Pub Date : 2021-01-29DOI: 10.23919/SAIEE.2021.9340534
Craig S. Carlson;Aurélie Deroubaix;Clement Penny;Michiel Postema
Black tattoo ink comprises hydrophobic carbonblack nanoparticles. We hypothesized that black tattoo inkdemonstrates transient dynamic activity in an ultrasound field. Brightness-mode sonography was performed on cylindrical receptacles of different bore diameters, filled with black tattooink, water, saline, or air, using pulsed ultrasound with center frequencies of 13 MHz and 5 MHz. The scattering from black ink itself lasted less than tenminutes. At 13-MHz sonication, a transient drop in sound speed was observed, as well as a transient lessening of scattering from distal phantom tissue. The linear acoustic attenuation coefficient of pure black ink was measured to be 0.15±0.01 dB cm −1 MHz −1 , equal to whole blood. Low-intensity ultrasonic tattoo removal would be of interestas an alternative to techniques that damage surrounding tissue.
黑色纹身油墨包括疏水性炭黑纳米颗粒。我们假设黑色纹身墨水在超声场中表现出短暂的动态活动。使用中心频率为13MHz和5MHz的脉冲超声，在充满黑色纹身墨水、水、盐水或空气的不同孔径的圆柱形容器上进行亮度模式超声。黑色墨水本身的散射持续了不到十分钟。在13MHz的超声处理下，观察到声速的瞬态下降，以及来自远端体模组织的散射的瞬态减少。纯黑色墨水的线性声学衰减系数为0.15±0.01 dB cm−1 MHz−1，相当于全血。低强度的超声波纹身去除将是一种有趣的替代技术，损害周围组织。
{"title":"On the attenuation of ultrasound by pure black tattoo ink","authors":"Craig S. Carlson;Aurélie Deroubaix;Clement Penny;Michiel Postema","doi":"10.23919/SAIEE.2021.9340534","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/SAIEE.2021.9340534","url":null,"abstract":"Black tattoo ink comprises hydrophobic carbonblack nanoparticles. We hypothesized that black tattoo inkdemonstrates transient dynamic activity in an ultrasound field. Brightness-mode sonography was performed on cylindrical receptacles of different bore diameters, filled with black tattooink, water, saline, or air, using pulsed ultrasound with center frequencies of 13 MHz and 5 MHz. The scattering from black ink itself lasted less than tenminutes. At 13-MHz sonication, a transient drop in sound speed was observed, as well as a transient lessening of scattering from distal phantom tissue. The linear acoustic attenuation coefficient of pure black ink was measured to be 0.15±0.01 dB cm\u0000<sup>−1</sup>\u0000 MHz\u0000<sup>−1</sup>\u0000, equal to whole blood. Low-intensity ultrasonic tattoo removal would be of interestas an alternative to techniques that damage surrounding tissue.","PeriodicalId":42493,"journal":{"name":"SAIEE Africa Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.23919/SAIEE.2021.9340534","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67992286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-29DOI: 10.23919/SAIEE.2021.9340535
Mohamed K. Elmezughi;Thomas J. Afullo;Nicholas O. Oyie
The critical rule to achieve extremely high peaks of data transmission is the availability of a tremendous amount of bandwidth. The super high frequency (SHF) and the millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequency bands are the candidates for the deployment of the 5G cellular system and for satisfying future needs due to their massively available blocks of contiguous raw bandwidth that is capable of supporting additional data traffic for multimedia services. This research paper presents propagation measurements at three frequencies above 6 GHz, which are 14, 18, and 22 GHz frequency bands. The measurements were carried out or both line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) communication scenarios in an indoor corridor environment to present frequency- and distance-dependent wireless channel models. Moreover, this study presents, investigates, and compares the performance of two well-known path loss prediction models; the single frequency close-in (CI) free space reference distance model and the single frequency floating intercept (FI) model. The LOS comparison study shows that the CI and FI models provide comparable and accurate estimates that fit the real measured data for the frequency bands selected. Furthermore, the study investigates the behavior of the path loss exponent (PLE) and the FI model parameters as a function of the reception angle of arrival (AoA) in the NLOS scenario. It is observed from this work that the path loss models' parameters exhibit symmetrical behavior around 180° AoA. The FI model provides the same standard deviation values as the CI model in the LOS scenario. In contrast, the FI model offers a notable reduction(up to 2.84 dB) compared to the CI model in the NLOS scenario. Finally, the LOS and NLOS results reveal that the CI and FI models can be trusted as good path loss models for corridor environments and exhibit stable behavior over measured distances and frequencies.
{"title":"Performance study of path loss models at 14, 18, and 22 GHz in an indoor corridor environment for wireless communications","authors":"Mohamed K. Elmezughi;Thomas J. Afullo;Nicholas O. Oyie","doi":"10.23919/SAIEE.2021.9340535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/SAIEE.2021.9340535","url":null,"abstract":"The critical rule to achieve extremely high peaks of data transmission is the availability of a tremendous amount of bandwidth. The super high frequency (SHF) and the millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequency bands are the candidates for the deployment of the 5G cellular system and for satisfying future needs due to their massively available blocks of contiguous raw bandwidth that is capable of supporting additional data traffic for multimedia services. This research paper presents propagation measurements at three frequencies above 6 GHz, which are 14, 18, and 22 GHz frequency bands. The measurements were carried out or both line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) communication scenarios in an indoor corridor environment to present frequency- and distance-dependent wireless channel models. Moreover, this study presents, investigates, and compares the performance of two well-known path loss prediction models; the single frequency close-in (CI) free space reference distance model and the single frequency floating intercept (FI) model. The LOS comparison study shows that the CI and FI models provide comparable and accurate estimates that fit the real measured data for the frequency bands selected. Furthermore, the study investigates the behavior of the path loss exponent (PLE) and the FI model parameters as a function of the reception angle of arrival (AoA) in the NLOS scenario. It is observed from this work that the path loss models' parameters exhibit symmetrical behavior around 180° AoA. The FI model provides the same standard deviation values as the CI model in the LOS scenario. In contrast, the FI model offers a notable reduction(up to 2.84 dB) compared to the CI model in the NLOS scenario. Finally, the LOS and NLOS results reveal that the CI and FI models can be trusted as good path loss models for corridor environments and exhibit stable behavior over measured distances and frequencies.","PeriodicalId":42493,"journal":{"name":"SAIEE Africa Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.23919/SAIEE.2021.9340535","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67992285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-10DOI: 10.23919/SAIEE.2020.9194384
Ronald Kizito;Wayne S. Okello;Sulaiman Kagumire
This paper describes a Luganda text normalization module, a crucial component needed for a Luganda Text to Speech system. We describe the use of a rule-based approach for detection, classification and verbalization of Luganda text. At the core of this module are the Luganda grammar rules that were hand-built to normalize Non-Standard Words (NSWs) from different semiotic and noun classes. Input text is first analyzed, matched against handcrafted patterns developed using regular expressions to detect any NSWs. Upon detection, NSWs are tokenized and classified into one of the semiotic classes and then if necessary, into one of the Luganda noun classes. These are subsequently verbalized, each according to its semiotic as well as noun class, and a new text file is produced. We tested the module with 7 datasets and achieved average detection and normalization rates of 82% and 77.7% respectively.
{"title":"Design and implementation of a Luganda text normalization module for a speech synthesis software program","authors":"Ronald Kizito;Wayne S. Okello;Sulaiman Kagumire","doi":"10.23919/SAIEE.2020.9194384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/SAIEE.2020.9194384","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes a Luganda text normalization module, a crucial component needed for a Luganda Text to Speech system. We describe the use of a rule-based approach for detection, classification and verbalization of Luganda text. At the core of this module are the Luganda grammar rules that were hand-built to normalize Non-Standard Words (NSWs) from different semiotic and noun classes. Input text is first analyzed, matched against handcrafted patterns developed using regular expressions to detect any NSWs. Upon detection, NSWs are tokenized and classified into one of the semiotic classes and then if necessary, into one of the Luganda noun classes. These are subsequently verbalized, each according to its semiotic as well as noun class, and a new text file is produced. We tested the module with 7 datasets and achieved average detection and normalization rates of 82% and 77.7% respectively.","PeriodicalId":42493,"journal":{"name":"SAIEE Africa Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.23919/SAIEE.2020.9194384","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68066486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-10DOI: 10.23919/SAIEE.2020.9194381
Changqing Zhang;Xia Wu;Wanling Deng;Junkai Huang
A novel CMOS-only low line regulation voltage reference is presented in this paper. An output subcircuit composed of MOSFETs operating in the subthreshold region and saturation region is utilized to eliminate the temperature dependence of mobility and oxide capacitance, and produces a temperature-insensitive voltage reference. No bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) or resistors are used which can decrease the area greatly. By using most of the transistors operating in the subthreshold region, the power dissipation and the supply voltage are reduced. The proposed voltage reference is designed in the standard 0.18 μm CMOS process. The simulation results show that the output voltage is 958.971 mV at TT process corners, a temperature coefficient of 18.6096 ppm/°C range from20 °C to 110 °C is achieved, the line regulator (LR) of the proposed circuit is 0.037 mV/V from 1.5 V to 2.5 V supply voltage, and the power supply rejection ratio (PSRR) is75.77 dB at 100 Hz. The active area of the presented voltage reference is 0.0038 mm 2 .
{"title":"A novel low line regulation CMOS voltage reference without BJTs and resistors","authors":"Changqing Zhang;Xia Wu;Wanling Deng;Junkai Huang","doi":"10.23919/SAIEE.2020.9194381","DOIUrl":"10.23919/SAIEE.2020.9194381","url":null,"abstract":"A novel CMOS-only low line regulation voltage reference is presented in this paper. An output subcircuit composed of MOSFETs operating in the subthreshold region and saturation region is utilized to eliminate the temperature dependence of mobility and oxide capacitance, and produces a temperature-insensitive voltage reference. No bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) or resistors are used which can decrease the area greatly. By using most of the transistors operating in the subthreshold region, the power dissipation and the supply voltage are reduced. The proposed voltage reference is designed in the standard 0.18 μm CMOS process. The simulation results show that the output voltage is 958.971 mV at TT process corners, a temperature coefficient of 18.6096 ppm/°C range from20 °C to 110 °C is achieved, the line regulator (LR) of the proposed circuit is 0.037 mV/V from 1.5 V to 2.5 V supply voltage, and the power supply rejection ratio (PSRR) is75.77 dB at 100 Hz. The active area of the presented voltage reference is 0.0038 mm\u0000<sup>2</sup>\u0000.","PeriodicalId":42493,"journal":{"name":"SAIEE Africa Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.23919/SAIEE.2020.9194381","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48166586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-10DOI: 10.23919/SAIEE.2020.9194379
{"title":"Editors and reviewers","authors":"","doi":"10.23919/SAIEE.2020.9194379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/SAIEE.2020.9194379","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42493,"journal":{"name":"SAIEE Africa Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.23919/SAIEE.2020.9194379","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68066487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-10DOI: 10.23919/SAIEE.2020.9194382
D. K. Okello;E. Mugume;M. Busogi
This is a Special Issue of the SAIEE Africa Research Journal (ARJ), containing papers sourced from East Africa. This Special Issue for East Africa is a result of a cooperation agreement between the IEEE (through the Ad Hoc Committee on Africa Activities (AHCAA)) and SAIEE. The cooperation seeks to solicit more submissions to the SAIEE ARJ by focusing on the different geographical areas of Africa.
{"title":"Guest editorial note","authors":"D. K. Okello;E. Mugume;M. Busogi","doi":"10.23919/SAIEE.2020.9194382","DOIUrl":"10.23919/SAIEE.2020.9194382","url":null,"abstract":"This is a Special Issue of the SAIEE Africa Research Journal (ARJ), containing papers sourced from East Africa. This Special Issue for East Africa is a result of a cooperation agreement between the IEEE (through the Ad Hoc Committee on Africa Activities (AHCAA)) and SAIEE. The cooperation seeks to solicit more submissions to the SAIEE ARJ by focusing on the different geographical areas of Africa.","PeriodicalId":42493,"journal":{"name":"SAIEE Africa Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.23919/SAIEE.2020.9194382","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41439481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-10DOI: 10.23919/SAIEE.2020.9194383
Sheila N. Mugala;Dorothy K. Okello;Jonathan Serugunda
The technology of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) renders itself easily to a variety of applications because of their characteristics such as flexibility, quick deployment and cost effectiveness. Developing countries can harness UAV technology for humanitarian and development goals. This paper presents five interesting UAV applications for developing countries and these include disaster management, agriculture, delivery, surveillance of transmission lines and network coverage. UAVs aid the process of disaster management because they can be quickly deployed to take imagery which is used by rescue teams. They offer a cheap alternative to satellites and manned aircraft for agricultural mapping and management. Developing countries are faced with the major challenge of inadequate infrastructure which can be overcome by using UAVs to make especially emergency deliveries. UAVs are more effective at inspecting power transmission lines than manual techniques especially in developing countries where it is expected that the power transmission lines will span over tens of thousands of kilometres. Network coverage can be achieved cost effectively using UAVs for rural remote areas that are neglected by network operators because of their low economic return. This paper also discusses challenges that must be overcome to fully exploit UAV technology for the mentioned applications. Additionally, this paper presents interventions by African governments towards the development of UAV technology.
{"title":"Leveraging the Technology of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for Developing Countries","authors":"Sheila N. Mugala;Dorothy K. Okello;Jonathan Serugunda","doi":"10.23919/SAIEE.2020.9194383","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/SAIEE.2020.9194383","url":null,"abstract":"The technology of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) renders itself easily to a variety of applications because of their characteristics such as flexibility, quick deployment and cost effectiveness. Developing countries can harness UAV technology for humanitarian and development goals. This paper presents five interesting UAV applications for developing countries and these include disaster management, agriculture, delivery, surveillance of transmission lines and network coverage. UAVs aid the process of disaster management because they can be quickly deployed to take imagery which is used by rescue teams. They offer a cheap alternative to satellites and manned aircraft for agricultural mapping and management. Developing countries are faced with the major challenge of inadequate infrastructure which can be overcome by using UAVs to make especially emergency deliveries. UAVs are more effective at inspecting power transmission lines than manual techniques especially in developing countries where it is expected that the power transmission lines will span over tens of thousands of kilometres. Network coverage can be achieved cost effectively using UAVs for rural remote areas that are neglected by network operators because of their low economic return. This paper also discusses challenges that must be overcome to fully exploit UAV technology for the mentioned applications. Additionally, this paper presents interventions by African governments towards the development of UAV technology.","PeriodicalId":42493,"journal":{"name":"SAIEE Africa Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.23919/SAIEE.2020.9194383","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67891249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-10DOI: 10.23919/SAIEE.2020.9194385
{"title":"Notes for authors","authors":"","doi":"10.23919/SAIEE.2020.9194385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/SAIEE.2020.9194385","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42493,"journal":{"name":"SAIEE Africa Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.23919/SAIEE.2020.9194385","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67891250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-16DOI: 10.23919/SAIEE.2020.9142599
{"title":"Editors and Reviewers","authors":"","doi":"10.23919/SAIEE.2020.9142599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/SAIEE.2020.9142599","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42493,"journal":{"name":"SAIEE Africa Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.23919/SAIEE.2020.9142599","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67838937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-16DOI: 10.23919/SAIEE.2020.9142605
Vered Aharonson;Verushen Y. Coopoo;Kyle L. Govender;Michiel Postema
Automatic eye tracking is of interest for interaction with people suffering from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, for using the eyes to control a computer mouse, and for controlled radiotherapy of uveal melanoma. It has been speculated that gaze estimation accuracy might be improved by using the vestibulo-ocular reflex. This involuntary reflex results in slow, compensatory eye movements, opposing the direction of head motion. We therefore hypothesised that leaving the head to move freely during eye tracking must produce more accurate results than keeping the head fixed, only allowing the eyes to move. The purpose of this study was to create a low-cost eye tracking system that incorporates the vestibulo-ocular reflex in gaze estimation, by keeping the head freely moving. The instrument used comprised a low-cost head-mounted webcam which recorded a single eye. Pupil detection was fully automatic and in real time with a straightforward hybrid colour-based and model-based algorithm, despite the lower-end webcam used for recording and despite the absence of direct illumination. A model-based algorithm and an interpolation-based algorithm were tested in this study. Based on mean absolute angle difference in the gaze estimation results, we conclude that the model-based algorithm performed better when the head was not moving and equally well when the head was moving. With most deviations of the points of gaze from the target points being less than 1° using either algorithm when the head is moving freely, it can be concluded that our setup performs fully within the 2° benchmark from literature, whereas deviations when the head was not moving exceeded 2°. The algorithms used were not previously tested under passive illumination. This was the first study of a low-cost eye-tracking setup taking into account the vestibulo-ocular reflex.
{"title":"Automatic pupil detection and gaze estimation using the vestibulo-ocular reflex in a low-cost eye-tracking setup","authors":"Vered Aharonson;Verushen Y. Coopoo;Kyle L. Govender;Michiel Postema","doi":"10.23919/SAIEE.2020.9142605","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/SAIEE.2020.9142605","url":null,"abstract":"Automatic eye tracking is of interest for interaction with people suffering from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, for using the eyes to control a computer mouse, and for controlled radiotherapy of uveal melanoma. It has been speculated that gaze estimation accuracy might be improved by using the vestibulo-ocular reflex. This involuntary reflex results in slow, compensatory eye movements, opposing the direction of head motion. We therefore hypothesised that leaving the head to move freely during eye tracking must produce more accurate results than keeping the head fixed, only allowing the eyes to move. The purpose of this study was to create a low-cost eye tracking system that incorporates the vestibulo-ocular reflex in gaze estimation, by keeping the head freely moving. The instrument used comprised a low-cost head-mounted webcam which recorded a single eye. Pupil detection was fully automatic and in real time with a straightforward hybrid colour-based and model-based algorithm, despite the lower-end webcam used for recording and despite the absence of direct illumination. A model-based algorithm and an interpolation-based algorithm were tested in this study. Based on mean absolute angle difference in the gaze estimation results, we conclude that the model-based algorithm performed better when the head was not moving and equally well when the head was moving. With most deviations of the points of gaze from the target points being less than 1° using either algorithm when the head is moving freely, it can be concluded that our setup performs fully within the 2° benchmark from literature, whereas deviations when the head was not moving exceeded 2°. The algorithms used were not previously tested under passive illumination. This was the first study of a low-cost eye-tracking setup taking into account the vestibulo-ocular reflex.","PeriodicalId":42493,"journal":{"name":"SAIEE Africa Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.23919/SAIEE.2020.9142605","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67838935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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