Pub Date : 2020-07-01DOI: 10.15446/cuad.econ.v39n81.73820
L. Alvarado, S. Rica
This paper studies the evolution of the gender wage gap in Colombia at different points of wage distributions. Using DiNardo, Fortin, and Lemieux’s (1996) decomposition, we find that the enormous increase in female workers’ educational achievement has helped to reduce the gender gap, mainly at the top of the wage distribution. However, this effect has been countered by the reduction in the proportion of female workers in the public sector and those with indefinite contracts. Moreover, using the Arellano et al. (2017) methodology, we estimate the adjusted gender wage gap whilst controlling for sample selection. In both analysed years, our main finding was a clear glass-ceiling pattern that was slightly reduced in 2010. ****** Este articulo estudia la brecha salarial por genero en Colombia en diferentes puntos de la distribucion de salarios. Con la descomposicion de DiNardo et al. (1996) se encuentra que el enorme incremento en el logro educacional de las trabajadoras femeninas ha ayudado a reducir la brecha de genero, principalmente en la cola alta de la distribucion. Sin embargo, este efecto ha sido contrarrestado por la reduccion en la proporcion de mujeres en el sector publico y en aquellas con contrato indefinido. Ademas, con la metodologia de Arellano et al. (2016) se estima la brecha de genero ajustada controlando por sesgo de seleccion. Se encuentra un patron de techo de cristal en ambos anos analizados, que se ha reducido ligeramente en el 2010.
{"title":"The evolution of the gender wage gap in Colombia: 1994 and 2010","authors":"L. Alvarado, S. Rica","doi":"10.15446/cuad.econ.v39n81.73820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/cuad.econ.v39n81.73820","url":null,"abstract":"This paper studies the evolution of the gender wage gap in Colombia at different points of wage distributions. Using DiNardo, Fortin, and Lemieux’s (1996) decomposition, we find that the enormous increase in female workers’ educational achievement has helped to reduce the gender gap, mainly at the top of the wage distribution. However, this effect has been countered by the reduction in the proportion of female workers in the public sector and those with indefinite contracts. Moreover, using the Arellano et al. (2017) methodology, we estimate the adjusted gender wage gap whilst controlling for sample selection. In both analysed years, our main finding was a clear glass-ceiling pattern that was slightly reduced in 2010. ****** Este articulo estudia la brecha salarial por genero en Colombia en diferentes puntos de la distribucion de salarios. Con la descomposicion de DiNardo et al. (1996) se encuentra que el enorme incremento en el logro educacional de las trabajadoras femeninas ha ayudado a reducir la brecha de genero, principalmente en la cola alta de la distribucion. Sin embargo, este efecto ha sido contrarrestado por la reduccion en la proporcion de mujeres en el sector publico y en aquellas con contrato indefinido. Ademas, con la metodologia de Arellano et al. (2016) se estima la brecha de genero ajustada controlando por sesgo de seleccion. Se encuentra un patron de techo de cristal en ambos anos analizados, que se ha reducido ligeramente en el 2010.","PeriodicalId":42391,"journal":{"name":"Cuadernos de Economia-Spain","volume":"39 1","pages":"857-895"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.15446/cuad.econ.v39n81.73820","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46551745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-01DOI: 10.15446/cuad.econ.v39n81.78097
Pablo Martín Urbano, Aurora Ruiz-Rúa, Juan Ignacio Sánchez Gutiérrez
Este articulo pretende destacar los principales cambios ocurridos en los ferrocarriles suburbanos como resultado de los procesos liberalizadores emprendidos por la Union Europea (UE) en las ultimas decadas. Para ello, en primer lugar, realiza un recorrido por los principales beneficios inducidos de este modo de transporte en las ciudades europeas, en clave social, economica, territorial y medioambiental. A continuacion, analiza las transformaciones mas destacables que han tenido lugar en el marco operativo de los ferrocarriles suburbanos europeos, desde la perspectiva de la prestacion del servicio, la gestion de la infraestructura y la explotacion del material movil. ****** This article aims to highlight the main changes in suburban railways, as result of the liberalization processes undertaken by the European Union for the last decades. With this purpose, it first takes into consideration the main induced benefits of this mode of transport in European cities from a social, economic, territorial and environmental point of view. Then, it analyzes the most relevant transformations occurred in the operational framework of European suburban railways, from the perspectives of the service provision, the infrastructure management and the operation of mobile equipment.
{"title":"Los ferrocarriles suburbanos europeos: enfoque económico sobre el nuevo entorno general y operativo","authors":"Pablo Martín Urbano, Aurora Ruiz-Rúa, Juan Ignacio Sánchez Gutiérrez","doi":"10.15446/cuad.econ.v39n81.78097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/cuad.econ.v39n81.78097","url":null,"abstract":"Este articulo pretende destacar los principales cambios ocurridos en los ferrocarriles suburbanos como resultado de los procesos liberalizadores emprendidos por la Union Europea (UE) en las ultimas decadas. Para ello, en primer lugar, realiza un recorrido por los principales beneficios inducidos de este modo de transporte en las ciudades europeas, en clave social, economica, territorial y medioambiental. A continuacion, analiza las transformaciones mas destacables que han tenido lugar en el marco operativo de los ferrocarriles suburbanos europeos, desde la perspectiva de la prestacion del servicio, la gestion de la infraestructura y la explotacion del material movil. ****** This article aims to highlight the main changes in suburban railways, as result of the liberalization processes undertaken by the European Union for the last decades. With this purpose, it first takes into consideration the main induced benefits of this mode of transport in European cities from a social, economic, territorial and environmental point of view. Then, it analyzes the most relevant transformations occurred in the operational framework of European suburban railways, from the perspectives of the service provision, the infrastructure management and the operation of mobile equipment.","PeriodicalId":42391,"journal":{"name":"Cuadernos de Economia-Spain","volume":"39 1","pages":"1001-1033"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45272739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-01DOI: 10.15446/cuad.econ.v39n81.77091
Giovanny Sandoval Paucar
Este articulo cuantifica y analiza los efectos de los choques originados en los mercados estadounidenses sobre los principales mercados financieros colombianos durante el periodo de 2003 a 2015. La metodologia utilizada es un modelo de vectores autorregresivos (VAR) estructural que emplea la heterocedasticidad que existe en los datos para la identificacion y la estimacion de los coeficientes de transmision financiera. Se encuentra que los mercados estadounidenses generan efectos overall spillovers significativos sobre el mercado accionario colombiano. A su vez, los resultados reflejan la posicion dominante del mercado de bonos estadounidenses como el motor de los efectos de desbordamiento. ****** This paper aims to analyse and quantify the effects of shocks originated in the US financial markets on the major Colombian financial markets during the period 2003-2015. The employed methodology is a structural VAR model that uses the heteroskedasticity existing in the data to achieve the identification and estimation of the financial transmission coefficients. It was discovered that US markets generate significant overall spill over effects on the Colombian stock market. In turn, the results reflect the dominant position of the US bond market as the engine of spill over effects.
{"title":"Efectos de propagación de los mercados financieros estadounidenses en los colombianos","authors":"Giovanny Sandoval Paucar","doi":"10.15446/cuad.econ.v39n81.77091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/cuad.econ.v39n81.77091","url":null,"abstract":"Este articulo cuantifica y analiza los efectos de los choques originados en los mercados estadounidenses sobre los principales mercados financieros colombianos durante el periodo de 2003 a 2015. La metodologia utilizada es un modelo de vectores autorregresivos (VAR) estructural que emplea la heterocedasticidad que existe en los datos para la identificacion y la estimacion de los coeficientes de transmision financiera. Se encuentra que los mercados estadounidenses generan efectos overall spillovers significativos sobre el mercado accionario colombiano. A su vez, los resultados reflejan la posicion dominante del mercado de bonos estadounidenses como el motor de los efectos de desbordamiento. ****** This paper aims to analyse and quantify the effects of shocks originated in the US financial markets on the major Colombian financial markets during the period 2003-2015. The employed methodology is a structural VAR model that uses the heteroskedasticity existing in the data to achieve the identification and estimation of the financial transmission coefficients. It was discovered that US markets generate significant overall spill over effects on the Colombian stock market. In turn, the results reflect the dominant position of the US bond market as the engine of spill over effects.","PeriodicalId":42391,"journal":{"name":"Cuadernos de Economia-Spain","volume":"39 1","pages":"667-702"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.15446/cuad.econ.v39n81.77091","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46319536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-01DOI: 10.15446/cuad.econ.v39n81.76893
Rene Javier Santos-Munguía, Juan Miguel Moya Pérez
The study analyses the effect of international remittances in Honduras on the Monthly Economic Activity Index (IMAE) as a proxy measure of economic growth, international reserves and the Effective Real Exchange Rate Index (Itcer). Using data from time series with monthly periodicity from December 2001 to December 2016, the model of Vector Autoregressive (VAR) is formulated and results are presented in the form graphs of the Impulse-Response Function (IRF). The finding shows negative responses from IMAE and Itcer and a positive response from international reserves in the medium term.
{"title":"Efecto de remesas de trabajadores sobre reservas internacionales, crecimiento económico e índice de tipo de cambio real en Honduras","authors":"Rene Javier Santos-Munguía, Juan Miguel Moya Pérez","doi":"10.15446/cuad.econ.v39n81.76893","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/cuad.econ.v39n81.76893","url":null,"abstract":"The study analyses the effect of international remittances in Honduras on the Monthly Economic Activity Index (IMAE) as a proxy measure of economic growth, international reserves and the Effective Real Exchange Rate Index (Itcer). Using data from time series with monthly periodicity from December 2001 to December 2016, the model of Vector Autoregressive (VAR) is formulated and results are presented in the form graphs of the Impulse-Response Function (IRF). The finding shows negative responses from IMAE and Itcer and a positive response from international reserves in the medium term.","PeriodicalId":42391,"journal":{"name":"Cuadernos de Economia-Spain","volume":"39 1","pages":"703-729"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.15446/cuad.econ.v39n81.76893","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49063438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-01DOI: 10.15446/cuad.econ.v39n81.76535
José Mauricio Gil-León
Este articulo pretende explicar la respuesta de los bancos centrales a la estabilidad financiera con informacion de cuatro paises de America Latina entre 2000 y 2017. Se estiman funciones de reaccion en su forma basica y ampliada, lo que evidencia respuestas consistentes con el regimen de meta de inflacion, aunque con respuestas variadas al ciclo economico, al comportamiento del tipo de cambio y al ciclo del credito. Tambien, mediante estimaciones de dos modelos panel VAR, se hace manifiesto que la acumulacion de reservas internacionales se efectua por motivo de precaucion, pero la vulnerabilidad financiera persiste por los choques de flujos de capital. ****** This paper aims to explain the response of central banks to financial stability, using information from 4 different countries in Latin America between 2000 and 2017. Reaction functions are estimated in their basic and extended form, evidencing responses consistent with the inflation targeting regime, although varied responses to: the economic cycle and the behaviour of the exchange rate and the credit cycle. Also, through estimations of two panel VAR models, it is evident that the accumulation of international reserves is carried out as a precaution, but financial vulnerability persists due to capital flows shocks.
{"title":"Estabilidad financiera y decisiones de los bancos centrales: caso Colombia, México, Perú y Chile","authors":"José Mauricio Gil-León","doi":"10.15446/cuad.econ.v39n81.76535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/cuad.econ.v39n81.76535","url":null,"abstract":"Este articulo pretende explicar la respuesta de los bancos centrales a la estabilidad financiera con informacion de cuatro paises de America Latina entre 2000 y 2017. Se estiman funciones de reaccion en su forma basica y ampliada, lo que evidencia respuestas consistentes con el regimen de meta de inflacion, aunque con respuestas variadas al ciclo economico, al comportamiento del tipo de cambio y al ciclo del credito. Tambien, mediante estimaciones de dos modelos panel VAR, se hace manifiesto que la acumulacion de reservas internacionales se efectua por motivo de precaucion, pero la vulnerabilidad financiera persiste por los choques de flujos de capital. ****** This paper aims to explain the response of central banks to financial stability, using information from 4 different countries in Latin America between 2000 and 2017. Reaction functions are estimated in their basic and extended form, evidencing responses consistent with the inflation targeting regime, although varied responses to: the economic cycle and the behaviour of the exchange rate and the credit cycle. Also, through estimations of two panel VAR models, it is evident that the accumulation of international reserves is carried out as a precaution, but financial vulnerability persists due to capital flows shocks.","PeriodicalId":42391,"journal":{"name":"Cuadernos de Economia-Spain","volume":"39 1","pages":"765-794"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.15446/cuad.econ.v39n81.76535","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48760550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-01DOI: 10.15446/cuad.econ.v39n81.77333
A. E. Espinosa, Maristella Madero Jirado, Gabriel Orlando Rodríguez Puello, Luis Carlos Díaz Canedo
Cartagena de Indias registra la mayor exclusion social entre las principales ciudades colombianas. Este articulo evalua el nivel de desarrollo humano y los determinantes de la pobreza en la comuna 6, donde predomina la poblacion afrocolombiana. Con el marco analitico de pobreza urbana, capacidades y estructura de oportunidades, y una base ad hoc para estimar un modelo probit como estrategia empirica, se elabora un perfil de pobreza diferenciado para esta extensa zona, con un enfoque espacial. Los resultados muestran que las variables laborales, etnicas –con evidencia concluyente a favor de blancos– y capital social explican las privaciones en esta comuna. ****** Cartagena de Indias has the highest social exclusion among the main cities in Colombia. This paper evaluates human development and the determinants of poverty in the commune 6, where the Afro-Colombian population predominates. Based on the structure of the analytical framework of urban poverty, capabilities and opportunities, and an ad hoc database with probit model as an empirical strategy, we elaborate a differentiated poverty profile for this large area, applying spatial criteria. The results reveal that the labour ethnic variables -with conclusive evidence in favour of white people- and social capital explain the deprivations in this community.
{"title":"Etnicidad, espacio y desarrollo humano en comunidades pobres urbanas: la comuna 6 en Cartagena de Indias, Colombia","authors":"A. E. Espinosa, Maristella Madero Jirado, Gabriel Orlando Rodríguez Puello, Luis Carlos Díaz Canedo","doi":"10.15446/cuad.econ.v39n81.77333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/cuad.econ.v39n81.77333","url":null,"abstract":"Cartagena de Indias registra la mayor exclusion social entre las principales ciudades colombianas. Este articulo evalua el nivel de desarrollo humano y los determinantes de la pobreza en la comuna 6, donde predomina la poblacion afrocolombiana. Con el marco analitico de pobreza urbana, capacidades y estructura de oportunidades, y una base ad hoc para estimar un modelo probit como estrategia empirica, se elabora un perfil de pobreza diferenciado para esta extensa zona, con un enfoque espacial. Los resultados muestran que las variables laborales, etnicas –con evidencia concluyente a favor de blancos– y capital social explican las privaciones en esta comuna. ****** Cartagena de Indias has the highest social exclusion among the main cities in Colombia. This paper evaluates human development and the determinants of poverty in the commune 6, where the Afro-Colombian population predominates. Based on the structure of the analytical framework of urban poverty, capabilities and opportunities, and an ad hoc database with probit model as an empirical strategy, we elaborate a differentiated poverty profile for this large area, applying spatial criteria. The results reveal that the labour ethnic variables -with conclusive evidence in favour of white people- and social capital explain the deprivations in this community.","PeriodicalId":42391,"journal":{"name":"Cuadernos de Economia-Spain","volume":"39 1","pages":"635-666"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44817326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-01DOI: 10.15446/cuad.econ.v39n81.76672
L. Beccaría, A. L. Fernández, David Trajtemberg
The main factor to explain the decrease in the inequality in private sector wages in Argentina since 2002 is the cut in the pay gaps of workers with different levels of education. This article analyses the influence of the minimum wage and collective bargaining on the reduction of the education premiums among the formal private sector wage earners. The emphasis is made based on the fact that both institutions cannot be analysed separately and there is evidence that, during the period analysed, they wouldn’t have had an influence on the reduction of the education wage gaps.
{"title":"Reducción de la desigualdad de las remuneraciones e instituciones en Argentina (2002-2015)","authors":"L. Beccaría, A. L. Fernández, David Trajtemberg","doi":"10.15446/cuad.econ.v39n81.76672","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/cuad.econ.v39n81.76672","url":null,"abstract":"The main factor to explain the decrease in the inequality in private sector wages in Argentina since 2002 is the cut in the pay gaps of workers with different levels of education. This article analyses the influence of the minimum wage and collective bargaining on the reduction of the education premiums among the formal private sector wage earners. The emphasis is made based on the fact that both institutions cannot be analysed separately and there is evidence that, during the period analysed, they wouldn’t have had an influence on the reduction of the education wage gaps.","PeriodicalId":42391,"journal":{"name":"Cuadernos de Economia-Spain","volume":"39 1","pages":"731-764"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42610474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-01DOI: 10.15446/cuad.econ.v39n81.56155
M. López
En este articulo se analiza el uso de la violencia y la corrupcion como factores de maximizacion del beneficio de los traficantes en el mercado de los cultivos de coca. Se propone que la condicion de ilegalidad de este mercado da lugar al establecimiento de sistemas de seguridad privada y corrupcion que operan como estrategias de maximizacion de los beneficios de los traficantes, y se propone la existencia de un umbral de accion de la justicia que hace inviable la actividad ilegal.
{"title":"Violencia y corrupción como estrategias de maximización en mercados ilegales: el caso de la coca","authors":"M. López","doi":"10.15446/cuad.econ.v39n81.56155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/cuad.econ.v39n81.56155","url":null,"abstract":"En este articulo se analiza el uso de la violencia y la corrupcion como factores de maximizacion del beneficio de los traficantes en el mercado de los cultivos de coca. Se propone que la condicion de ilegalidad de este mercado da lugar al establecimiento de sistemas de seguridad privada y corrupcion que operan como estrategias de maximizacion de los beneficios de los traficantes, y se propone la existencia de un umbral de accion de la justicia que hace inviable la actividad ilegal.","PeriodicalId":42391,"journal":{"name":"Cuadernos de Economia-Spain","volume":"39 1","pages":"949-974"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.15446/cuad.econ.v39n81.56155","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43784027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-01DOI: 10.15446/cuad.econ.v39n81.80207
Gonzalo Hernandez, M. A. Prieto
We find evidence suggesting that economies with a tax structure more oriented toward indirect taxes –rather than direct taxes– tend to mitigate the effect of terms of trade shocks on output fluctuations. This finding might be particularly important for lower-income countries since the negative welfare effects caused by macroeconomic volatility in the absence of consumption-smoothing mechanisms are more severe in developing economies exposed to external shocks. Additionally, some of these economies are attempting to reorient their tax structure toward more direct taxes following the standards in advanced economies.
{"title":"Terms of trade shocks and taxation in developing countries","authors":"Gonzalo Hernandez, M. A. Prieto","doi":"10.15446/cuad.econ.v39n81.80207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/cuad.econ.v39n81.80207","url":null,"abstract":"We find evidence suggesting that economies with a tax structure more oriented toward indirect taxes –rather than direct taxes– tend to mitigate the effect of terms of trade shocks on output fluctuations. This finding might be particularly important for lower-income countries since the negative welfare effects caused by macroeconomic volatility in the absence of consumption-smoothing mechanisms are more severe in developing economies exposed to external shocks. Additionally, some of these economies are attempting to reorient their tax structure toward more direct taxes following the standards in advanced economies.","PeriodicalId":42391,"journal":{"name":"Cuadernos de Economia-Spain","volume":"39 1","pages":"613-634"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.15446/cuad.econ.v39n81.80207","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44474012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-01DOI: 10.15446/cuad.econ.v39n81.60530
Juan Josué Hernández Oliva, Jorge Luis Alcaraz Vargas, Ricardo Lino Mansilla Corona
espanolEste articulo demostro que la distribucion de las ventas, la utilidad neta, los activos y el numero de empleados de las quinientas empresas mas grandes de Mexico siguen la ley de Zipf. Luego de calcular los coeficientes de Zipf para el periodo de 2006 a 2017, estos fueron usados para crear una escala que mide tres distintos niveles de intensidad de competencia entre empresas, en seis sectores de la economia mexicana. Esta escala indica cuando el sector esta concentrado y cuando se favorece la creacion o destruccion de empresas. Tambien se encontro el principio de Pareto en el comportamiento de las variables estudiadas. EnglishThis paper shows that the distribution of sales, net profit, assets and number of employees of the 500 largest companies in Mexico follow the Zipf Law. After calculating the Zipf coefficients for the period 2006-2017, they were used to create a scale that measures three different levels of intensity of competition among companies in six sectors of the Mexican economy. This scale indicates when the economic sector is concentrated and when the creation or destruction of companies is favoured. The Pareto principle was also found in the behaviour of the variables studied. portuguesEste artigo demonstrou que a distribuicao das vendas, a utilidade liquida, os ativos e o numero de empregados das maiores quinhentas empresas do Mexico seguem a lei de Zipf. Apos calcular os coeficientes de Zipf para o periodo de 2006 a 2017, estes foram usados para criar uma escala que mede tres distintos niveis de intensidade de competencia entre empresas, em seis setores da economia mexicana. Esta escala indica quando o setor esta concentrado e quando esta favoravel a criacao ou destruicao de empresas. Tambem revelou o principio de Pareto no comportamento das variaveis estudadas.
西班牙这篇文章表明，墨西哥500家最大公司的销售额、净利润、资产和员工人数的分配遵循Zipf法。在计算了2006年至2017年期间的Zipf系数后，这些系数被用来建立一个衡量墨西哥经济六个部门企业之间三种不同程度竞争强度的尺度。这一比例表明该部门何时集中，何时有利于企业的创建或破坏。在所研究的变量的行为中也发现了帕累托原理。英文这份文件显示，墨西哥500家最大公司的销售额、净利润、资产和员工人数的分配遵循ZIFF法。在计算了2006-2017年期间的Zipf系数后，他们被用来创建一个衡量墨西哥经济六个部门公司之间竞争强度三个不同水平的尺度。这一比例表明经济部门何时集中，何时有利于公司的创建或破坏。帕累托原则也出现在所研究变量的行为中。葡萄牙人Artigo证明，A DistribadaCao das Vendas、A Utilidade Liquida、Os Activos和O Numero de Empresados das Maiores Quinhentas Enterprises do Mexico Seguem a Lei de Zipf。APOS计算2006年至2017年期间的ZIFF系数，Estes Foram用于提高UMA规模，以衡量企业之间的三种不同程度的竞争强度，EM 6 Setores da Economia Mexicana。这一比例表明，何时或何时集中精力，何时有利于企业的CRIACAO OU DESTRACAO。他们还揭示了帕累托的不行为原则。
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