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Archibald Campbell, Critic of Hobbes 阿奇博尔德-坎贝尔,霍布斯批评家
IF 1.2 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2024-07-30 DOI: 10.1163/18750257-bja10077
Robin Douglass

In the 1733 edition of An Enquiry into the Original of Moral Virtue, Archibald Campbell added two lengthy discussions of Thomas Hobbes’s views on human nature and sociability. Taken together, these constitute what is probably the most detailed engagement with Hobbes’s thought in the early decades of the eighteenth century, at least amongst British moral philosophers. This article reconstructs and analyses Campbell’s criticisms of Hobbes. In particular, it shows how Campbell responds to the opening chapter of De Cive – where Hobbes had famously denied “that Man is an Animal born fit for Society” – by maintaining that the desire of esteem, or honour, is in fact evidence that humans are naturally sociable creatures. In examining Hobbes’s account of human conflict, Campbell further argues that what Hobbes took to be features of our natural condition arise only once our desire of esteem is corrupted within civil societies.

在 1733 年版的《道德本源探究》中,阿奇博尔德-坎贝尔对托马斯-霍布斯关于人性和社会性的观点进行了长篇讨论。这些论述加在一起,可能是十八世纪早期几十年中对霍布斯思想最详尽的论述,至少在英国道德哲学家中是如此。本文重构并分析了坎贝尔对霍布斯的批评。特别是,文章展示了坎贝尔如何回应《De Cive》的开头一章--霍布斯在该章中著名地否认 "人是天生适合社会的动物"--坚持认为,对自尊或荣誉的渴望实际上是人类天生善于交际的证据。在研究霍布斯关于人类冲突的论述时,坎贝尔进一步指出,只有当我们的自尊欲望在公民社会中受到破坏时,霍布斯认为的人类自然条件的特征才会出现。
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引用次数: 0
Transubstantiation, Absurdity, and the Religious Imagination: Hobbes and Rational Christianity 变体、荒谬与宗教想象:霍布斯与理性基督教
IF 1.2 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2024-05-11 DOI: 10.1163/18750257-bja10072
Amy Chandran
This article evaluates the political implications of Thomas Hobbes’s extensive treatment of religion by taking up the motif of the Eucharist (and accompanying doctrine of transubstantiation) in Leviathan. Hobbes holds out transubstantiation as an exemplar of absurdity and an historical outgrowth of Christianity’s inauspicious meeting with pagan practices. At the same time, Leviathan contains allusions to eucharistic imagery in its narration of the generation of the “Mortal God,” the commonwealth, as the incorporation of a civil body. These conflicting sentiments are illustrative of a wider tension running through Hobbes’s thought. Although Hobbes’s repudiation of superstition is well-known, it stands in stark contrast to Leviathan’s treatment of Christianity as an exemplar of “true” religion. The varied allusions to eucharistic doctrine illustrate how proper use might be made of a persistent “natural religiosity.” Both in its consonance with reason and its political logic, Christianity remains a politically constructive expression of “power invisible.”
本文以《利维坦》中的圣餐仪式(以及随之而来的 "变体 "学说)为主题,评估了托马斯-霍布斯对宗教的广泛论述所产生的政治影响。霍布斯认为,圣餐变体是荒谬的典范,也是基督教与异教习俗不幸相遇的历史产物。与此同时,《利维坦》在叙述 "凡人之神 "的产生时,包含了圣餐意象的典故,即联邦作为一个公民团体的合并。这些相互冲突的情感说明了霍布斯思想中更广泛的紧张关系。尽管霍布斯对迷信的否定是众所周知的,但这与《利维坦》将基督教视为 "真正 "宗教的典范形成了鲜明对比。圣餐教义的各种典故说明了如何正确利用持久的 "自然宗教性"。无论是从其与理性的一致性还是从其政治逻辑来看,基督教仍然是 "无形权力 "在政治上的建设性表达。
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引用次数: 0
Hobbes, Locke, and the Christian Commonwealth 霍布斯、洛克与基督教联邦
IF 1.2 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2024-04-12 DOI: 10.1163/18750257-bja10074
Timothy Stanton, Tim Stuart-Buttle

Locke refrained from engaging explicitly with Hobbes in any of his writings. Locke’s policy of non-engagement should be interpreted, we argue, neither as evidence of his lack of interest in (or ignorance of) Hobbes’s arguments, nor as an attempt to conceal from the uninitiated Locke’s covert Hobbesian commitments. Locke’s silence reveals rather than conceals. What it reveals is an absolute determination to “distinguish between the business of civil government and that of religion, and to mark the true bounds between them”. Approached in this way, precisely because Locke’s account of the “business of civil government” says nothing about ecclesiastical government, the second of Two Treatises can be read, in its entirety, as a powerful critical response to Hobbes. To see why, it is necessary to grasp that Part iii of Leviathan (“Of a Christian Common-wealth”) is integral to Hobbes’s positive argumentative purposes in the work.

洛克在其任何著作中都没有与霍布斯进行明确的交流。我们认为,洛克的不参与政策既不应该被解释为他对霍布斯的论点缺乏兴趣(或无知)的证据,也不应该被解释为洛克试图向不了解霍布斯的人掩盖其隐秘的霍布斯承诺。洛克的沉默是揭示而不是掩盖。它所揭示的是一种绝对的决心,即 "区分文官政府的事务与宗教的事务,并在两者之间划出真正的界限"。正因为洛克关于 "文官政府的事务 "的论述对教会政府只字未提,所以《两论》的第二部分可以作为对霍布斯的有力批判性回应来整体解读。要了解其中的原因,就必须了解《利维坦》第三部分("关于基督教的公有制")是霍布斯在这部著作中积极论证目的的组成部分。
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引用次数: 0
Hobbes and Locke: Meaning, Method, Modernity: Introduction 霍布斯与洛克意义、方法、现代性:导言
IF 1.2 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2024-04-11 DOI: 10.1163/18750257-bja10073
Timothy Stanton, Tim Stuart-Buttle

An introduction to the special issue on Hobbes and Locke: Meaning, Method, Modernity.

霍布斯与洛克特刊导言:意义、方法、现代性。
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引用次数: 0
A Note from the Editor 编辑的注释
0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2023-10-17 DOI: 10.1163/18750257-bja10070
Deborah Baumgold
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引用次数: 0
A Hobbesian Method for Establishing the Absurdity of Injustice Without Reliance on Hobbes’s Temporal Arguments 不依赖于霍布斯的时间论证而确立非正义的荒谬的霍布斯方法
0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2023-10-11 DOI: 10.1163/18750257-bja10065
S.A. Lloyd
Abstract The paper investigates Hobbes’s arguments that injustice is a kind of absurdity involving a “contradiction properly so called,” concluding that although those arguments are undermined by their reliance on a mistaken temporality assumption, Hobbes’s philosophy provides other means for establishing his desired conclusion.
摘要本文考察了霍布斯关于不公正是一种包含“所谓矛盾”的荒谬的论点,并得出结论,尽管这些论点由于依赖于错误的时间性假设而受到破坏,但霍布斯的哲学为建立他所期望的结论提供了其他途径。
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引用次数: 0
Research Note: Current Scholarship and Future Directions in Hobbes Studies 研究说明:霍布斯研究的现状与未来方向
0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2023-10-11 DOI: 10.1163/18750257-bja10066
S.A. Lloyd
Abstract Today the study of Hobbes is both reputable and flourishing, to judge by the numbers in recent years of publications, submissions, conferences, workshops, and sessions at professional meetings devoted to Hobbes, along with growing interest from scholars in China and Latin America. I recently conducted a survey of colleagues working on Hobbes; a non-scientific survey, it included scholars working in a variety of departments. This research note reports the views of more than three dozen respondents, who answered three questions: (1) what has been at stake in Hobbes debates?; (2) have any conclusions been decisively established?; and (3) what are the open questions for the future? The answers evidence a lack of consensus but also demonstrate that we have increasingly refined and sophisticated theoretical arguments for and against contending positions.
从近年来有关霍布斯的出版物、意见书、会议、研讨会和专业会议的数量以及中国和拉丁美洲学者日益增长的兴趣来看,今天对霍布斯的研究既声誉良好又蓬勃发展。我最近对研究霍布斯的同事做了一个调查;这是一项非科学调查,调查对象包括在各个部门工作的学者。这份研究报告报告了30多名受访者的观点,他们回答了三个问题:(1)在霍布斯的辩论中,什么是利害攸关的?(二)有明确结论吗?(3)未来的开放性问题是什么?这些答案证明了缺乏共识,但也表明我们有越来越完善和复杂的理论论据来支持和反对相互竞争的立场。
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引用次数: 0
Thomas Hobbes’ Invisible Things 托马斯·霍布斯的《看不见的东西
0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2023-10-11 DOI: 10.1163/18750257-bja10069
Allan Gabriel Cardoso dos Santos
Abstract Hobbes argues that among the reasons for the Catholic Church’s power is the difficulty for ignorant people to understand the causes of natural phenomena. They take the motion of invisible bodies for the intervention of incorporeal agents. For Hobbes, the Church tries to perpetuate this profitable misunderstanding by spreading Scholastic doctrines supporting this idea in the sermons of all the parishes of the Christian world. Existing literature, thus far, focused almost exclusively on Hobbes’ negative claim concerning incorporeal substances, i.e., that they are absurd and are only used to justify the Church’s claim to power. On the other hand, his positive proposition to replace immaterial substances with invisible bodies was not fully explored. By highlighting Hobbes’ examination of invisibility in Leviathan , it is possible to demonstrate how he uses ideas from natural philosophy to challenge some of the dominant Scholastic doctrines and, consequently, the usurpation of the sovereign’s ecclesiastical power.
霍布斯认为,天主教会拥有权力的原因之一是无知的人难以理解自然现象的原因。他们把看不见的物体的运动看作是无形媒介的干预。在霍布斯看来,教会试图通过在基督教世界所有教区的布道中传播经院学派的教义,来延续这种有益的误解。到目前为止,现有的文献几乎完全集中在霍布斯关于非物质物质的负面主张上,即它们是荒谬的,只被用来证明教会对权力的要求是正当的。另一方面,他提出的用不可见的物体代替非物质的积极主张也没有得到充分的探索。通过突出霍布斯在《利维坦》中对不可见性的考察,可以展示他是如何利用自然哲学的思想来挑战一些占主导地位的经院哲学教义,从而挑战对君主教会权力的篡夺。
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引用次数: 0
Dictionnaire des philosophes français du XVIIe siècle: Acteurs et réseaux du savoir, written by de Delphine Bellis, Luc Foisneau et Claire Gallie 17世纪法国哲学家词典:知识的行动者和网络,由Delphine Bellis, Luc Foisneau和Claire Gallie编写
0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2023-10-10 DOI: 10.1163/18750257-bja10067
José Médina
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引用次数: 0
Plague and the Leviathan 瘟疫与利维坦
0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2023-10-10 DOI: 10.1163/18750257-bja10068
Daniel J. Kapust
Abstract Building on a number of recent studies that have turned to Hobbes in light of covid -19, I explore the context of Hobbes’ own encounters with plague while at Oxford, along with efforts to mitigate plague by the regime of James I. I then explore what role his encounters with plague may have played as he wrote his philosophical masterpiece, Leviathan .
基于最近的一些研究,鉴于covid -19,我探讨了霍布斯自己在牛津遭遇瘟疫的背景,以及詹姆斯一世政权为减轻瘟疫所做的努力,然后探讨了他与瘟疫的遭遇在他写哲学杰作《利维坦》时可能发挥的作用。
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引用次数: 0
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Hobbes Studies
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