Josef Kunc, Markéta Novotná, Petr Tonev, Petr Šašinka, Soňa Raszková, Zdeněk Dvořák, Marek Jetmar
Former socialist countries still suffer from the absence of planning at a higher administrative level. To develop a metropolitan governance model, strengthen the partner-ship between the hinterland and core cities, and eliminate obstacles stemming from the local government fragmentation, the paper aims to introduce the steps for the institu-tionalization of metropolitan cooperation in the Czech Republic, being demonstrated by the example of the Brno Metropolitan Area (BMA), a leader in the development of in-termunicipal cooperation. The procedure is based on transferable experience from foreign countries and robust surveys among mayors in BMA (carried out in 2020, 175 municipali-ties, 96% response rate) and tens of experts on metropolitan issues. Selected results show that a mutual willingness to create an institution (metropolitan unit) responsible for har-monic metropolitan development, delegate some municipal competencies to a higher level and to contribute to a metropolitan fund was found. The participation of municipalities in the institution is proposed indirectly through voluntary association of municipalities, which would be intermediate between local and metropolitan levels. However, for imple-mentation at the national level, a valid and effective legislative regulation is needed. URL: https://www.gcass.science.upjs.sk/
{"title":"Along the path to metropolitan cooperation via metropolitan unit establishment: Case of Brno Metropolitan Area, Czech Republic","authors":"Josef Kunc, Markéta Novotná, Petr Tonev, Petr Šašinka, Soňa Raszková, Zdeněk Dvořák, Marek Jetmar","doi":"10.33542/gc2023-1-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33542/gc2023-1-04","url":null,"abstract":"Former socialist countries still suffer from the absence of planning at a higher administrative level. To develop a metropolitan governance model, strengthen the partner-ship between the hinterland and core cities, and eliminate obstacles stemming from the local government fragmentation, the paper aims to introduce the steps for the institu-tionalization of metropolitan cooperation in the Czech Republic, being demonstrated by the example of the Brno Metropolitan Area (BMA), a leader in the development of in-termunicipal cooperation. The procedure is based on transferable experience from foreign countries and robust surveys among mayors in BMA (carried out in 2020, 175 municipali-ties, 96% response rate) and tens of experts on metropolitan issues. Selected results show that a mutual willingness to create an institution (metropolitan unit) responsible for har-monic metropolitan development, delegate some municipal competencies to a higher level and to contribute to a metropolitan fund was found. The participation of municipalities in the institution is proposed indirectly through voluntary association of municipalities, which would be intermediate between local and metropolitan levels. However, for imple-mentation at the national level, a valid and effective legislative regulation is needed. URL: https://www.gcass.science.upjs.sk/","PeriodicalId":42446,"journal":{"name":"Geographia Cassoviensis","volume":"116 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135913261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Railway traffic was significantly affected by the global Covid-19 pandemic in 2020. The article's main objective is to evaluate the changes in rail transport on rail corridors in the Czech Republic in 2020. The traffic from that year was compared with the values from previous years. The Czech Statistical Office provided the data base for general infor-mation about railway transport. This contains details of freight and passenger transport and the performance of that transport for the whole country, as reported by the Ministry of Transport. The presented evaluation of changes in rail traffic is based on traffic param-eters obtained from the railway infrastructure administrator of the Railway Infrastructure Administration. The changes were evaluated from three hundred points located on the cor-ridor railways. The first part of the article describes the evaluation of changes in each traffic parameter. In 2020 passenger traffic was characterised by a significant decrease in the total number of trains on most corridors. Cargo trains took up the railway traffic capacity released by the drop in demand for passenger trains, and the number of cargo trains increased as a result. Passenger trains were shortened due to the low demand for transport during the pandemic. This fact was reported in the parameter of average train length. The second part contains a comprehensive assessment based on clustering methods. The clustering enabled the detection of those sections of the rail corridors that had similar changes in rail traffic in all the monitored parameters in 2020. URL: https://www.gcass.science.upjs.sk/
{"title":"Evaluation of changes in corridor railway traffic in the Czech Republic during the pandemic year 2020","authors":"Michal KUČERA, Zdena DOBEŠOVÁ","doi":"10.33542/gc2023-1-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33542/gc2023-1-03","url":null,"abstract":"Railway traffic was significantly affected by the global Covid-19 pandemic in 2020. The article's main objective is to evaluate the changes in rail transport on rail corridors in the Czech Republic in 2020. The traffic from that year was compared with the values from previous years. The Czech Statistical Office provided the data base for general infor-mation about railway transport. This contains details of freight and passenger transport and the performance of that transport for the whole country, as reported by the Ministry of Transport. The presented evaluation of changes in rail traffic is based on traffic param-eters obtained from the railway infrastructure administrator of the Railway Infrastructure Administration. The changes were evaluated from three hundred points located on the cor-ridor railways. The first part of the article describes the evaluation of changes in each traffic parameter. In 2020 passenger traffic was characterised by a significant decrease in the total number of trains on most corridors. Cargo trains took up the railway traffic capacity released by the drop in demand for passenger trains, and the number of cargo trains increased as a result. Passenger trains were shortened due to the low demand for transport during the pandemic. This fact was reported in the parameter of average train length. The second part contains a comprehensive assessment based on clustering methods. The clustering enabled the detection of those sections of the rail corridors that had similar changes in rail traffic in all the monitored parameters in 2020. URL: https://www.gcass.science.upjs.sk/","PeriodicalId":42446,"journal":{"name":"Geographia Cassoviensis","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135913263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pavel Kukuliač, Jiří Horák, David Fojtík, Igor Ivan, Ondřej Kolodziej, Lucie Orlíková, Petra Marešová
Public transport faced various challenges during the COVID-19 period due to a large ebb in passengers during the pandemic waves, COVID-related restrictions, em-ployee sickness, and economic pressure to balance transport supply and demand. The study assesses the impact of the timetable changes on the accessibility between 2019 and 2021 in the hinterlands of two Czech cities – Hradec Králové and Ostrava. The research question is if there are considerable changes in public transport accessibility during this period which were influenced by the pandemic. Municipal accessibility is determined by the share of inaccessible municipalities, average travel time, population weighted average travel time, and average number of transfers under conditions suitable for seniors. Optimal trips to all municipalities are established with a local OpenTripPlanner server using all public urban and regional timetables including peak and off-peak hours, workdays, and non-working days. Unlike Ostrava, the pattern of accessibility of the Hradec Králové hinterland is influenced by the railway networks and bus transport corridors. Mean accessibility in 2021 slightly improved in the Hradec Králové region and slightly worsened in the Os-trava region. Some municipalities, however, showed grave decline. The most sensitive in-dicator is the share of inaccessible municipalities adapted for seniors' needs. The study confirms the importance of choosing a time of departure/arrival for the results of accessi-bility assessment. The most significant differences in the accessibility of municipalities are visible only for one of the selected departure times. Only a few municipalities show differences for both departure times, indicating variable effects on accessibility depending on the time of day-situation. The results did not confirm the anticipated general deterioration of public transport accessibility in the hinterlands of regional capitals during the pandemic period. URL: https://www.gcass.science.upjs.sk/
{"title":"Post COVID-19 public transport accessibility changes: Case study of Ostrava and Hradec Králové regions","authors":"Pavel Kukuliač, Jiří Horák, David Fojtík, Igor Ivan, Ondřej Kolodziej, Lucie Orlíková, Petra Marešová","doi":"10.33542/gc2023-1-05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33542/gc2023-1-05","url":null,"abstract":"Public transport faced various challenges during the COVID-19 period due to a large ebb in passengers during the pandemic waves, COVID-related restrictions, em-ployee sickness, and economic pressure to balance transport supply and demand. The study assesses the impact of the timetable changes on the accessibility between 2019 and 2021 in the hinterlands of two Czech cities – Hradec Králové and Ostrava. The research question is if there are considerable changes in public transport accessibility during this period which were influenced by the pandemic. Municipal accessibility is determined by the share of inaccessible municipalities, average travel time, population weighted average travel time, and average number of transfers under conditions suitable for seniors. Optimal trips to all municipalities are established with a local OpenTripPlanner server using all public urban and regional timetables including peak and off-peak hours, workdays, and non-working days. Unlike Ostrava, the pattern of accessibility of the Hradec Králové hinterland is influenced by the railway networks and bus transport corridors. Mean accessibility in 2021 slightly improved in the Hradec Králové region and slightly worsened in the Os-trava region. Some municipalities, however, showed grave decline. The most sensitive in-dicator is the share of inaccessible municipalities adapted for seniors' needs. The study confirms the importance of choosing a time of departure/arrival for the results of accessi-bility assessment. The most significant differences in the accessibility of municipalities are visible only for one of the selected departure times. Only a few municipalities show differences for both departure times, indicating variable effects on accessibility depending on the time of day-situation. The results did not confirm the anticipated general deterioration of public transport accessibility in the hinterlands of regional capitals during the pandemic period. URL: https://www.gcass.science.upjs.sk/","PeriodicalId":42446,"journal":{"name":"Geographia Cassoviensis","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135913262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The flash floods are very important hydrometeorological situations affecting the Domica cave area. The flash floods depend on several factors such as the amount of precipitation, land cover, phenological phase of the vegetation, or soil infiltration rate. This paper focuses on the simulation of flood events occurring in the winter and summer seasons on the Silická plateau. The main aim of the paper is the evaluation of the effects of model parameterisation and interpretation of spatial aspects of the overland flow during the flood events. GRASS GIS software, specifically its r.sim.water module was used for hydro-logical modelling of the surface runoff. The simulation included a detailed digital eleva-tion model calculated from airborne laser scanning data and land cover derived from a detailed orthoimagery map. The infiltration rate parameter and the Manning’s roughness coefficient were estimated based on land cover classes. The simulation produced water depth maps describing flood events. The results showed that during the winter season in 2016, a smaller rainfall intensity was necessary for flood occurrence and that this phenomenon is primarily caused by frozen soil, through which no water is being infiltrated. The simulation of summer flood event in 2017 shows similar results of runoff accumulation but with higher rainfall intensity and infiltration rate. The flash flood event in 2021 turned out to be differ-ent, with such extreme rainfall intensity that even higher infiltration rate was insufficient in slowing the surface runoff. The results also proved the suitability of the chosen method for small-scale high-resolution hydrological simulations. URL: https://www.gcass.science.upjs.sk/
{"title":"Simulation of overland flow in the Domica cave area flood events using the r.sim.water module","authors":"Daniela Ujlakiová, Ondrej Tokarčík","doi":"10.33542/gc2023-1-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33542/gc2023-1-01","url":null,"abstract":"The flash floods are very important hydrometeorological situations affecting the Domica cave area. The flash floods depend on several factors such as the amount of precipitation, land cover, phenological phase of the vegetation, or soil infiltration rate. This paper focuses on the simulation of flood events occurring in the winter and summer seasons on the Silická plateau. The main aim of the paper is the evaluation of the effects of model parameterisation and interpretation of spatial aspects of the overland flow during the flood events. GRASS GIS software, specifically its r.sim.water module was used for hydro-logical modelling of the surface runoff. The simulation included a detailed digital eleva-tion model calculated from airborne laser scanning data and land cover derived from a detailed orthoimagery map. The infiltration rate parameter and the Manning’s roughness coefficient were estimated based on land cover classes. The simulation produced water depth maps describing flood events. The results showed that during the winter season in 2016, a smaller rainfall intensity was necessary for flood occurrence and that this phenomenon is primarily caused by frozen soil, through which no water is being infiltrated. The simulation of summer flood event in 2017 shows similar results of runoff accumulation but with higher rainfall intensity and infiltration rate. The flash flood event in 2021 turned out to be differ-ent, with such extreme rainfall intensity that even higher infiltration rate was insufficient in slowing the surface runoff. The results also proved the suitability of the chosen method for small-scale high-resolution hydrological simulations. URL: https://www.gcass.science.upjs.sk/","PeriodicalId":42446,"journal":{"name":"Geographia Cassoviensis","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70424765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Studies detecting land use/cover change (LUCC) in large scales are increasing in number, and so are the studies identifying spatial determinants of these changes and creating their models. Raster datasets derived from digital elevation models (DEM) belong to a limited group of determinants that are relatively available for LUCC modelling in large scales. This study compares the performance of 12 DEM-derived determinants in models of six distinct land cover changes: urbanisation, industrialisation, agricultural intensification and extensification, afforestation, and deforestation. The changes were identified in the 1949-2010 period in a reference scale of 1:10 000 on a total area of 176 km2 of 12 municipalities systematically selected to partially represent Western Carpathians in Slovakia. Nearly 45% of the area changed; afforestation, agricultural extensification and intensification were the most prevalent changes. Logistic regression and hierarchical partitioning were used to quantify the influence of the determinants on them. Among other commonly used determinants (elevation, slope, cost distance), vertical dissection and duration of solar radiation had an unexpectedly high influence, mostly on agricultural intensity and forest changes. However, further research is needed to verify these influences in other areas and to provide their sufficient causal interpretation.
{"title":"Comparison of DEM-derived determinants for modelling of long-term land cover change in a large scale: case studies from Slovak Western Carpathians","authors":"M. Druga, Adam Rusinko","doi":"10.33542/gc2023-1-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33542/gc2023-1-02","url":null,"abstract":"Studies detecting land use/cover change (LUCC) in large scales are increasing in number, and so are the studies identifying spatial determinants of these changes and creating their models. Raster datasets derived from digital elevation models (DEM) belong to a limited group of determinants that are relatively available for LUCC modelling in large scales. This study compares the performance of 12 DEM-derived determinants in models of six distinct land cover changes: urbanisation, industrialisation, agricultural intensification and extensification, afforestation, and deforestation. The changes were identified in the 1949-2010 period in a reference scale of 1:10 000 on a total area of 176 km2 of 12 municipalities systematically selected to partially represent Western Carpathians in Slovakia. Nearly 45% of the area changed; afforestation, agricultural extensification and intensification were the most prevalent changes. Logistic regression and hierarchical partitioning were used to quantify the influence of the determinants on them. Among other commonly used determinants (elevation, slope, cost distance), vertical dissection and duration of solar radiation had an unexpectedly high influence, mostly on agricultural intensity and forest changes. However, further research is needed to verify these influences in other areas and to provide their sufficient causal interpretation.","PeriodicalId":42446,"journal":{"name":"Geographia Cassoviensis","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70424840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Flash floods are a dangerous phenomenon that generally affects small drainage basins. They are primarily initiated in the upper parts of the slopes, but their damaging effects are manifested mostly in residential areas, where naturally flowing streams were removed from the surface to the underground artificial channels. Therefore, there are no precise data about stream water levels available and only using surface runoff modelling is possible to simulate what happened during flash floods. Karlova Ves (Bratislava City District), formerly a small viniculture village, was threatened by floods (most probably including pluvial type) in history. In this paper, we used GRASS GIS tool r.sim.water to simulate the surface runoff of a flash flood that occurred in summer 2014 in the catchment of Čierny potok. The flood on 23 August 2014 was reported to have the highest rainfall per hour ~40 mm during the time of local meteorological measurements. The current orthophotomap was used to classify the land cover classes, which were assigned the value of the Manning’s roughness coefficient and infiltration rate. The topography was expressed by DTM from high-resolution LiDAR data. Our preliminary results indicate that land cover and land use are the essential factors that influence the initiation of flash floods, although the main driver of lower infiltration and change in flow direction is caused by urbanisation and a high proportion of impervious areas. Simulation showed that during 60 minutes of extreme rainfall (40 mm/hr) a surface runoff can reach a depth of water up to two meters in terrain depressions by a maximum discharge of 25 cubic meters. The revitalisation of natural urban areas by increasing vegetation cover in areas prone to flash floods and accumulation of water during higher rainfalls helps to prevent the damage caused by floods. URL: https://www.gcass.science.upjs.sk/
{"title":"Flash flood simulation in the urbanised catchment: a case study of Bratislava-Karlova Ves","authors":"Adam Rusinko, Š. Horáčková","doi":"10.33542/gc2022-2-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33542/gc2022-2-01","url":null,"abstract":"Flash floods are a dangerous phenomenon that generally affects small drainage basins. They are primarily initiated in the upper parts of the slopes, but their damaging effects are manifested mostly in residential areas, where naturally flowing streams were removed from the surface to the underground artificial channels. Therefore, there are no precise data about stream water levels available and only using surface runoff modelling is possible to simulate what happened during flash floods. Karlova Ves (Bratislava City District), formerly a small viniculture village, was threatened by floods (most probably including pluvial type) in history. In this paper, we used GRASS GIS tool r.sim.water to simulate the surface runoff of a flash flood that occurred in summer 2014 in the catchment of Čierny potok. The flood on 23 August 2014 was reported to have the highest rainfall per hour ~40 mm during the time of local meteorological measurements. The current orthophotomap was used to classify the land cover classes, which were assigned the value of the Manning’s roughness coefficient and infiltration rate. The topography was expressed by DTM from high-resolution LiDAR data. Our preliminary results indicate that land cover and land use are the essential factors that influence the initiation of flash floods, although the main driver of lower infiltration and change in flow direction is caused by urbanisation and a high proportion of impervious areas. Simulation showed that during 60 minutes of extreme rainfall (40 mm/hr) a surface runoff can reach a depth of water up to two meters in terrain depressions by a maximum discharge of 25 cubic meters. The revitalisation of natural urban areas by increasing vegetation cover in areas prone to flash floods and accumulation of water during higher rainfalls helps to prevent the damage caused by floods. URL: https://www.gcass.science.upjs.sk/","PeriodicalId":42446,"journal":{"name":"Geographia Cassoviensis","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70424435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Beranová, R. Ábrahám, I. Matečný, Pavel Beracko, G. Milics
The presented study introduces the most common and significant insect pests of the grapevine (Vitis vinifera) in Slovakia, specifically the occurrence of the European grapevine moth (Lobesia botrana) and the American grapevine leafhopper (Scaphoideus titanus). Historical records set prerequisites to studying the complex interactions between the pests and their host plant. If they are not understood sufficiently, they may have devastating consequences on the grape-growing. The research was carried out in the model vineyards in Jelenec, Ladice and Topoľčianky during the period from April to September 2019 and 2021. Jelenec and Ladice had six monitoring sites, Topoľčianky had seven monitoring sites. Data were collected in approximately 30-day cycles. The aim of research was to monitor the incidence of insect pests in selected vineyards and identify their relation to environmental conditions. Pheromone traps were used throughout the research. The insect traps in combination with species-specific pheromone represent a reliable method for the pest monitoring. Based on aim studying the link between insect pests and climate conditions, traps were dispersed at the place of installation of the microclimatic dataloggers and the automatic stations. Data on the occurrence of the pests were subsequently evaluated in the context of the climate variability (temperature, wind speed, precipitation) and distance of the locality from the forest using Redundancy Analysis. It was confirmed that the insect pests are unequally distributed in the studied region and also inside the vineyards. Using Redundancy Analysis, we were able to explain the bonds in a maximum of 40% insect pests-environmental factors relationships. This research results show the need for regular monitoring of insect species, taking into account microclimatic as well as other ecological factors to optimize agrotechnical interventions. URL: https://www.gcass.science.upjs.sk/
{"title":"Impact of environmental conditions on the distribution of insect pests in Nitra region vineyards (Slovakia)","authors":"V. Beranová, R. Ábrahám, I. Matečný, Pavel Beracko, G. Milics","doi":"10.33542/gc2022-2-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33542/gc2022-2-04","url":null,"abstract":"The presented study introduces the most common and significant insect pests of the grapevine (Vitis vinifera) in Slovakia, specifically the occurrence of the European grapevine moth (Lobesia botrana) and the American grapevine leafhopper (Scaphoideus titanus). Historical records set prerequisites to studying the complex interactions between the pests and their host plant. If they are not understood sufficiently, they may have devastating consequences on the grape-growing. The research was carried out in the model vineyards in Jelenec, Ladice and Topoľčianky during the period from April to September 2019 and 2021. Jelenec and Ladice had six monitoring sites, Topoľčianky had seven monitoring sites. Data were collected in approximately 30-day cycles. The aim of research was to monitor the incidence of insect pests in selected vineyards and identify their relation to environmental conditions. Pheromone traps were used throughout the research. The insect traps in combination with species-specific pheromone represent a reliable method for the pest monitoring. Based on aim studying the link between insect pests and climate conditions, traps were dispersed at the place of installation of the microclimatic dataloggers and the automatic stations. Data on the occurrence of the pests were subsequently evaluated in the context of the climate variability (temperature, wind speed, precipitation) and distance of the locality from the forest using Redundancy Analysis. It was confirmed that the insect pests are unequally distributed in the studied region and also inside the vineyards. Using Redundancy Analysis, we were able to explain the bonds in a maximum of 40% insect pests-environmental factors relationships. This research results show the need for regular monitoring of insect species, taking into account microclimatic as well as other ecological factors to optimize agrotechnical interventions. URL: https://www.gcass.science.upjs.sk/","PeriodicalId":42446,"journal":{"name":"Geographia Cassoviensis","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70424635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study focuses on the analysis of geographical developmental specificities of the potential of Ukrainian farm economies over seven years period (2011–2017). We assessed the average annual cost estimate of interconnected labor, material, and land resources that form the aggregative potential for the development of farms in Ukraine. Labor, material, and land resources were assessed through the cost estimate (money value). The cost of a commodity is defined as social labor embodied in the same. The cost is measured by money. Hence, money estimates are labor estimates. Labor resources and the units of labor produced by an average annual farm employe were counted through the labor’s funds analog, that is, through the annual totality of employees’ wages divided by the normative coefficient of efficiency of capital investments. Agricultural machinery, i.e., tractors, combine harvesters, corn harvesters, forage harvesters, seeders, windrowers, etc., available on farms in 2011–2017, were the basis for the assessment of material resources (capital assets). Bringing non-recurring (capital) costs to a per-year basis (to be comparable with other resources) was carried out by way of counting percentages of the current production assets following their established efficiency standard (0.15). Estimation of land resources based on natural productivity of Ukrainian lands, that is, on crop capacity gained on condition that crop rotation, was observed. The range of works on the mechanical treatment of arable land was applied, and no fertilizers were added. The Ukrainian farms’ aggregative resource potential was presented as a sum of the potentials of labor, material, and land resources. According to our calculations, the aggregative potential throughout 2011–2017 was 52 019 million hryvnias, or 2 771 million euros.
{"title":"Geographical developmental specificities of aggregative resource potential of farm economies of Ukraine throughout 2011–2017","authors":"V. Rudenko, M. Zayachuk, S. Rudenko","doi":"10.33542/gc2022-1-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33542/gc2022-1-01","url":null,"abstract":"The study focuses on the analysis of geographical developmental specificities of the potential of Ukrainian farm economies over seven years period (2011–2017). We assessed the average annual cost estimate of interconnected labor, material, and land resources that form the aggregative potential for the development of farms in Ukraine. Labor, material, and land resources were assessed through the cost estimate (money value). The cost of a commodity is defined as social labor embodied in the same. The cost is measured by money. Hence, money estimates are labor estimates. Labor resources and the units of labor produced by an average annual farm employe were counted through the labor’s funds analog, that is, through the annual totality of employees’ wages divided by the normative coefficient of efficiency of capital investments. Agricultural machinery, i.e., tractors, combine harvesters, corn harvesters, forage harvesters, seeders, windrowers, etc., available on farms in 2011–2017, were the basis for the assessment of material resources (capital assets). Bringing non-recurring (capital) costs to a per-year basis (to be comparable with other resources) was carried out by way of counting percentages of the current production assets following their established efficiency standard (0.15). Estimation of land resources based on natural productivity of Ukrainian lands, that is, on crop capacity gained on condition that crop rotation, was observed. The range of works on the mechanical treatment of arable land was applied, and no fertilizers were added. The Ukrainian farms’ aggregative resource potential was presented as a sum of the potentials of labor, material, and land resources. According to our calculations, the aggregative potential throughout 2011–2017 was 52 019 million hryvnias, or 2 771 million euros.","PeriodicalId":42446,"journal":{"name":"Geographia Cassoviensis","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70424287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The influence of residential suburbanisation on the financial management of municipalities is evident. The main goal of the research was to evaluate whether the process of residential suburbanisation proves a financial threat or an opportunity for specific small municipalities in the suburban zones of core cities in the Ústí Region of the Czech Republic. The research evaluates the financial status of the municipalities under review, using a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods (interviews with mayors, multidimensional indicator, income and expenditure analysis, balance calculation). The results show that the process of residential suburbanisation is a financial threat to affected municipalities. The influx of a new population forces municipalities to increase the capacity of local public goods and services, thus creating greater capital expenditure, with rising costs adding to the budget deficit. The situation results in conflict between the central level and municipalities. The central level requires municipalities to be more self-sufficient in procuring the necessary resources themselves. However, municipalities have limited tax jurisdiction, which they do not utilise due to moral barriers ofsocial closeness to their citizens. As the administrative process for obtaining subsidies is demanding, the capacity building of public goods and services is most often financed by bank loans.
{"title":"The process of residential suburbanisation as a factor influencing the financial management of municipal budgets: case study of population-small municipalities of the Czech Republic","authors":"Lucie Kopáčková","doi":"10.33542/gc2022-1-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33542/gc2022-1-02","url":null,"abstract":"The influence of residential suburbanisation on the financial management of municipalities is evident. The main goal of the research was to evaluate whether the process of residential suburbanisation proves a financial threat or an opportunity for specific small municipalities in the suburban zones of core cities in the Ústí Region of the Czech Republic. The research evaluates the financial status of the municipalities under review, using a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods (interviews with mayors, multidimensional indicator, income and expenditure analysis, balance calculation). The results show that the process of residential suburbanisation is a financial threat to affected municipalities. The influx of a new population forces municipalities to increase the capacity of local public goods and services, thus creating greater capital expenditure, with rising costs adding to the budget deficit. The situation results in conflict between the central level and municipalities. The central level requires municipalities to be more self-sufficient in procuring the necessary resources themselves. However, municipalities have limited tax jurisdiction, which they do not utilise due to moral barriers ofsocial closeness to their citizens. As the administrative process for obtaining subsidies is demanding, the capacity building of public goods and services is most often financed by bank loans.","PeriodicalId":42446,"journal":{"name":"Geographia Cassoviensis","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70424736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The energy transformation of EU countries brings challenges in the field of energy policies and forms of state support. Moreover, the introduction of new technologies and the production of energy from renewable sources often face resistance and negative attitudes from the population. Slovakia is a country, which, in addition to decarbonisation, needs to diversify resources and reduce energy dependence on Russia. Especially after the Russian attack on Ukraine in 2022. One of the forms of energy production that has experienced rapid growth is anaerobic digestion in agricultural biogas plants. In the example of Slovakia, this study evaluates the impact of European and national energy policies on changes in the energy mix and the development of energy production from biogas. Subsequently, in the form of guided interviews with biogas plant managers and mayors, and a questionnaire survey in the affected municipalities, it identifies the perception of biogas plants and identifies the factors that shape it. The results show that after the optimization of national energy policies and forms of subsidies, the rapid development of energy production from biogas has slowed down. However, the lessons learned from the case studies offer important insights on how to eliminate the resistance of the local population to the operation of a biogas plant and the overall negative attitudes towards this form of energy production. All the surveyed communities sensitively perceive the negative effects of the biogas plants operation. However, in communities that share the benefits from the plant´s operation (taxes, sponsorship, good image, established economic activities, and new jobs), the plant acceptance is much better. Technology as such, as well as the idea of building additional biogas plants, have much better support in these communities. URL: https://www.gcass.science.upjs.sk/
{"title":"The role and perception of biogas in the energy transformation in Slovakia","authors":"Marián Kulla, L. Novotný, Loránt Pregi","doi":"10.33542/gc2022-1-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33542/gc2022-1-04","url":null,"abstract":"The energy transformation of EU countries brings challenges in the field of energy policies and forms of state support. Moreover, the introduction of new technologies and the production of energy from renewable sources often face resistance and negative attitudes from the population. Slovakia is a country, which, in addition to decarbonisation, needs to diversify resources and reduce energy dependence on Russia. Especially after the Russian attack on Ukraine in 2022. One of the forms of energy production that has experienced rapid growth is anaerobic digestion in agricultural biogas plants. In the example of Slovakia, this study evaluates the impact of European and national energy policies on changes in the energy mix and the development of energy production from biogas. Subsequently, in the form of guided interviews with biogas plant managers and mayors, and a questionnaire survey in the affected municipalities, it identifies the perception of biogas plants and identifies the factors that shape it. The results show that after the optimization of national energy policies and forms of subsidies, the rapid development of energy production from biogas has slowed down. However, the lessons learned from the case studies offer important insights on how to eliminate the resistance of the local population to the operation of a biogas plant and the overall negative attitudes towards this form of energy production. All the surveyed communities sensitively perceive the negative effects of the biogas plants operation. However, in communities that share the benefits from the plant´s operation (taxes, sponsorship, good image, established economic activities, and new jobs), the plant acceptance is much better. Technology as such, as well as the idea of building additional biogas plants, have much better support in these communities. URL: https://www.gcass.science.upjs.sk/","PeriodicalId":42446,"journal":{"name":"Geographia Cassoviensis","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70424377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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