Michael L. W. Jones, Robert Rieger, Paul Treadwell, Geri Gay
Digital library research is made more robust and effective when end-user opinions and viewpoints inform the research, design and development process. A rich understanding of user tasks and contexts is especially necessary when investigating the use of mobile computers in traditional and digital library environments, since the nature and scope of the research questions at hand remain relatively undefined. This paper outlines findings from a library technologies user survey and on-site mobile library access prototype testing, and presents future research directions that can be derived from the results of these two studies.
{"title":"Live from the stacks: user feedback on mobile computers and wireless tools for library patrons","authors":"Michael L. W. Jones, Robert Rieger, Paul Treadwell, Geri Gay","doi":"10.1145/336597.336646","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/336597.336646","url":null,"abstract":"Digital library research is made more robust and effective when end-user opinions and viewpoints inform the research, design and development process. A rich understanding of user tasks and contexts is especially necessary when investigating the use of mobile computers in traditional and digital library environments, since the nature and scope of the research questions at hand remain relatively undefined. This paper outlines findings from a library technologies user survey and on-site mobile library access prototype testing, and presents future research directions that can be derived from the results of these two studies.","PeriodicalId":42447,"journal":{"name":"Digital Library Perspectives","volume":"40 1","pages":"95-102"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2000-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74616350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The process of building a geospatial component to access existing materials in the Perseus Digital Library has raised interesting questions about the interaction between historical and geospatial data. The traditional methods of describing geographic features' names and locations do not provide a complete solution for historical data such as that in the Perseus Digital Library. Very often data sources for a spatial database must be created from the historical materials themselves.
{"title":"Generating and reintegrating geospatial data","authors":"Robert F. Chavez","doi":"10.1145/336597.336684","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/336597.336684","url":null,"abstract":"The process of building a geospatial component to access existing materials in the Perseus Digital Library has raised interesting questions about the interaction between historical and geospatial data. The traditional methods of describing geographic features' names and locations do not provide a complete solution for historical data such as that in the Perseus Digital Library. Very often data sources for a spatial database must be created from the historical materials themselves.","PeriodicalId":42447,"journal":{"name":"Digital Library Perspectives","volume":"116 1","pages":"250-251"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2000-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79360177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper introduces an approach that organizes retrieval results semantically and displays them spatially for browsing. Latent Semantic Analysis as well as cluster techniques are applied for semantic data analysis. A modified Boltzman algorithm is used to layout documents in a two-dimensional space for interactive exploration. The approach was implemented to visualize retrieval results from two different databases: the Science Citation Index Expanded and theDido Image Bank.
本文介绍了一种对检索结果进行语义组织和空间显示以供浏览的方法。潜在语义分析和聚类技术被应用于语义数据分析。采用改进的玻尔兹曼算法在二维空间中进行文档布局，便于交互探索。该方法被用于可视化两个不同数据库的检索结果:Science Citation Index Expanded和theDido Image Bank。
{"title":"Extracting and visualizing semantic structures in retrieval results for browsing","authors":"K. Börner","doi":"10.1145/336597.336672","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/336597.336672","url":null,"abstract":"The paper introduces an approach that organizes retrieval results semantically and displays them spatially for browsing. Latent Semantic Analysis as well as cluster techniques are applied for semantic data analysis. A modified Boltzman algorithm is used to layout documents in a two-dimensional space for interactive exploration. The approach was implemented to visualize retrieval results from two different databases: the Science Citation Index Expanded and theDido Image Bank.","PeriodicalId":42447,"journal":{"name":"Digital Library Perspectives","volume":"42 1","pages":"234-235"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2000-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86547424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Significant efforts are being made to digitize rare and valuable library materials, with the goal of providing patrons and historians digital facsimiles that capture the "look and feel" of the original materials. This is often done by digitally photographing the materials and making high resolution 2D images available. The underlying assumption is that the objects are flat. However, older materials may not be flat in practice, being warped and crinkled due to decay, neglect, accident and the passing of time. In such cases, 2D imaging is insufficient to capture the "look and feel" of the original. For these materials, 3D acquisition is necessary to create a realistic facsimile. This paper outlines a technique for capturing an accurate 3D representation of library materials which can be integrated directly into current digitization setups. This will allow digitization efforts to provide patrons with more realistic digital facsimile of library materials.
{"title":"Beyond 2D images: effective 3D imaging for library materials","authors":"M. S. Brown, W. Seales","doi":"10.1145/336597.336623","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/336597.336623","url":null,"abstract":"Significant efforts are being made to digitize rare and valuable library materials, with the goal of providing patrons and historians digital facsimiles that capture the \"look and feel\" of the original materials. This is often done by digitally photographing the materials and making high resolution 2D images available. The underlying assumption is that the objects are flat. However, older materials may not be flat in practice, being warped and crinkled due to decay, neglect, accident and the passing of time. In such cases, 2D imaging is insufficient to capture the \"look and feel\" of the original. For these materials, 3D acquisition is necessary to create a realistic facsimile. This paper outlines a technique for capturing an accurate 3D representation of library materials which can be integrated directly into current digitization setups. This will allow digitization efforts to provide patrons with more realistic digital facsimile of library materials.","PeriodicalId":42447,"journal":{"name":"Digital Library Perspectives","volume":"4 1","pages":"27-36"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2000-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87093604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study was designed to examine user beliefs and behavior on the selection and use of search features and search interfaces. Five weeks of user logs were taken from a user-targeted collection and surveys were administered immediately before and after this time period. Survey results indicate a significant correlation between a user's level of effort and their perceived benefit from that effort.Reported search feature use increased by more than 35% over the fiveweeks. This raises the question of how the behavior of an Internet user changes over time. Results from the log files were inconclusive but suggest a reluctance to use the advanced search interface.
{"title":"User effort in query construction and interface selection","authors":"Paul Gerwe, C. Viles","doi":"10.1145/336597.336679","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/336597.336679","url":null,"abstract":"This study was designed to examine user beliefs and behavior on the selection and use of search features and search interfaces. Five weeks of user logs were taken from a user-targeted collection and surveys were administered immediately before and after this time period. Survey results indicate a significant correlation between a user's level of effort and their perceived benefit from that effort.Reported search feature use increased by more than 35% over the fiveweeks. This raises the question of how the behavior of an Internet user changes over time. Results from the log files were inconclusive but suggest a reluctance to use the advanced search interface.","PeriodicalId":42447,"journal":{"name":"Digital Library Perspectives","volume":"48 1","pages":"246-247"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2000-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85122916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Digital library search results are usually shown as a textual list, with 10-20 items per page. Viewing several thousand search results at once on a two-dimensional display with continuous variables is a promising alternative. Since these displays can overwhelm some users, we created a simplified two-dimensional display that uses categorical and hierarchical axes, called hieraxes. Users appreciate the meaningful and limited number of terms on each hieraxis. At each grid point of the display we show a cluster of color-coded dots or a bar chart. Users see the entire result set and can then click on labels to move down a level in the hierarchy. Handling broad hierarchies and arranging for imposed hierarchies led to additional design innovations. We applied hieraxes to a digital video library of science topics used by middle school teachers, a legal information system, and a technical library using the ACM Computing Classification System. Feedback from usability testing with 32 subjects revealed strengths and weaknesses.
{"title":"Visualizing digital library search results with categorical and hierarchical axes","authors":"B. Shneiderman, David Feldman, A. Rose, X. Ferré","doi":"10.1145/336597.336637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/336597.336637","url":null,"abstract":"Digital library search results are usually shown as a textual list, with 10-20 items per page. Viewing several thousand search results at once on a two-dimensional display with continuous variables is a promising alternative. Since these displays can overwhelm some users, we created a simplified two-dimensional display that uses categorical and hierarchical axes, called hieraxes. Users appreciate the meaningful and limited number of terms on each hieraxis. At each grid point of the display we show a cluster of color-coded dots or a bar chart. Users see the entire result set and can then click on labels to move down a level in the hierarchy. Handling broad hierarchies and arranging for imposed hierarchies led to additional design innovations. We applied hieraxes to a digital video library of science topics used by middle school teachers, a legal information system, and a technical library using the ACM Computing Classification System. Feedback from usability testing with 32 subjects revealed strengths and weaknesses.","PeriodicalId":42447,"journal":{"name":"Digital Library Perspectives","volume":"3 1","pages":"57-66"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2000-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85723325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Digital library research is mostly focused on the generation of large collections of multimedia resources and state-of-the-art tools for their indexing and retrieval. However, digital libraries should provide more than advanced collection maintenance and retrieval services since the ultimate goal of any (academic) library is to serve the scholarly needs of its users. This paper begins by presenting a case for digital scholarship in which patrons perform all scholarly work electronically. A proposal is then made for patron-augmented digital libraries (PADLs), a class of digital libraries that supports the digital scholarship of its patrons. Finally, a prototype PADL (called Synchrony) providing access to video segments and associated textual transcripts is described. Synchrony allows patrons to search the library for artifacts, create annotations/original compositions, integrate these artifacts to form synchronized mixed text and video presentations and, after suitable review, publish these presentations into the digital library if desired. A study to evaluate the PADL concept and the usability of Synchrony is also discussed. The study revealed that participants were able to use Synchrony for the authoring and publishing of presentations and that attitudes toward PADLs were generally positive.
{"title":"Patron-augmented digital libraries","authors":"D. Goh, J. Leggett","doi":"10.1145/336597.336656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/336597.336656","url":null,"abstract":"Digital library research is mostly focused on the generation of large collections of multimedia resources and state-of-the-art tools for their indexing and retrieval. However, digital libraries should provide more than advanced collection maintenance and retrieval services since the ultimate goal of any (academic) library is to serve the scholarly needs of its users. This paper begins by presenting a case for digital scholarship in which patrons perform all scholarly work electronically. A proposal is then made for patron-augmented digital libraries (PADLs), a class of digital libraries that supports the digital scholarship of its patrons. Finally, a prototype PADL (called Synchrony) providing access to video segments and associated textual transcripts is described. Synchrony allows patrons to search the library for artifacts, create annotations/original compositions, integrate these artifacts to form synchronized mixed text and video presentations and, after suitable review, publish these presentations into the digital library if desired. A study to evaluate the PADL concept and the usability of Synchrony is also discussed. The study revealed that participants were able to use Synchrony for the authoring and publishing of presentations and that attitudes toward PADLs were generally positive.","PeriodicalId":42447,"journal":{"name":"Digital Library Perspectives","volume":"6 1","pages":"153-163"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2000-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75674715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper describes KeyLinking, a framework for dynamic resolution of soft and implied hypertext links to the most appropriate available resource at the time of usage.
{"title":"KeyLinking: dynamic hypertext in a digital library","authors":"Bob Pritchett","doi":"10.1145/336597.336677","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/336597.336677","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes KeyLinking, a framework for dynamic resolution of soft and implied hypertext links to the most appropriate available resource at the time of usage.","PeriodicalId":42447,"journal":{"name":"Digital Library Perspectives","volume":"38 1","pages":"242-243"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2000-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77014793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Text documents often contain valuable structured data that is hidden Yin regular English sentences. This data is best exploited infavailable as arelational table that we could use for answering precise queries or running data mining tasks.We explore a technique for extracting such tables from document collections that requires only a handful of training examples from users. These examples are used to generate extraction patterns, that in turn result in new tuples being extracted from the document collection.We build on this idea and present our Snowball system. Snowball introduces novel strategies for generating patterns and extracting tuples from plain-text documents.At each iteration of the extraction process, Snowball evaluates the quality of these patterns and tuples without human intervention,and keeps only the most reliable ones for the next iteration. In this paper we also develop a scalable evaluation methodology and metrics for our task, and present a thorough experimental evaluation of Snowball and comparable techniques over a collection of more than 300,000 newspaper documents.
{"title":"Snowball: extracting relations from large plain-text collections","authors":"Eugene Agichtein, L. Gravano","doi":"10.1145/336597.336644","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/336597.336644","url":null,"abstract":"Text documents often contain valuable structured data that is hidden Yin regular English sentences. This data is best exploited infavailable as arelational table that we could use for answering precise queries or running data mining tasks.We explore a technique for extracting such tables from document collections that requires only a handful of training examples from users. These examples are used to generate extraction patterns, that in turn result in new tuples being extracted from the document collection.We build on this idea and present our Snowball system. Snowball introduces novel strategies for generating patterns and extracting tuples from plain-text documents.At each iteration of the extraction process, Snowball evaluates the quality of these patterns and tuples without human intervention,and keeps only the most reliable ones for the next iteration. In this paper we also develop a scalable evaluation methodology and metrics for our task, and present a thorough experimental evaluation of Snowball and comparable techniques over a collection of more than 300,000 newspaper documents.","PeriodicalId":42447,"journal":{"name":"Digital Library Perspectives","volume":"200 1","pages":"85-94"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2000-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74993470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Hitchcock, L. Carr, Z. Jiao, Donna Bergmark, W. Hall, C. Lagoze, S. Harnad
The rapid growth of scholarly information resources available in electronic form and their organisation by digital libraries is proving fertile ground for the development of sophisticated new services, of which citation linking will be one indispensable example. Many new projects, partnerships and commercial agreements have been announced to build citation linking applications. This paper describes the Open Citation (OpCit) project, which will focus on linking papers held in freely accessible eprint archives such as the Los Alamos physics archives and other distributed archives, and which will build on the work of the Open Archives initiative to make the data held in such archives available to compliant services. The paper emphasises the work of the project in the context of emerging digital library information environments, explores how a range of new linking tools might be combined and identifies ways in which different linking applications might converge. Some early results of linked pages from the OpCit project are reported.
{"title":"Developing services for open eprint archives: globalisation, integration and the impact of links","authors":"S. Hitchcock, L. Carr, Z. Jiao, Donna Bergmark, W. Hall, C. Lagoze, S. Harnad","doi":"10.1145/336597.336655","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/336597.336655","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid growth of scholarly information resources available in electronic form and their organisation by digital libraries is proving fertile ground for the development of sophisticated new services, of which citation linking will be one indispensable example. Many new projects, partnerships and commercial agreements have been announced to build citation linking applications. This paper describes the Open Citation (OpCit) project, which will focus on linking papers held in freely accessible eprint archives such as the Los Alamos physics archives and other distributed archives, and which will build on the work of the Open Archives initiative to make the data held in such archives available to compliant services. The paper emphasises the work of the project in the context of emerging digital library information environments, explores how a range of new linking tools might be combined and identifies ways in which different linking applications might converge. Some early results of linked pages from the OpCit project are reported.","PeriodicalId":42447,"journal":{"name":"Digital Library Perspectives","volume":"246 1 1","pages":"143-151"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2000-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86196741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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