How learning is conceptualized and negotiated within the engineering undergraduate curriculum is affected by the theory of learning implicit in the design of the curriculum. The shift to online learning due to restrictions brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic provides the opportunity to make visible aspects of the curriculum that were previously hidden. The paper presents evidence of student learning relating to ethics found in student assignments submitted in partial fulfillment of a capstone course that forms part of the undergraduate program for Electrical Engineering at the University of Cape Town. Evidence of student learning will be linked to three distinct theories of learning that are presented and contrasted as metaphors: a theory of learning that assumes transference and is acquisition-based; a theory of learning that assumes transference by means of participation within a community and a theory of learning that is activity-centered and aims to be transformative. Each of these theories will be linked to particular teaching approaches and assessment strategies. The learning theories provide a frame to examine evidence of student learning relating to ethics in a particular context. This process justifies an expanded conception of learning relating to ethics in engineering.
{"title":"“More than learning”: Teaching and learning ethics within an electrical engineering undergraduate capstone course","authors":"Alison J. Gwynne-Evans","doi":"","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/","url":null,"abstract":"How learning is conceptualized and negotiated within the engineering undergraduate curriculum is affected by the theory of learning implicit in the design of the curriculum. The shift to online learning due to restrictions brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic provides the opportunity to make visible aspects of the curriculum that were previously hidden. The paper presents evidence of student learning relating to ethics found in student assignments submitted in partial fulfillment of a capstone course that forms part of the undergraduate program for Electrical Engineering at the University of Cape Town. Evidence of student learning will be linked to three distinct theories of learning that are presented and contrasted as metaphors: a theory of learning that assumes transference and is acquisition-based; a theory of learning that assumes transference by means of participation within a community and a theory of learning that is activity-centered and aims to be transformative. Each of these theories will be linked to particular teaching approaches and assessment strategies. The learning theories provide a frame to examine evidence of student learning relating to ethics in a particular context. This process justifies an expanded conception of learning relating to ethics in engineering.","PeriodicalId":42493,"journal":{"name":"SAIEE Africa Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/8475037/9580763/09580770.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67864427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-13DOI: 10.23919/SAIEE.2021.9513627
Edwin Mugume;Arthur Tumwesigye;Alexander Muhangi
Data traffic has been increasing exponentially and operators have to upgrade their networks to meet the prevailing demand. This effort entails deploying more base stations (BSs) to meet the increasing traffic. The resulting capital expenditures (CAPEX) and operational expenditures (OPEX) have limited operator revenues. In addition to the energy costs, the associated greenhouse gas emissions have raised environmental concerns. In this paper, we use system-level simulations to investigate different sleep mode mechanisms that can address both capacity and energy efficiency (EE) objectives in dense small cell networks (DenseNets). These sleep mode approaches are applied to a long-term traffic profile that is obtained from real world network traffic. We then design a mechanism that determines the required BS density in response to the variable long-term traffic profile. Our results reveal that significant energy savings are possible when sleep mode mechanisms are applied based on the prevailing traffic in both time and space domains.
{"title":"A spatio-temporal sleep mode approach to improve energy efficiency in small cell DenseNets","authors":"Edwin Mugume;Arthur Tumwesigye;Alexander Muhangi","doi":"10.23919/SAIEE.2021.9513627","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/SAIEE.2021.9513627","url":null,"abstract":"Data traffic has been increasing exponentially and operators have to upgrade their networks to meet the prevailing demand. This effort entails deploying more base stations (BSs) to meet the increasing traffic. The resulting capital expenditures (CAPEX) and operational expenditures (OPEX) have limited operator revenues. In addition to the energy costs, the associated greenhouse gas emissions have raised environmental concerns. In this paper, we use system-level simulations to investigate different sleep mode mechanisms that can address both capacity and energy efficiency (EE) objectives in dense small cell networks (DenseNets). These sleep mode approaches are applied to a long-term traffic profile that is obtained from real world network traffic. We then design a mechanism that determines the required BS density in response to the variable long-term traffic profile. Our results reveal that significant energy savings are possible when sleep mode mechanisms are applied based on the prevailing traffic in both time and space domains.","PeriodicalId":42493,"journal":{"name":"SAIEE Africa Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/8475037/9513622/09513627.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67797005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-13DOI: 10.23919/SAIEE.2021.9513626
Callen Fisher;Amir Patel
Animals exploit spine actuation during rapid locomotion, however this has only recently become a focal point in robotics. Roboticists have used a multitude of spine configurations in their platforms but the optimal design for rapid acceleration and deceleration maneuvers is yet to be discovered. In this paper, we endeavour to find this optimal spine morphology by using large-scale Monte Carlo trajectory optimization simulations on long-time-horizon minimum time problems (start and end at rest while travelling a fixed distance of 30 spine lengths). Broad applicability of the results was ensured by generating 100 sets of robot parameters at random from a carefully selected design space, comparing the performance of the rigid, revolute and prismatic spine morphology. Using bootstrapping techniques, it was determined with a 78.8% probability that the prismatic spine morphology was the optimal spine for these long-time-horizon trajectories. These results will serve as a guide for designers of future, agile quadruped robots.
{"title":"On the optimal spine morphology of rapidly accelerating quadrupeds","authors":"Callen Fisher;Amir Patel","doi":"10.23919/SAIEE.2021.9513626","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/SAIEE.2021.9513626","url":null,"abstract":"Animals exploit spine actuation during rapid locomotion, however this has only recently become a focal point in robotics. Roboticists have used a multitude of spine configurations in their platforms but the optimal design for rapid acceleration and deceleration maneuvers is yet to be discovered. In this paper, we endeavour to find this optimal spine morphology by using large-scale Monte Carlo trajectory optimization simulations on long-time-horizon minimum time problems (start and end at rest while travelling a fixed distance of 30 spine lengths). Broad applicability of the results was ensured by generating 100 sets of robot parameters at random from a carefully selected design space, comparing the performance of the rigid, revolute and prismatic spine morphology. Using bootstrapping techniques, it was determined with a 78.8% probability that the prismatic spine morphology was the optimal spine for these long-time-horizon trajectories. These results will serve as a guide for designers of future, agile quadruped robots.","PeriodicalId":42493,"journal":{"name":"SAIEE Africa Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/8475037/9513622/09513626.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67798105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-13DOI: 10.23919/SAIEE.2021.9513630
{"title":"Notes for authors","authors":"","doi":"10.23919/SAIEE.2021.9513630","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/SAIEE.2021.9513630","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42493,"journal":{"name":"SAIEE Africa Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/8475037/9513622/09513630.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67797002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-13DOI: 10.23919/SAIEE.2021.9513631
Advertisement. Provides contact information the South African Institute for Electrical Engineers (SAIEE).
广告提供南非电气工程师协会（SAIEE）的联系信息。
{"title":"[Back cover]","authors":"","doi":"10.23919/SAIEE.2021.9513631","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/SAIEE.2021.9513631","url":null,"abstract":"Advertisement. Provides contact information the South African Institute for Electrical Engineers (SAIEE).","PeriodicalId":42493,"journal":{"name":"SAIEE Africa Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/8475037/9513622/09513631.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67957048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-13DOI: 10.23919/SAIEE.2021.9513628
Jensen Nduhuura;Geofrey Bakkabulindi;Milton Edimu
Countries that have restructured their electricity markets to wholesale markets have had significant benefits, including reduced generation costs, lower transmission losses and better consumer prices. In these markets, generators are dispatched in such a way that the financial benefits of both generator owners (producer surplus) and consumers (consumer surplus) are maximized. Retailers and large-scale consumers transact directly with power producers in a spot market or through contracts at wholesale level. Uganda's current single-buyer market (in which generation companies sell their power to a single entity that in turn transmits and sells it to distribution companies) was introduced in 2001 after the transition from a vertically integrated monopoly model. The market is expected to evolve into a wholesale market as the next restructuring step. This paper investigates the performance of the Uganda bulk network in a wholesale electricity market environment as modelled in Power World simulator. It considers different operation scenarios and possible infrastructure enhancements required for improved performance. Results showed that in the wholesale market model, transmission energy losses fell from an average of 4.3% to 3.8% compared to the single-buyer model due to more efficient network utilization. The economic analysis showed that off-peak and peak prices in the wholesale market system were 68.6% and 13.5% lower than in the current market respectively. However, old high loss transmission lines contributed to higher energy prices at receiving nodes. Transmission congestion, whose cost is embedded in a Location Marginal Price, caused sharp increases in the market's prices; this was addressed by using the network reconfiguration technique.
{"title":"Reconfiguration of Uganda's bulk network to accommodate a wholesale electricity market","authors":"Jensen Nduhuura;Geofrey Bakkabulindi;Milton Edimu","doi":"10.23919/SAIEE.2021.9513628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/SAIEE.2021.9513628","url":null,"abstract":"Countries that have restructured their electricity markets to wholesale markets have had significant benefits, including reduced generation costs, lower transmission losses and better consumer prices. In these markets, generators are dispatched in such a way that the financial benefits of both generator owners (producer surplus) and consumers (consumer surplus) are maximized. Retailers and large-scale consumers transact directly with power producers in a spot market or through contracts at wholesale level. Uganda's current single-buyer market (in which generation companies sell their power to a single entity that in turn transmits and sells it to distribution companies) was introduced in 2001 after the transition from a vertically integrated monopoly model. The market is expected to evolve into a wholesale market as the next restructuring step. This paper investigates the performance of the Uganda bulk network in a wholesale electricity market environment as modelled in Power World simulator. It considers different operation scenarios and possible infrastructure enhancements required for improved performance. Results showed that in the wholesale market model, transmission energy losses fell from an average of 4.3% to 3.8% compared to the single-buyer model due to more efficient network utilization. The economic analysis showed that off-peak and peak prices in the wholesale market system were 68.6% and 13.5% lower than in the current market respectively. However, old high loss transmission lines contributed to higher energy prices at receiving nodes. Transmission congestion, whose cost is embedded in a Location Marginal Price, caused sharp increases in the market's prices; this was addressed by using the network reconfiguration technique.","PeriodicalId":42493,"journal":{"name":"SAIEE Africa Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/8475037/9513622/09513628.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67797004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-13DOI: 10.23919/SAIEE.2021.9513624
{"title":"Editors and reviewers","authors":"","doi":"10.23919/SAIEE.2021.9513624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/SAIEE.2021.9513624","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42493,"journal":{"name":"SAIEE Africa Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/8475037/9513622/09513624.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67798106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-22DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-735280/v1
Xiaoyan Wang
Cross-border commerce trade is an important part of economic development, and its payment and settlement mode has received widespread attention. This paper mainly introduced blockchain, analyzed its characteristics and composition and the possibility of its application in cross-border business trade, and took the Ripple payment settlement mode as an example for a case study. The analysis found that the model had smaller time and capital costs, greater transparency and security of transactions, and simple and convenient processes than the traditional payment and settlement mode, which can be further promoted and applied in practice.
{"title":"Research on Payment Settlement Mode in Cross-border Business Trade Based on Blockchain Technology","authors":"Xiaoyan Wang","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-735280/v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-735280/v1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Cross-border commerce trade is an important part of economic development, and its payment and settlement mode has received widespread attention. This paper mainly introduced blockchain, analyzed its characteristics and composition and the possibility of its application in cross-border business trade, and took the Ripple payment settlement mode as an example for a case study. The analysis found that the model had smaller time and capital costs, greater transparency and security of transactions, and simple and convenient processes than the traditional payment and settlement mode, which can be further promoted and applied in practice.","PeriodicalId":42493,"journal":{"name":"SAIEE Africa Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45577767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-17DOI: 10.36227/techrxiv.14779371
Davy Uwizera, C. Ruranga, P. McSharry
In this research we use data from a number of different sources of satellite imagery. Below we describe and visualize various metrics of the datasets being considered. Satellite imagery is retrieved from Google earth which is supported by Data SIO (Scripps Institution of Oceanography), NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration), US. Navy (United States Navy), NGA (National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency), GEBCO (General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans), Image Landsat, and Image IBCAO (International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean). Using random sampling of spatial area in Kigali per target area, 342,843 thousands images were retrieved under the five categories: residential high income (78941), residential low income(162501), residential middle income(101401), commercial building, (67400) and industrial zone,(24400). For the industrial zone, we also included some images from Nairobi, Kenya industrial spatial area. The average number of samples for a category is 86929. The size of the sample per category is proportional to the size of the spatial target area considered per category. Kigali is located at latitude:-1.985070 and longitude:-1.985070, coordinates. Nairobi is located at latitude:-1.286389 and longitude:36.817223, coordinates.
{"title":"Classifying Economic Areas for Urban Planning using Deep Learning and Satellite Imagery in East Africa","authors":"Davy Uwizera, C. Ruranga, P. McSharry","doi":"10.36227/techrxiv.14779371","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.14779371","url":null,"abstract":"In this research we use data from a number of different sources of satellite imagery. Below we describe and visualize various metrics of the datasets being considered. Satellite imagery is retrieved from Google earth which is supported by Data SIO (Scripps Institution of Oceanography), NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration), US. Navy (United States Navy), NGA (National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency), GEBCO (General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans), Image Landsat, and Image IBCAO (International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean). Using random sampling of spatial area in Kigali per target area, 342,843 thousands images were retrieved under the five categories: residential high income (78941), residential low income(162501), residential middle income(101401), commercial building, (67400) and industrial zone,(24400). For the industrial zone, we also included some images from Nairobi, Kenya industrial spatial area. The average number of samples for a category is 86929. The size of the sample per category is proportional to the size of the spatial target area considered per category. Kigali is located at latitude:-1.985070 and longitude:-1.985070, coordinates. Nairobi is located at latitude:-1.286389 and longitude:36.817223, coordinates.","PeriodicalId":42493,"journal":{"name":"SAIEE Africa Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46479601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-17DOI: 10.23919/SAIEE.2021.9432899
Johannes Coetzer;Jacques P. Swanepoel;Robert Sabourin
Despite growing interest in human-machine collaboration for enhanced decision-making, little work has been done on the optimal fusion of human and machine decisions for cost-sensitive biometric authentication. An elegant and robust protocol for achieving this objective is proposed. The merits of the protocol is illustrated by simulating a scenario where a workforce of human experts and a score-generating machine are available for the authentication of handwritten signatures on, for example, bank cheques. The authentication of each transaction is determined by its monetary value and the quality of the claimed author’s signature. A database with 765 signatures is considered, and an experiment that involves 24 human volunteers and two different machines is conducted. When a reasonable number of experts are kept in the loop, the average expected cost associated with the workforce-machine hybrid is invariably lower than that of the unaided workforce and that of the unaided machine.
{"title":"Optimal human-machine collaboration for enhanced cost-sensitive biometric authentication","authors":"Johannes Coetzer;Jacques P. Swanepoel;Robert Sabourin","doi":"10.23919/SAIEE.2021.9432899","DOIUrl":"10.23919/SAIEE.2021.9432899","url":null,"abstract":"Despite growing interest in human-machine collaboration for enhanced decision-making, little work has been done on the optimal fusion of human and machine decisions for cost-sensitive biometric authentication. An elegant and robust protocol for achieving this objective is proposed. The merits of the protocol is illustrated by simulating a scenario where a workforce of human experts and a score-generating machine are available for the authentication of handwritten signatures on, for example, bank cheques. The authentication of each transaction is determined by its monetary value and the quality of the claimed author’s signature. A database with 765 signatures is considered, and an experiment that involves 24 human volunteers and two different machines is conducted. When a reasonable number of experts are kept in the loop, the average expected cost associated with the workforce-machine hybrid is invariably lower than that of the unaided workforce and that of the unaided machine.","PeriodicalId":42493,"journal":{"name":"SAIEE Africa Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.23919/SAIEE.2021.9432899","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44214852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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