Slovakia's regional health and social care inequities in old age. This study aims to find and analyse inequity between regions in access to health and social care. Focusing on two age groups above 65 and 80, we investigate a possibility that in some regions health and social care deteriorates towards substandard level. We use a static regression test in spatial Durbin specification for the relationships between distribution of demand for health and social care in senior population, and distribution of service providers' network: general practitioners and medical specialists in the first domain, residential social care facilities in the second domain. Significant regression parameters reveal that health and social care correlate in a complex pattern, including indices of population density, settlement hierarchy and competition. Difference between public and private subjects suggests existence of cost effectiveness driving capacities into suburban area. Current intensity of population aging and related growth in cohort size in senior age encourage a novel attitude and reassessment of wellbeing, housing, security, formal and informal support. Increasing longevity creates a simultaneous participation of three or four generations in the family networks at the same time. Social and economic problems arise on basis of inter-generational responsibility. Social care for senior population is one of the most important components of state's institutional sphere. Despite long history and adaptive capacity of public social sector, on background of different socioeconomic contexts, their scope, structure, and spatial accessibility signal inequities. Regional qualities seem structurally linked with healthcare facilities, part of which evolves in a commercial regime. Supply side may avoid the burden of healthcare in old age when health and mobility decline. We pay attention to relationships between healthcare and social care capacities and suggest practical identification of regions and their parts at the municipality scale, in which inaccessibility aggregates. These regions need future spatially well-focused interventions correcting increasing commercial motive shaping distribution of service providers.
{"title":"Regionálne nerovnosti v zdravotnej a sociálnej starostlivosti o seniorov na Slovensku","authors":"Marcela Káčerová, Slavomír Ondoš, Miriam Miláčková","doi":"10.33542/gc2021-2-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33542/gc2021-2-02","url":null,"abstract":"Slovakia's regional health and social care inequities in old age. This study aims to find and analyse inequity between regions in access to health and social care. Focusing on two age groups above 65 and 80, we investigate a possibility that in some regions health and social care deteriorates towards substandard level. We use a static regression test in spatial Durbin specification for the relationships between distribution of demand for health and social care in senior population, and distribution of service providers' network: general practitioners and medical specialists in the first domain, residential social care facilities in the second domain. Significant regression parameters reveal that health and social care correlate in a complex pattern, including indices of population density, settlement hierarchy and competition. Difference between public and private subjects suggests existence of cost effectiveness driving capacities into suburban area. Current intensity of population aging and related growth in cohort size in senior age encourage a novel attitude and reassessment of wellbeing, housing, security, formal and informal support. Increasing longevity creates a simultaneous participation of three or four generations in the family networks at the same time. Social and economic problems arise on basis of inter-generational responsibility. Social care for senior population is one of the most important components of state's institutional sphere. Despite long history and adaptive capacity of public social sector, on background of different socioeconomic contexts, their scope, structure, and spatial accessibility signal inequities. Regional qualities seem structurally linked with healthcare facilities, part of which evolves in a commercial regime. Supply side may avoid the burden of healthcare in old age when health and mobility decline. We pay attention to relationships between healthcare and social care capacities and suggest practical identification of regions and their parts at the municipality scale, in which inaccessibility aggregates. These regions need future spatially well-focused interventions correcting increasing commercial motive shaping distribution of service providers.","PeriodicalId":42446,"journal":{"name":"Geographia Cassoviensis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70424200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tourism is one of the most dynamically developing branches of many national economies, remaining to this day one of the most important industries in the world. However, the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, or to be more precise, radical measures introduced by most governments to prevent its spread, have led to its collapse. The aim of the article is to look at the changes in the occupancy of tourist accommodation facilities (which resulted from political decisions) and to indicate which of these decisions seem most justifiable and relevant. When it comes to the research area, Central Europe was chosen as it is a region which, in the last few years, has recorded annual increases in international tourist traffic. Based on the results of the study conducted, we may state that all Central European countries have recorded a decrease in the occupancy of tourist accommodation facilities in the period from March to June 2020 (a decrease of app. 85% in comparison to the same period last year). Among the least affected by the crisis are Austria, Switzerland, and Slovenia. The situation in the so-called Alpine countries is due to the fact that their governments decided to unfreeze the economy quite early.
{"title":"The impact of political decisions on the tourist accommodation occupancy – Central Europe in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic","authors":"B. Korinth","doi":"10.33542/gc2021-1-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33542/gc2021-1-02","url":null,"abstract":"Tourism is one of the most dynamically developing branches of many national economies, remaining to this day one of the most important industries in the world. However, the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, or to be more precise, radical measures introduced by most governments to prevent its spread, have led to its collapse. The aim of the article is to look at the changes in the occupancy of tourist accommodation facilities (which resulted from political decisions) and to indicate which of these decisions seem most justifiable and relevant. When it comes to the research area, Central Europe was chosen as it is a region which, in the last few years, has recorded annual increases in international tourist traffic. Based on the results of the study conducted, we may state that all Central European countries have recorded a decrease in the occupancy of tourist accommodation facilities in the period from March to June 2020 (a decrease of app. 85% in comparison to the same period last year). Among the least affected by the crisis are Austria, Switzerland, and Slovenia. The situation in the so-called Alpine countries is due to the fact that their governments decided to unfreeze the economy quite early.","PeriodicalId":42446,"journal":{"name":"Geographia Cassoviensis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70423517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The geographic data play an important role in atmospheric and weather forecasting. They influence input physical parameters defining the energy balance and heat and moisture fluxes in the planetary boundary layer. The goal of this paper is to increase the accuracy of the widely used Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) numerical prediction model using a more detailed, 100 m resolution Corine Land Cover 2018 (CLC) and Japanese Space Agency (JAXA) elevation data in comparison to global data from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) containing the MODIS LULC land cover and elevation data. The WRF-ARW variant of the model is applied to a study area of 50x50 km in the Košice region at a microscale level with a spatial resolution of 250 m for June 24, 2020. The GIS4WRF module in QGIS and other GIS tools are used to perform modelling and input and output data preparation and result analysis. The results for both datasets are compared to data measured in local weather stations and statistically evaluated. The use of higher-resolution geographical data improves the overall accuracy of the model for this microscale level.
{"title":"Increasing the accuracy of the WRF-ARW numerical weather prediction model using Corine Land Cover and JAXA data","authors":"Tomáš Fedor, J. Hofierka","doi":"10.33542/gc2021-2-07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33542/gc2021-2-07","url":null,"abstract":"The geographic data play an important role in atmospheric and weather forecasting. They influence input physical parameters defining the energy balance and heat and moisture fluxes in the planetary boundary layer. The goal of this paper is to increase the accuracy of the widely used Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) numerical prediction model using a more detailed, 100 m resolution Corine Land Cover 2018 (CLC) and Japanese Space Agency (JAXA) elevation data in comparison to global data from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) containing the MODIS LULC land cover and elevation data. The WRF-ARW variant of the model is applied to a study area of 50x50 km in the Košice region at a microscale level with a spatial resolution of 250 m for June 24, 2020. The GIS4WRF module in QGIS and other GIS tools are used to perform modelling and input and output data preparation and result analysis. The results for both datasets are compared to data measured in local weather stations and statistically evaluated. The use of higher-resolution geographical data improves the overall accuracy of the model for this microscale level.","PeriodicalId":42446,"journal":{"name":"Geographia Cassoviensis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70424234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fertility in Slovakia has been undergoing significant, and in many aspects historically unique transformational changes for almost three decades. The main features include a decrease in the intensity of childbearing, changes in the fertility tempo in the context of postponement transition, as well as in the age concentration of reproduction and the legitimacy of children. These changes appear to be characterized by significant temporal and spatial differences. The main aim of the paper is to analyze these transformational changes in the fertility process at the district level in two time sections. Based on the acquired knowledge, we then try to create a typology of districts of Slovakia in terms of intensity, timing (age distribution) and the legitimacy of fertility. In this way, we try to contribute to the current evaluation of the current state, the identification of spatial differences and possible changes in time, which in such a comprehensive form have not yet been implemented at the regional level in Slovakia. Using an anonymised primary database from childbirth surveys, indicators were constructed for two 5-year periods presenting fertility quantum and tempo, contributions of selected age groups to total fertility rates, as well as the legitimacy of children born. Subsequently, using the factor and cluster method, a typology of districts of Slovakia was created in terms of the state of the fertility process in the first half of the 90s and at present.
{"title":"Transformácia plodnosti na Slovensku v čase a priestore","authors":"Branislav Šprocha, Vladimír Bačík","doi":"10.33542/gc2021-1-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33542/gc2021-1-03","url":null,"abstract":"Fertility in Slovakia has been undergoing significant, and in many aspects historically unique transformational changes for almost three decades. The main features include a decrease in the intensity of childbearing, changes in the fertility tempo in the context of postponement transition, as well as in the age concentration of reproduction and the legitimacy of children. These changes appear to be characterized by significant temporal and spatial differences. The main aim of the paper is to analyze these transformational changes in the fertility process at the district level in two time sections. Based on the acquired knowledge, we then try to create a typology of districts of Slovakia in terms of intensity, timing (age distribution) and the legitimacy of fertility. In this way, we try to contribute to the current evaluation of the current state, the identification of spatial differences and possible changes in time, which in such a comprehensive form have not yet been implemented at the regional level in Slovakia. Using an anonymised primary database from childbirth surveys, indicators were constructed for two 5-year periods presenting fertility quantum and tempo, contributions of selected age groups to total fertility rates, as well as the legitimacy of children born. Subsequently, using the factor and cluster method, a typology of districts of Slovakia was created in terms of the state of the fertility process in the first half of the 90s and at present.","PeriodicalId":42446,"journal":{"name":"Geographia Cassoviensis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70423528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Davoud Omarzadeh, S. A. Eslaminezhad, M. Eftekhari, M. Akbar
The occurrence of landslides has always been a problem in spatial planning as an environmental threat. The aim of the present study was to zoning landslide sensitive areas in the Urmia Lake Basin and to investigate the correlation between the characteristics of the region and the amount of landslide. To achieve these purposes, the situation of landslide sensitive areas in the Lake Urmia Basin was investigated using a combination of Fuzzy and Analytical Network Process (ANP) methods. The criteria' weight is obtained using the ANP, fuzzy Membership command, linear function, the fuzzy weight of the sub-criteria, and their fuzzy membership degree (between 0 and 1) are calculated. The weighted raster layers were combined using the Gamma overlay function. As a result of this operation, a classified map has been obtained which shows that 16.6% of the area has a very high landslide susceptibility, and the highest area of the study area, i.e., 27.32%, has a relatively high landslide susceptibility. The results of the present study were compared with the data recorded using field observations at landslide sites. The results showed that out of 182 points collected, 148 points (equivalent to 81.31%) correspond to class 6 (very high landslide susceptibility) and class 7 (extremely probable). The results of this research can be used in crisis management, identifying the suitability of the region in terms of geomorphological features, identifying environmental and natural hazards.
{"title":"Landslide susceptibility assessment using an integrated approach of the analytic network process and fuzzy logic, a case of Urmia Lake Basin","authors":"Davoud Omarzadeh, S. A. Eslaminezhad, M. Eftekhari, M. Akbar","doi":"10.33542/gc2021-1-06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33542/gc2021-1-06","url":null,"abstract":"The occurrence of landslides has always been a problem in spatial planning as an environmental threat. The aim of the present study was to zoning landslide sensitive areas in the Urmia Lake Basin and to investigate the correlation between the characteristics of the region and the amount of landslide. To achieve these purposes, the situation of landslide sensitive areas in the Lake Urmia Basin was investigated using a combination of Fuzzy and Analytical Network Process (ANP) methods. The criteria' weight is obtained using the ANP, fuzzy Membership command, linear function, the fuzzy weight of the sub-criteria, and their fuzzy membership degree (between 0 and 1) are calculated. The weighted raster layers were combined using the Gamma overlay function. As a result of this operation, a classified map has been obtained which shows that 16.6% of the area has a very high landslide susceptibility, and the highest area of the study area, i.e., 27.32%, has a relatively high landslide susceptibility. The results of the present study were compared with the data recorded using field observations at landslide sites. The results showed that out of 182 points collected, 148 points (equivalent to 81.31%) correspond to class 6 (very high landslide susceptibility) and class 7 (extremely probable). The results of this research can be used in crisis management, identifying the suitability of the region in terms of geomorphological features, identifying environmental and natural hazards.","PeriodicalId":42446,"journal":{"name":"Geographia Cassoviensis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70423769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The main aim of the paper is to identify the success rate in time and space of political parties with a more conservative electorate and those with a more liberal voters in Slovakia based on the results of parliamentary elections in the last twenty years and to conduct a subsequent correlation analysis of selected socioeconomic parameters (urbanisation rate, registered unemployment rate, the share of persons over 65 years of age, the share of persons with religious faith and share of university-educated persons) and the spatial distribution of conservative or liberal voters. We identify the success rate of parties with a more conservative or more liberal electorate at the level of the Slovak Republic as a whole, as well as in its regions and districts, in the parliamentary elections from 2002 onward, while also evaluating the issue through the spatially disaggregated results of the referendum on the family (2015). Based on statistical analysis, liberal vote rs in Slovakia are more notably concentrated in urban areas, particularly in districts with a lower level of unemployment, a higher share of people with a university education and non-religious residents. On the other hand, conservative voters are more evenly distributed throughout the country, and in their case, the highest statistical association identified among the monitored socioeconomic indicators related to the share of the population professing a certain religion. The highest summary statistical dependence among the examined variables in terms of the conservative-liberal conflict line was identified for indicators of the degree of urbanisation, the share of persons without religious confession and the share of university-educated people. It seems, given the current social situation opening up the liberal or secular ideas, that in the future the conflict of conservative and liberal values represented by specific parties and a significant number of voters in political struggle will become more significant, and not only in post-socialist countries. All the more important will be such studies, e.g. also in the context of setting up appropriate political marketing and effective election campaigns of political parties.
{"title":"Geography of the conservative-liberal cleavage and selected factors influencing the distribution of conservative and liberal voters in Slovakia","authors":"Tomáš Harmaňoš, Martin Plešivčák","doi":"10.33542/gc2021-2-05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33542/gc2021-2-05","url":null,"abstract":"The main aim of the paper is to identify the success rate in time and space of political parties with a more conservative electorate and those with a more liberal voters in Slovakia based on the results of parliamentary elections in the last twenty years and to conduct a subsequent correlation analysis of selected socioeconomic parameters (urbanisation rate, registered unemployment rate, the share of persons over 65 years of age, the share of persons with religious faith and share of university-educated persons) and the spatial distribution of conservative or liberal voters. We identify the success rate of parties with a more conservative or more liberal electorate at the level of the Slovak Republic as a whole, as well as in its regions and districts, in the parliamentary elections from 2002 onward, while also evaluating the issue through the spatially disaggregated results of the referendum on the family (2015). Based on statistical analysis, liberal vote rs in Slovakia are more notably concentrated in urban areas, particularly in districts with a lower level of unemployment, a higher share of people with a university education and non-religious residents. On the other hand, conservative voters are more evenly distributed throughout the country, and in their case, the highest statistical association identified among the monitored socioeconomic indicators related to the share of the population professing a certain religion. The highest summary statistical dependence among the examined variables in terms of the conservative-liberal conflict line was identified for indicators of the degree of urbanisation, the share of persons without religious confession and the share of university-educated people. It seems, given the current social situation opening up the liberal or secular ideas, that in the future the conflict of conservative and liberal values represented by specific parties and a significant number of voters in political struggle will become more significant, and not only in post-socialist countries. All the more important will be such studies, e.g. also in the context of setting up appropriate political marketing and effective election campaigns of political parties.","PeriodicalId":42446,"journal":{"name":"Geographia Cassoviensis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70424086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Access to fresh water and sanity represent elementary human rights leading to a healthy life and high life quality. Among other features of social exclusion, poor access to basic infrastructure such as drinking water pipelines and public sewage systems may adversely affect human health and cause high risk of epidemics related to poor hygienic conditions. Not surprisingly, communities with low hygienic conditions and poor access to drinking water are often at high risk of spreading Covid-19. In Slovakia, numerous communities of Roma ethnicity have been repeatedly reported to have no or limited access to sewage and drinking water pipeline systems. The principal aim of our paper is to analyse the quality of access to various water sources in Roma communities located in NUTS2 East Slovakia consisting of Prešov and Košice Self-Governing Regions. Our ambition is to show how the level of spatial segregation of Roma communities affects the quality of access to healthy water sources. The database used in the paper allows covering regional and partly also local territorial levels of scope. Specifically, we attempt to show the conditions in the most segregated Roma communities located apart from built-up areas of municipalities with generally poor access to drinking water.
{"title":"Na ceste z chudoby a sociálneho vylúčenia? Dostupnosť pitnej vody v rómskych komunitách na východnom Slovensku","authors":"Alena Rochovská, Marcel Horňák, Richard Hluško","doi":"10.33542/gc2021-1-05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33542/gc2021-1-05","url":null,"abstract":"Access to fresh water and sanity represent elementary human rights leading to a healthy life and high life quality. Among other features of social exclusion, poor access to basic infrastructure such as drinking water pipelines and public sewage systems may adversely affect human health and cause high risk of epidemics related to poor hygienic conditions. Not surprisingly, communities with low hygienic conditions and poor access to drinking water are often at high risk of spreading Covid-19. In Slovakia, numerous communities of Roma ethnicity have been repeatedly reported to have no or limited access to sewage and drinking water pipeline systems. The principal aim of our paper is to analyse the quality of access to various water sources in Roma communities located in NUTS2 East Slovakia consisting of Prešov and Košice Self-Governing Regions. Our ambition is to show how the level of spatial segregation of Roma communities affects the quality of access to healthy water sources. The database used in the paper allows covering regional and partly also local territorial levels of scope. Specifically, we attempt to show the conditions in the most segregated Roma communities located apart from built-up areas of municipalities with generally poor access to drinking water.","PeriodicalId":42446,"journal":{"name":"Geographia Cassoviensis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70423678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To establish the success of any river engineering revetment, post-project monitoring is a critical part of the process. Vegetation structures often lack detailed biological or geomorphological data to aid management procedures and project planning. Apart from the survival and growth rates, data mapping detailed changes on the riverbed and its response to bankfull events are critical. Riverbed adjacent to two willow spilling structures on the River Stour in East Anglia, UK, was surveyed before and after high flow events. The random field data were gridded using Radial Basis Function with Multiquadric option (RBF MQ) to reconstruct the surface most accurately, as it was found to be the most effective out of three methods tested. Data were gridded, sliced and cross-sections were plotted and compared at each site before and soon after high flow events. Image maps were generated, and volumetric changes were calculated. At both sites, erosion dominated in the upstream and sedimentation in the downstream sections of the bed surveyed. Structure undercutting occurred at gravel site up to 29 cm which is a rate that needs a management intervention to prevent project failure.
{"title":"Riverbed response to high flows with installed willow spiling using Multiquadric Radial Basis Function (RBFMQ)","authors":"Lenka Balážovičová","doi":"10.33542/gc2021-2-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33542/gc2021-2-01","url":null,"abstract":"To establish the success of any river engineering revetment, post-project monitoring is a critical part of the process. Vegetation structures often lack detailed biological or geomorphological data to aid management procedures and project planning. Apart from the survival and growth rates, data mapping detailed changes on the riverbed and its response to bankfull events are critical. Riverbed adjacent to two willow spilling structures on the River Stour in East Anglia, UK, was surveyed before and after high flow events. The random field data were gridded using Radial Basis Function with Multiquadric option (RBF MQ) to reconstruct the surface most accurately, as it was found to be the most effective out of three methods tested. Data were gridded, sliced and cross-sections were plotted and compared at each site before and soon after high flow events. Image maps were generated, and volumetric changes were calculated. At both sites, erosion dominated in the upstream and sedimentation in the downstream sections of the bed surveyed. Structure undercutting occurred at gravel site up to 29 cm which is a rate that needs a management intervention to prevent project failure.","PeriodicalId":42446,"journal":{"name":"Geographia Cassoviensis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70424181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The issue of graphic map load is currently very often overlooked. Conversely, having an objective knowledge of the level of a map load helps cartographers to assume the map’s readability and suitability for a target group of users. The aim of this study is, therefore, to use the Graphic Map Load Measuring Tool (GMLMT) and Subband Entropy script as objective metrics to evaluate the influence of terrain type (plains, hills, highlands, mountains, high mountains) and elevation representation method (contour lines, shading, colour hypsometry and their combinations) to graphic map load. The resulting map load values are visualized using multiple bar graphs and tables. Measurements performed using individual metrics confirmed the assumption that the map load of various terrain types differs the most when using contour lines. Hypsography using contour lines also reached the highest graphic map load among other methods. Hillshading and colour hypsography each also react specifically to increasing elevation differences. While graphic map load is increasing with increasing elevation differences, in the case of hillshading, map load seems to be more dependent on small terrain shapes and fragmentation of hillsides’ aspect.
{"title":"Vliv znázornění výškopisu v různých typech reliéfu na grafickou náplň map","authors":"Monika Jílková, Radek Barvíř, Vít Voženílek","doi":"10.33542/gc2021-2-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33542/gc2021-2-03","url":null,"abstract":"The issue of graphic map load is currently very often overlooked. Conversely, having an objective knowledge of the level of a map load helps cartographers to assume the map’s readability and suitability for a target group of users. The aim of this study is, therefore, to use the Graphic Map Load Measuring Tool (GMLMT) and Subband Entropy script as objective metrics to evaluate the influence of terrain type (plains, hills, highlands, mountains, high mountains) and elevation representation method (contour lines, shading, colour hypsometry and their combinations) to graphic map load. The resulting map load values are visualized using multiple bar graphs and tables. Measurements performed using individual metrics confirmed the assumption that the map load of various terrain types differs the most when using contour lines. Hypsography using contour lines also reached the highest graphic map load among other methods. Hillshading and colour hypsography each also react specifically to increasing elevation differences. While graphic map load is increasing with increasing elevation differences, in the case of hillshading, map load seems to be more dependent on small terrain shapes and fragmentation of hillsides’ aspect.","PeriodicalId":42446,"journal":{"name":"Geographia Cassoviensis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70424332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Civic participation within the implementation of changes in the territory is a valuable tool for ensuring social sustainability and overall sustainable development; at the same time, it provides valuable feedback for politicians and experts who implement land use planning in practice. The main objective of the article is to identify in what way civic engagement is carried out in the area of land use planning, in what segments and under what circumstances citizens enter the planning process, and how often they use their legal options to influence it. The research was focused on small municipalities in the Ústí nad Labem Region with a population of 350 to 449. The field research was carried out in the form of discussions with individual mayors of the municipalities. In the Czech Republic, participation of citizens in land use planning does take place, but only to a limited extent. Citizens usually enter the process of land use planning if they are pursuing a particular interest or trying to influence an intention which may affect the entire life of the municipality. In the long term, it is appropriate to motivate inhabitants towards participation through the local government presenting the actual results achieved by the use of data and information from citizens. The article provides a comprehensive view of the issues of civic participation and its practice in small municipalities of the Czech Republic, from the viewpoint and perception of their mayors.
市民参与香港变革的实施，是确保社会可持续发展和整体可持续发展的宝贵工具;同时，它也为实际实施土地利用规划的政治家和专家提供了宝贵的反馈。本文的主要目的是确定在土地利用规划领域公民参与的方式，公民在哪些部分和在什么情况下进入规划过程，以及他们使用法律选择来影响规划过程的频率。这项研究的重点是人口在350至449人的Ústí - nad Labem地区的小城市。实地研究是以与各市市长个别讨论的形式进行的。在捷克共和国，确实有公民参与土地使用规划，但只是在有限的程度上。公民通常在追求特定利益或试图影响可能影响市政当局整个生活的意图时才参与土地使用规划过程。从长远来看，通过地方政府展示利用公民数据和信息所取得的实际成果，鼓励居民参与是适当的。这篇文章从捷克共和国小城市市长的观点和看法全面地介绍了公民参与问题及其实践。
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