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Substrate Integrated Waveguide - Dielectric Resonator Antenna for Future Wireless Communication 用于未来无线通信的衬底集成波导-介质谐振天线
IF 1.4 Q4 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2022-08-09 DOI: 10.23919/SAIEE.2022.9853021
Emmanuel K. Chemweno;Pradeep Kumar;Thomas J. O. Afullo
A substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) fed rectangular-shaped dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) is proposed for application in the D - Band frequency regime. The Dielectric Resonator (DR) is designed to operate in higher order modes. A rectangular-shaped narrow slot is used to excite the DR element, leading to multiple resonances. The resulting structure is a multi-resonant antenna operating at six frequencies at 123.64 GHz, 125.76 GHz, 127.4 GHz, 129.9 GHz, 134.9 GHz and 137.7 GHz frequencies. These are identified as TE10δ1, TE7δ5, TEδ31, TEδ25, TEδ31 and TEδ35 modes of operation of the resonator, respectively. These resonances are merged to achieve a −10 dB impedance bandwidth ranging between 122.58 GHz and 139.51 GHz, equivalent to 13.4% at a center frequency of 125.76 GHz. Moreover, the antenna possesses a stable radiation pattern in the broadband direction, across the entire frequency band of operation. Simulation results show that the antenna has a peak gain of 12.3 dBi, maximum directivity of 13.14 dBi and maximum efficiency of 84% at a frequency of 126 GHz. Simulated results show that the proposed design has potential and suitability for utilization in future wireless communications.
--提出了一种衬底集成波导馈电矩形介质谐振器天线(DRA),用于D波段频率范围。介质谐振器(DR)被设计为在更高阶模式下工作。矩形窄槽用于激励DR元件,从而导致多个谐振。由此产生的结构是在123.64 GHz、125.76 GHz、127.4 GHz、129.9 GHz、134.9 GHz和137.7 GHz频率的六个频率下工作的多谐振天线。这些模式分别被确定为谐振器的TE 10δ1、TE 7δ5、TEδ31、TEδ25、TEΔ31和TEδ35工作模式。这些谐振被合并以实现范围在122.58 GHz和139.51 GHz之间的-10dB阻抗带宽,在125.76 GHz的中心频率下相当于13.4%。此外,天线在宽带方向上,在整个工作频带上具有稳定的辐射方向图。仿真结果表明,该天线在126GHz频率下具有12.3dBi的峰值增益、13.14dBi的最大指向性和84%的最大效率。仿真结果表明,所提出的设计在未来的无线通信中具有潜力和适用性。
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引用次数: 7
Notes for authors 作者须知
IF 1.4 Q4 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2022-08-09 DOI: 10.23919/SAIEE.2022.9853023
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引用次数: 0
Editors and reviewers 编辑和评审
IF 1.4 Q4 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2022-08-09 DOI: 10.23919/SAIEE.2022.9853018
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引用次数: 0
A New Method to Distinguish between Nearby and Direct Lightning Strikes for Long Operational Medium Voltage Lines 长运行中压线路近雷击与直雷击判别新方法
IF 1.4 Q4 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2022-08-09 DOI: 10.23919/SAIEE.2022.9853020
Willem J. Dirkse van Schalkwyk;Chandima Gomes;John M. van Coller
Lightning strikes near Medium Voltage (MV) electricity distribution lines cause voltage transients to be induced onto the conductors of the power lines. The resultant Lightning Induced Overvoltage (LIOV) on the phase conductors may be estimated using computer models or measurements. Models and measurements are mostly limited to short floating lines to simplify calculations and to ensure accurate results that can be easily compared between different models. Existing measurement methods cannot be used to distinguish between nearby lightning and direct lightning strikes to an operational MV network by using only one instrument on a line that is more than 100 km long. The instrument needs to be less than a hundred meters from where the LIOV amplitude on the line is the highest. The new method described in this paper allows one to distinguish between nearby and direct lightning strikes to the line; by comparing the polarity of the current transient recorded at the substation to the lightning return-stroke polarity obtained from a lightning detection network. The new method also allows one to determine whether the LIOV of a particular lightning transient exceeded the Basic Insulation Level (BIL) of the line, by observing the power frequency fault current. The new method was applied to an operational 714 km network operating at 22 kV, and the results were compared with predictions in IEEE Std 1410-2010. Significantly fewer line faults due to nearby lightning were observed than predicted; the reason for this is explained.
中压(MV)配电线路附近的雷击导致电压瞬变感应到电力线路的导体上。相导线上产生的雷电感应过电压(LIOV)可以使用计算机模型或测量值进行估计。模型和测量大多局限于短浮动线,以简化计算并确保可以在不同模型之间轻松比较的准确结果。现有的测量方法无法通过在超过100公里长的线路上仅使用一个仪器来区分附近的雷击和对运行中的MV网络的直接雷击。仪器需要距离线路上LIOV振幅最高的地方不到一百米。本文描述的新方法可以区分附近雷击和直接雷击;通过将变电站处记录的电流瞬变的极性与从雷电检测网络获得的雷电回击极性进行比较。新方法还允许通过观察工频故障电流来确定特定雷电瞬态的LIOV是否超过了线路的基本绝缘水平(BIL)。将新方法应用于运行在22 kV的714 km电网,并将结果与IEEE Std 1410-2010中的预测进行了比较。观察到的由附近闪电引起的线路故障明显少于预测;对此原因进行了解释。
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引用次数: 0
Research on Payment Settlement Mode in Cross-Border Business Trade Based on Blockchain Technology 基于区块链技术的跨境贸易支付结算模式研究
IF 1.4 Q4 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2022-08-09 DOI: 10.23919/SAIEE.2022.9853022
Xiaoyan Wang
Cross-border commerce trade is an important part of economic development, and its payment and settlement mode has received widespread attention. The traditional payment settlement mode has shortcomings such as low efficiency, high cost and poor security; therefore, it needs to be improved. In view of this, this paper studied the payment settlement model based on blockchain technology. This paper firstly introduced blockchain, then analysed its characteristics and composition and the possibility of its application in cross-border business trade, and finally took the Ripple payment settlement mode as an example for a case study. The analysis found that the Ripple mode had small time and capital costs, high transaction transparency and security, and simple and convenient processes. The analysis results verify the reliability of the blockchain-based payment settlement mode and its applicability in in practice.
跨境商贸是经济发展的重要组成部分,其支付结算方式受到广泛关注。传统的支付结算模式存在效率低、成本高、安全性差等缺点;因此,它需要改进。有鉴于此,本文研究了基于区块链技术的支付结算模型。本文首先介绍了区块链,然后分析了区块链的特点、组成及其在跨境商业贸易中应用的可能性,最后以Ripple支付结算模式为例进行了案例研究。分析发现,Ripple模式时间和资金成本小,交易透明度和安全性高,流程简单方便。分析结果验证了基于区块链的支付结算模式的可靠性及其在实践中的适用性。
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引用次数: 0
Notes for authors 作者须知
IF 1.4 Q4 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2022-03-30 DOI: 10.23919/SAIEE.2022.9785544
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引用次数: 0
Low Complexity Deep Learning-Assisted Golden Code Sphere-Decoding with Sorted Detection Subsets 基于检测子集排序的低复杂度深度学习辅助金码球解码
IF 1.4 Q4 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2022-03-30 DOI: 10.23919/SAIEE.2022.9785542
Bhekisizwe Mthethwa;Hongjun Xu
Golden code is a space-time block coding (STBC) scheme that has spatial multiplexing gain over the Alamouti STBC which is widely used in modern wireless communication standards. Golden code has not been widely adopted in modern wireless standards because of its inherent high detection complexity. However, detection algorithms like the sphere-decoding with sorted detection subsets (SD-SDS) have been developed to lower this detection complexity. Literature indicates that the SD-SDS algorithm has lower detection complexity relative to the traditional sphere-decoding (SD) algorithm, for all signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) values. The SD-SDS algorithm exhibits low detection complexity at high SNR; however, at low SNR the detection complexity is higher. We propose a deep neural network (DNN) aided SD-SDS algorithm (SD-SDS-DNN) that will lower the Golden code's SD-SDS low SNR detection complexity, whilst maintaining the bit-error-rate (BER) performance. The proposed SD-SDS-DNN is shown to achieve a 75% reduction in detection complexity relative to SD-SDS at low SNR values for 16-QAM, whilst maintaining the BER performance. For 64-QAM, the SD-SDS-DNN achieves 99% reduction in detection complexity relative to the SD-SDS at low SNR, whilst maintaining the BER performance. The SD-SDS-DNN has also shown to achieve low detection complexity comparable to that of the Alamouti linear maximum likelihood (ML) detector for a spectral efficiency of 8 bits/s/Hz. For a spectral efficiency of 12 bits/s/Hz, the SD-SDS-DNN achieves a detection complexity that is 90% lower than the Alamouti linear ML detector.
 摘要——Golden码是一种空时分组编码(STBC)方案,它比现代无线通信标准中广泛使用的Alamouti STBC具有空间复用增益。金码由于其固有的高检测复杂度,尚未在现代无线标准中被广泛采用。然而,已经开发了像具有排序检测子集的球体解码(SD-SDS)这样的检测算法来降低这种检测复杂度。文献表明,对于所有信噪比(SNR)值,与传统的球面解码(SD)算法相比,SD-SDS算法具有较低的检测复杂度。SD-SDS算法在高信噪比下具有较低的检测复杂度;然而,在低SNR下,检测复杂度更高。我们提出了一种深度神经网络(DNN)辅助的SD-SDS算法(SD-SDS-DNN),该算法将降低Golden码的SD-SDS-低SNR检测复杂性,同时保持误码率(BER)性能。在16-QAM的低SNR值下,所提出的SD-SDS-DNN相对于SD-SDS实现了75%的检测复杂度降低,同时保持了BER性能。对于64-QAM,相对于低SNR下的SD-SDS,SD-SDS-DNN实现了99%的检测复杂度降低,同时保持了BER性能。SD-SDS-DNN还被证明实现了与Alamouti线性最大似然(ML)检测器相比的低检测复杂度,用于8比特/s/Hz的频谱效率。对于12比特/s/Hz的频谱效率,SD-SDS-DNN实现了比Alamouti线性ML检测器低90%的检测复杂度。
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引用次数: 0
Applied Quasi-Distributed Fibre Bragg Grating Strain Sensors in Structural Damage Sensing of a Bridge Structure 准分布式光纤光栅应变传感器在桥梁结构损伤检测中的应用
IF 1.4 Q4 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2022-03-30 DOI: 10.23919/SAIEE.2022.9785541
P. Banda;M. Della Tamin;J. Meyer
Bridge structural decay is a prevalent problem around the world. Consequently, most structurally deficient bridges are characterized by unknown levels of damage, which impose high socio-economic risks to society. To address these concerns, this study is aimed at determining how to accurately sense the damage present in a bridge structure. Owing to the pitfalls of conventional sensing technologies and the complexities associated with civil structure instrumentation, the use of fibre optics sensors is found to be relevant for this study. While the employment of quasi distributed fibre Bragg grating strain sensors is not a relatively new concept, research is still necessary for their effective deployment in structural damage monitoring systems. A proof of concept for the developed sensing system is primarily simulated and thereafter demonstrated in the laboratory through a series of strain measurements tests conducted on a reinforced concrete slab. The experimental set-up consisted of a serial array of five wavelength division multiplexed fibre Bragg grating sensors, which were coupled with swept wavelength laser scanning technology. The experimental sensing resolution of less than 0.5 με was achieved. Structural damage information was extracted from the measured multipoint flexural strains, using our developed macro-modal strain ratio cross correlation algorithm. Alternatively, to simulate our sensor system response, vibration field tests, and finite element analysis were conducted on the Beatrice Bridge in Zimbabwe. Therefore, this paper presents the simulation and experimental results of a simulated and designed structural damage sensing system, based on quasi-distributed fibre Bragg grating strain sensors.
--桥梁结构腐朽是世界各地普遍存在的问题。因此,大多数结构缺陷的桥梁的特点是破坏程度未知,这给社会带来了很高的社会经济风险。为了解决这些问题,本研究旨在确定如何准确感知桥梁结构中存在的损伤。由于传统传感技术的缺陷和民用结构仪器的复杂性,光纤传感器的使用与本研究相关。虽然采用准分布式光纤布拉格光栅应变传感器并不是一个相对较新的概念,但仍有必要对其在结构损伤监测系统中的有效部署进行研究。主要模拟开发的传感系统的概念验证,然后通过在钢筋混凝土板上进行的一系列应变测量测试在实验室中进行演示。实验装置由五个波分复用光纤布拉格光栅传感器的串行阵列组成,这些传感器与扫频激光扫描技术相耦合。实现了小于0.5με的实验传感分辨率。使用我们开发的宏模态应变比互相关算法,从测量的多点弯曲应变中提取结构损伤信息。或者,为了模拟我们的传感器系统响应,在津巴布韦的Beatrice大桥上进行了振动场测试和有限元分析。因此,本文给出了基于准分布式光纤布拉格光栅应变传感器的结构损伤传感系统的仿真和实验结果。
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引用次数: 2
Measurement-based load parameter modelling for technical and tariff studies of medium voltage feeders 中压馈线技术和电价研究中基于测量的负荷参数建模
IF 1.4 Q4 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2022-03-30 DOI: 10.23919/SAIEE.2022.9785540
Johannes L. Buys;Charles T. Gaunt
Transformation in the South African power sector and new load patterns necessitated a review of load models used for financial, technical and tariff analysis. This pilot study took advantage of available data of customer measurements on medium Voltage (MV) feeders in Eskom's database. Load models with distinct profiles for typical days were developed for non-overlapping customer classes using a set of coherent parameters derived from MV chronological load profiles and the k-means algorithm. The results suggested that two profiles can be used to for summer and two profiles can be used for winter instead of using 365 hourly profiles for simulations. The results also reveal that load classification can be improved when the parameters are directed towards specific objectives, and also when the k-means algorithm is supervised using exogenous (external) parameters of loads. A comparison of the results to the economic activity class suggests that there are sub-clusters identifiable within the economic classes. The proposed process is practical, implementable with available data and suitable for various studies on MV networks.
--南非电力部门的转型和新的负荷模式需要对用于财务、技术和电价分析的负荷模型进行审查。这项试点研究利用了Eskom数据库中客户对中压(MV)馈线测量的可用数据。使用一组从MV时间负荷分布和k-means算法导出的一致参数,为非重叠客户类别开发了具有典型天数不同分布的负荷模型。结果表明,夏季可以使用两个剖面,冬季可以使用两种剖面,而不是使用365小时剖面进行模拟。结果还表明,当参数指向特定目标时,以及当使用负载的外生(外部)参数监督k均值算法时,可以改进负载分类。将结果与经济活动类别进行比较表明,在经济类别中存在可识别的子集群。所提出的过程是实用的,可利用现有数据实施,适用于MV网络的各种研究。
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引用次数: 1
Editors and reviewers 编辑和评审
IF 1.4 Q4 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2022-03-30 DOI: 10.23919/SAIEE.2022.9785538
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引用次数: 0
期刊
SAIEE Africa Research Journal
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