Abstract:This article will explore the artwork of Bracha Avigad (1919–2016), an Israeli woman artist, in the context of her personal history intertwined with the history of Zionism and of Israel. Her artistic projects, dating from the 1940s through the 1980s, reflect significant elements of Zionist ideology and a feminist attitude embodied in both the content and the style of her works as well as in some of her career decisions. This is the first study to discuss and analyzing Avigad’s art work comprehensively. Significant ideological motifs in her work include the Holocaust and the vision of Israel, the Hebrew Bible as a cultural heritage, the land of Israel as a physical and spiritual entity, and the idea of sharing the land with the Palestinian Arabs. Her corpus of was divided into three main projects: The scroll of Esther, wildflower drawings, and biblical landscapes. Each project will be presented and examined chronologically, using a method based on iconography and iconology. From her first project to her last, Avigad’s ideas, perceptions and consciousness were expressed in a unique artistic voice.
{"title":"The Art of a Woman—The Story of a Nation","authors":"Shahar Marnin-Distelfeld, Esther Carmel Hakim","doi":"10.2979/NASHIM.34.1.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/NASHIM.34.1.06","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article will explore the artwork of Bracha Avigad (1919–2016), an Israeli woman artist, in the context of her personal history intertwined with the history of Zionism and of Israel. Her artistic projects, dating from the 1940s through the 1980s, reflect significant elements of Zionist ideology and a feminist attitude embodied in both the content and the style of her works as well as in some of her career decisions. This is the first study to discuss and analyzing Avigad’s art work comprehensively. Significant ideological motifs in her work include the Holocaust and the vision of Israel, the Hebrew Bible as a cultural heritage, the land of Israel as a physical and spiritual entity, and the idea of sharing the land with the Palestinian Arabs. Her corpus of was divided into three main projects: The scroll of Esther, wildflower drawings, and biblical landscapes. Each project will be presented and examined chronologically, using a method based on iconography and iconology. From her first project to her last, Avigad’s ideas, perceptions and consciousness were expressed in a unique artistic voice.","PeriodicalId":42498,"journal":{"name":"Nashim-A Journal of Jewish Womens Studies & Gender Issues","volume":"41 1","pages":"123 - 145"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82797020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:The article reveals a historical source that has been overlooked in the research of Israeli society and women, including the history of Israeli feminism: the Hebrew journal Ha’ishah bamedinah, edited by Tehila Matmon and published for just four years, between 1949 and 1953. The journal’s declared mission was to raise the awareness of Israeli women to the intolerable gap between the State’s declared equality between men and women and the situation in real life, and to urge women to take action and release society of the chains of discrimination. The journal’s unique content and rhetoric may be one reason why it succumbed to oblivion. From a historical perspective, its editor was way ahead of her time.
{"title":"Ahead of Its Time: Ha’ishah Bamedinah—The Story of a Forgotten Women’s Journal in Israel","authors":"S. Geva","doi":"10.2979/NASHIM.34.1.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/NASHIM.34.1.05","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The article reveals a historical source that has been overlooked in the research of Israeli society and women, including the history of Israeli feminism: the Hebrew journal Ha’ishah bamedinah, edited by Tehila Matmon and published for just four years, between 1949 and 1953. The journal’s declared mission was to raise the awareness of Israeli women to the intolerable gap between the State’s declared equality between men and women and the situation in real life, and to urge women to take action and release society of the chains of discrimination. The journal’s unique content and rhetoric may be one reason why it succumbed to oblivion. From a historical perspective, its editor was way ahead of her time.","PeriodicalId":42498,"journal":{"name":"Nashim-A Journal of Jewish Womens Studies & Gender Issues","volume":"24 1","pages":"122 - 98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72989399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Rabbinic Tales of Destruction: Gender, Sex and Disability in the Ruins of Jerusalem by Julia Watts Belser (review)","authors":"Marjorie Lehman","doi":"10.1353/ajs.2019.0044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ajs.2019.0044","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42498,"journal":{"name":"Nashim-A Journal of Jewish Womens Studies & Gender Issues","volume":"6 5","pages":"189 - 192"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72417900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This paper deals with the feminization of teaching as reflected in Israeli films made in the later years of the yishuv and the early years after the establishment of the state. Its exploration of the diverse constructions of the cinematic gender roles of teachers is based on a qualitative analysis of six full-length films released between 1932 and 1956, each featuring a teacher or teachers among the main characters. The growing presence of women teachers in the films made in those years mirrored a global and local process of women’s entry into the educational labor market. While the figure of the male teacher was held up as a spiritual leader and a military commander, the female teacher was constructed as an apprentice, a secretary to her male counterpart or a mother substitute. Notwithstanding the purported Zionist ethos of gender equality, these differing portrayals echo uneven social power and, in turn, contribute to the construction of traditional gender roles and the declining status of teaching in Israel.
{"title":"Gender Differences in the Portrayal of Jewish Teachers in Israeli Films Made Before and After the Establishment of the State, 1932–1956","authors":"Ornat Turin","doi":"10.2979/NASHIM.34.1.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/NASHIM.34.1.04","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This paper deals with the feminization of teaching as reflected in Israeli films made in the later years of the yishuv and the early years after the establishment of the state. Its exploration of the diverse constructions of the cinematic gender roles of teachers is based on a qualitative analysis of six full-length films released between 1932 and 1956, each featuring a teacher or teachers among the main characters. The growing presence of women teachers in the films made in those years mirrored a global and local process of women’s entry into the educational labor market. While the figure of the male teacher was held up as a spiritual leader and a military commander, the female teacher was constructed as an apprentice, a secretary to her male counterpart or a mother substitute. Notwithstanding the purported Zionist ethos of gender equality, these differing portrayals echo uneven social power and, in turn, contribute to the construction of traditional gender roles and the declining status of teaching in Israel.","PeriodicalId":42498,"journal":{"name":"Nashim-A Journal of Jewish Womens Studies & Gender Issues","volume":"4 1","pages":"77 - 97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88853192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:La belle juive (“the beautiful Jewess”) is an archetype of nineteenth-century European Romantic literature, painting and theater. Intriguingly, a similar pattern is discernible in present-day Israeli theater with regard to actresses of Ethiopian Jewish origin. The mainstream theater is embracing these young women, offering them leading, passionate roles. However, their case calls for a careful double check of beauty as human capital. I would like to explore how the nineteenth-century European archetype operates in ways that stereotype these women in twenty-first century Israel as figures of alterity and exoticism. Their beauty operates in both cases as gender-oriented otherness and as the location of difference.
摘要:La belle juive(“美丽的犹太女人”)是19世纪欧洲浪漫主义文学、绘画和戏剧的原型。有趣的是，在当今的以色列戏剧中，关于埃塞俄比亚犹太血统的女演员，也可以看出类似的模式。主流戏剧正在接纳这些年轻女性，为她们提供充满激情的领导角色。然而，他们的案例要求对美貌作为人力资本进行仔细的双重检查。我想探讨19世纪的欧洲原型是如何运作的，这些女性在21世纪的以色列是另类和异国情调的形象。他们的美在两种情况下都是性别导向的他者和差异的位置。
{"title":"The New Belle Juive Onstage: Ethiopian Actresses in Israel","authors":"Sarit Cofman-Simhon","doi":"10.2979/NASHIM.34.1.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/NASHIM.34.1.07","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:La belle juive (“the beautiful Jewess”) is an archetype of nineteenth-century European Romantic literature, painting and theater. Intriguingly, a similar pattern is discernible in present-day Israeli theater with regard to actresses of Ethiopian Jewish origin. The mainstream theater is embracing these young women, offering them leading, passionate roles. However, their case calls for a careful double check of beauty as human capital. I would like to explore how the nineteenth-century European archetype operates in ways that stereotype these women in twenty-first century Israel as figures of alterity and exoticism. Their beauty operates in both cases as gender-oriented otherness and as the location of difference.","PeriodicalId":42498,"journal":{"name":"Nashim-A Journal of Jewish Womens Studies & Gender Issues","volume":"36 1","pages":"146 - 167"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87030181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This article recounts the fascinating dynamics of women entering the professions of law, dentistry and midwifery during the Mandate period in Palestine. After presenting the theoretical background relating to the concept of “profession” and the relationship between the statutory regulation of occupations and their professionalization, it focuses on the relationship between women and the professions as it was differentially impacted by legislation in the Mandate period. The story of women’s entrance into the professions thus provides a partial response to the question of how the British framed laws in the complex reality of Mandate Palestine, while endeavoring not to be perceived as discriminating against or privileging either Jews or Arabs. I shall present the process of women’s entrance into or exclusion from different occupations while examining the various narratives that accompanied the regulation of these occupations, in order to expose the common threads or differences between them. I conclude that the regulation of these professions may be understood not through a single uniform narrative, but in various patterns of integration: feminization and de-feminization, professionalization and de-professionalization, sensitization, politicization, and shifts in custom and tradition, which are slow and at times work to the benefit of professional women and at others to their detriment.
{"title":"Women Entering the Professions in Mandatory Palestine","authors":"Eyal Katvan","doi":"10.2979/NASHIM.34.1.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/NASHIM.34.1.03","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article recounts the fascinating dynamics of women entering the professions of law, dentistry and midwifery during the Mandate period in Palestine. After presenting the theoretical background relating to the concept of “profession” and the relationship between the statutory regulation of occupations and their professionalization, it focuses on the relationship between women and the professions as it was differentially impacted by legislation in the Mandate period. The story of women’s entrance into the professions thus provides a partial response to the question of how the British framed laws in the complex reality of Mandate Palestine, while endeavoring not to be perceived as discriminating against or privileging either Jews or Arabs. I shall present the process of women’s entrance into or exclusion from different occupations while examining the various narratives that accompanied the regulation of these occupations, in order to expose the common threads or differences between them. I conclude that the regulation of these professions may be understood not through a single uniform narrative, but in various patterns of integration: feminization and de-feminization, professionalization and de-professionalization, sensitization, politicization, and shifts in custom and tradition, which are slow and at times work to the benefit of professional women and at others to their detriment.","PeriodicalId":42498,"journal":{"name":"Nashim-A Journal of Jewish Womens Studies & Gender Issues","volume":"621 ","pages":"53 - 76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72436726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This article explores the welfare services that settled Jews in Britain and the United States provided for the large diaspora of east European Jews between 1880 and the Great Depression. It highlights gender relations, both as proposed for the immigrants and among the welfare workers themselves. How immigrants experienced the services provided for them is seen here through the lens of divergent views of tzedakah—God’s commandment to practice charity and social justice in a way that respects the dignity of the recipient. Using evidence from London and Glasgow for Britain, and from New York and Boston for the United States, it explores three overlapping phases of welfare work: scientific Jewish charity organization (1870–1914); new Liberal and Progressive Jewish social welfare (1890–1930); and professional Jewish social services (from 1890 on). The overall story tells of the increasing intention of the welfare providers to bring more understanding and respect to their work, but also of continuing tension with the recipients of their concern.
{"title":"Gender and Jewish Welfare Work in Britain and the United States, 1880–1930","authors":"E. Yeo","doi":"10.2979/NASHIM.34.1.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/NASHIM.34.1.01","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article explores the welfare services that settled Jews in Britain and the United States provided for the large diaspora of east European Jews between 1880 and the Great Depression. It highlights gender relations, both as proposed for the immigrants and among the welfare workers themselves. How immigrants experienced the services provided for them is seen here through the lens of divergent views of tzedakah—God’s commandment to practice charity and social justice in a way that respects the dignity of the recipient. Using evidence from London and Glasgow for Britain, and from New York and Boston for the United States, it explores three overlapping phases of welfare work: scientific Jewish charity organization (1870–1914); new Liberal and Progressive Jewish social welfare (1890–1930); and professional Jewish social services (from 1890 on). The overall story tells of the increasing intention of the welfare providers to bring more understanding and respect to their work, but also of continuing tension with the recipients of their concern.","PeriodicalId":42498,"journal":{"name":"Nashim-A Journal of Jewish Womens Studies & Gender Issues","volume":"11 1","pages":"32 - 7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85556889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The German Movement against Female Genital Mutilation and Four Jewish Foremothers","authors":"Tobe Levin von Gleichen","doi":"10.2979/NASHIM.34.1.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/NASHIM.34.1.08","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42498,"journal":{"name":"Nashim-A Journal of Jewish Womens Studies & Gender Issues","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79048433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Review Of \"In Sara Levy's Salon\" By R. Cypess And The Raritan Players","authors":"Michael Marissen","doi":"10.2979/nashim.34.1.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/nashim.34.1.12","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42498,"journal":{"name":"Nashim-A Journal of Jewish Womens Studies & Gender Issues","volume":"224 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73181621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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