stage of the multi-stage classification scheme. Experimental testing of the proposed scheme was performed using the German and Lithuanian emotional speech datasets. Sequential-feature-selection-based multi-stage classification outperformed the single-stage scheme by 12–42 % for different emotion sets. The multi-stage scheme has shown higher robustness to the growth of emotion set. The decrease in recognition rate with the increase in emotion set for multi-stage scheme was lower by 10–20 % in comparison with the single-stage case. Differences in SFS and SFFS employment for feature selection were negligible.","PeriodicalId":42365,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Control and Communication Engineering","volume":"10 1","pages":"35 - 41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2016-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67208950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The predictable CPU architectures that run hard real-time tasks must be executed with isolation in order to provide a timing-analyzable execution for real-time systems. The major problems for real-time operating systems are determined by an excessive jitter, introduced mainly through task switching. This can alter deadline requirements, and, consequently, the predictability of hard real-time tasks. New requirements also arise for a real-time operating system used in mixed-criticality systems, when the executions of hard real-time applications require timing predictability. The present article discusses several solutions to improve the performance of CPU architectures and eventually overcome the Operating Systems overhead inconveniences. This paper focuses on the innovative CPU implementation named nMPRA-MT, designed for small real-time applications. This implementation uses the replication and remapping techniques for the program counter, general purpose registers and pipeline registers, enabling multiple threads to share a single pipeline assembly line. In order to increase predictability, the proposed architecture partially removes the hazard situation at the expense of larger execution latency per one instruction.
{"title":"Improving the Performance of CPU Architectures by Reducing the Operating System Overhead (Extended Version)","authors":"I. Zagan, V. Gaitan","doi":"10.1515/ecce-2016-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ecce-2016-0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The predictable CPU architectures that run hard real-time tasks must be executed with isolation in order to provide a timing-analyzable execution for real-time systems. The major problems for real-time operating systems are determined by an excessive jitter, introduced mainly through task switching. This can alter deadline requirements, and, consequently, the predictability of hard real-time tasks. New requirements also arise for a real-time operating system used in mixed-criticality systems, when the executions of hard real-time applications require timing predictability. The present article discusses several solutions to improve the performance of CPU architectures and eventually overcome the Operating Systems overhead inconveniences. This paper focuses on the innovative CPU implementation named nMPRA-MT, designed for small real-time applications. This implementation uses the replication and remapping techniques for the program counter, general purpose registers and pipeline registers, enabling multiple threads to share a single pipeline assembly line. In order to increase predictability, the proposed architecture partially removes the hazard situation at the expense of larger execution latency per one instruction.","PeriodicalId":42365,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Control and Communication Engineering","volume":"26 1","pages":"13 - 22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2016-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67209146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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