Hayder Almizan, Marwa Haleem Jwair, Yahiea Al Naiemy, Z. A. A. Hassain, L. Nagy, T. Elwi
This paper presents an enhancement in radio frequency (RF) harvesting for conventional patch antenna using a metasurface layer (MSL). The key point behind such enhancement is inspired by Friis’ equation which states; increasing the antenna gain leads to an increase in the received power. To achieve this goal, a MSL consists of 5×5-unit cells of a modified Jerusalem cross are proposed. The proposed MSL provides gain enhancement of about 10 dBi while the gain of the patch antenna is about 1 dBi. The proposed MSL is fabricated, compacted to the antenna and experimentally characterized. The empirical results indict an excellent agreement with the numerical results in terms of |S11| and radiation patterns. In addition, a set of RF harvesting measurements are made for patch antenna with and without the MSL. The comparison between measurements shows a significant enhancement in the output voltage when the MSL is involved.
{"title":"Novel Metasurface based Microstrip Antenna Design for Gain Enhancement RF Harvesting","authors":"Hayder Almizan, Marwa Haleem Jwair, Yahiea Al Naiemy, Z. A. A. Hassain, L. Nagy, T. Elwi","doi":"10.36244/icj.2023.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36244/icj.2023.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an enhancement in radio frequency (RF) harvesting for conventional patch antenna using a metasurface layer (MSL). The key point behind such enhancement is inspired by Friis’ equation which states; increasing the antenna gain leads to an increase in the received power. To achieve this goal, a MSL consists of 5×5-unit cells of a modified Jerusalem cross are proposed. The proposed MSL provides gain enhancement of about 10 dBi while the gain of the patch antenna is about 1 dBi. The proposed MSL is fabricated, compacted to the antenna and experimentally characterized. The empirical results indict an excellent agreement with the numerical results in terms of |S11| and radiation patterns. In addition, a set of RF harvesting measurements are made for patch antenna with and without the MSL. The comparison between measurements shows a significant enhancement in the output voltage when the MSL is involved.","PeriodicalId":42504,"journal":{"name":"Infocommunications Journal","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80541841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Of recent, a handful of machine learning techniques have been proposed to handle the task of intrusion detection with algorithms taking charge; these algorithms learn, from traffic flow examples, to distinguish between benign and anomalous network events. In this paper, we explore the use of a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) ensemble to detect anomalies in a Software-Defined Networking (SDN) environment using the Global Environment for Network Innovations (GENI) testbed over geographically separated instances. A controllerbased framework is proposed, comprising several components across the detection chain. A bespoke dataset is generated, addressing three of the most popular contemporary network attacks and using an SDN perspective. Evaluation results show great potential for detecting a wide array of anomalies.
{"title":"An SDN controller-based framework for anomaly detection using a GAN ensemble algorithm","authors":"Dubem Ezeh, Jaudelice de Oliveira","doi":"10.36244/icj.2023.2.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36244/icj.2023.2.5","url":null,"abstract":"Of recent, a handful of machine learning techniques have been proposed to handle the task of intrusion detection with algorithms taking charge; these algorithms learn, from traffic flow examples, to distinguish between benign and anomalous network events. In this paper, we explore the use of a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) ensemble to detect anomalies in a Software-Defined Networking (SDN) environment using the Global Environment for Network Innovations (GENI) testbed over geographically separated instances. A controllerbased framework is proposed, comprising several components across the detection chain. A bespoke dataset is generated, addressing three of the most popular contemporary network attacks and using an SDN perspective. Evaluation results show great potential for detecting a wide array of anomalies.","PeriodicalId":42504,"journal":{"name":"Infocommunications Journal","volume":"112 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79309312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Basma Mostafa, M. Molnár, M. Saleh, A. Benslimane, Sally Kassem
Mission-criticalal Internet of Things (IoT)-based networks are increasingly employed in daily and industrial infrastructures. The resilience of such networks is crucial. Given IoT networks’ constantly changing nature, it is necessary to provide dependability and sustainability. A robust network monitoring can reinforce reliability, such that the monitoring mechanism adapts itself to real-time network instabilities. This work proposes a proactive, dynamic, and distributed network monitoring mechanism with monitor placement and scheduling for 6LoWPAN-based IoT networks intended for mission-critical applications. The proposed mechanism aims to ensure real-time monitoring coverage while respecting the limited and changing power resources of devices to prolong the network lifetime.
{"title":"Dynamic Distributed Monitoring for 6LoWPAN-based IoT Networks","authors":"Basma Mostafa, M. Molnár, M. Saleh, A. Benslimane, Sally Kassem","doi":"10.36244/icj.2023.1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36244/icj.2023.1.7","url":null,"abstract":"Mission-criticalal Internet of Things (IoT)-based networks are increasingly employed in daily and industrial infrastructures. The resilience of such networks is crucial. Given IoT networks’ constantly changing nature, it is necessary to provide dependability and sustainability. A robust network monitoring can reinforce reliability, such that the monitoring mechanism adapts itself to real-time network instabilities. This work proposes a proactive, dynamic, and distributed network monitoring mechanism with monitor placement and scheduling for 6LoWPAN-based IoT networks intended for mission-critical applications. The proposed mechanism aims to ensure real-time monitoring coverage while respecting the limited and changing power resources of devices to prolong the network lifetime.","PeriodicalId":42504,"journal":{"name":"Infocommunications Journal","volume":"17 1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79484588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Quantum computing will play a crucial part in our security infrastructure for the coming years. Quantum networks can consist of direct optical fiber or free-space links. With the use of satellite channels, we can create a quantum network with higher coverage than using optical fibers where the distances are limited due to the properties of the fiber. One of the highest drivers of cost for satellite networks, apart from the cost of the technology needed for such systems, are the costs of launching and maintaining said satellites. By minimizing the satellites needed for a well-functioning quantum network, we can decrease said network’s cost, thus enabling a cheaper quantum internet. In this paper, we present an optical transmittance-based routing algorithm with which it is possible to conduct successful quantum entanglement transfer between terrestrial nodes.
{"title":"Optical transmittance based store and forward routing in satellite networks","authors":"András Mihály, L. Bacsardi","doi":"10.36244/icj.2023.2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36244/icj.2023.2.2","url":null,"abstract":"Quantum computing will play a crucial part in our security infrastructure for the coming years. Quantum networks can consist of direct optical fiber or free-space links. With the use of satellite channels, we can create a quantum network with higher coverage than using optical fibers where the distances are limited due to the properties of the fiber. One of the highest drivers of cost for satellite networks, apart from the cost of the technology needed for such systems, are the costs of launching and maintaining said satellites. By minimizing the satellites needed for a well-functioning quantum network, we can decrease said network’s cost, thus enabling a cheaper quantum internet. In this paper, we present an optical transmittance-based routing algorithm with which it is possible to conduct successful quantum entanglement transfer between terrestrial nodes.","PeriodicalId":42504,"journal":{"name":"Infocommunications Journal","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87679270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The stateful NAT44 performance of iptables is an important issue when it is used as a stateful NAT44 gateway of a CGN (Carrier-Grade NAT) system. The performance measurements of iptables published in research papers do not comply with the requirements of RFC 2544 and RFC 4814 and the usability of their results has serious limitations. Our Internet Draft has proposed a benchmarking methodology for stateful NATxy (x, y are in {4, 6}) gateways and made it possible to perform the classic RFC 2544 measurement procedures like throughput, latency, frame loss rate, etc. with stateful NATxy gateways using RFC 4814 pseudorandom port numbers. It has also defined new performance metrics specific to stateful testing to quantify the connection setup and connection tear down performance of stateful NATxy gateways. In our current paper, we examine how the performance of iptables depends on various settings, and also if certain tradeoffs exist. We measure the maximum connection establishment rate, throughput and tear down rate of iptables as well as its memory consumption as a function of hash table size always using 40 million connections. We disclose all measurement details and results. We recommend new settings that enable network operators to achieve significantly higher performance than using the traditional ones.
{"title":"Optimizing the Performance of the Iptables Stateful NAT44 Solution","authors":"G. Lencse, K. Shima","doi":"10.36244/icj.2023.1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36244/icj.2023.1.6","url":null,"abstract":"The stateful NAT44 performance of iptables is an important issue when it is used as a stateful NAT44 gateway of a CGN (Carrier-Grade NAT) system. The performance measurements of iptables published in research papers do not comply with the requirements of RFC 2544 and RFC 4814 and the usability of their results has serious limitations. Our Internet Draft has proposed a benchmarking methodology for stateful NATxy (x, y are in {4, 6}) gateways and made it possible to perform the classic RFC 2544 measurement procedures like throughput, latency, frame loss rate, etc. with stateful NATxy gateways using RFC 4814 pseudorandom port numbers. It has also defined new performance metrics specific to stateful testing to quantify the connection setup and connection tear down performance of stateful NATxy gateways. In our current paper, we examine how the performance of iptables depends on various settings, and also if certain tradeoffs exist. We measure the maximum connection establishment rate, throughput and tear down rate of iptables as well as its memory consumption as a function of hash table size always using 40 million connections. We disclose all measurement details and results. We recommend new settings that enable network operators to achieve significantly higher performance than using the traditional ones.","PeriodicalId":42504,"journal":{"name":"Infocommunications Journal","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75078497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years, the development of Cooperative Intelligent Transportation Systems (C-ITS) have witnessed significant growth thus improving the smart transportation concept. The ground of the new C-ITS applications are machine learning algorithms. The goal of this paper is to give a structured and comprehensive overview of machine learning use-cases in the field of C-ITS. It reviews recent novel studies and solutions on CITS applications that are based on machine learning algorithms. These works are organised based on their operational area, including self-inspection level, inter-vehicle level and infrastructure level. The primary objective of this paper is to demonstrate the potential of artificial intelligence in enhancing C-ITS applications.
{"title":"Machine Learning Use-Cases in C-ITS Applications","authors":"Norman Bereczki, V. Simon","doi":"10.36244/icj.2023.1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36244/icj.2023.1.4","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, the development of Cooperative Intelligent Transportation Systems (C-ITS) have witnessed significant growth thus improving the smart transportation concept. The ground of the new C-ITS applications are machine learning algorithms. The goal of this paper is to give a structured and comprehensive overview of machine learning use-cases in the field of C-ITS. It reviews recent novel studies and solutions on CITS applications that are based on machine learning algorithms. These works are organised based on their operational area, including self-inspection level, inter-vehicle level and infrastructure level. The primary objective of this paper is to demonstrate the potential of artificial intelligence in enhancing C-ITS applications.","PeriodicalId":42504,"journal":{"name":"Infocommunications Journal","volume":"90 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85509838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this article, the proposed antenna structure is designed for modern wireless communication systems. The antenna structure is consistent of twelve-unit metasurface (MTS) unit cells. Therefore, the antenna size is miniaturized effectively to 30×35mm2 which is equivalently about 0.2λo, where λo is the free space wavelength at 3.5GHz. This is achieved by conducting the use of Hilbert shape MTS structure with T-resonator induction structure. The antenna structure is printed on a single side substrate to cover the frequency bands from 3.15GHz-3.63GHz and 4.8GHz-5.1GHz. Such antenna is found to provide a maximum gain of 3.5dBi and 4.8dBi at 3.5GHz and 5Ghz, respectively. Next, proposed antenna is found to be circularly polarized at 3.5GHz and 5GHz. The proposed antenna performance is simulated numerically using CST MWS software package with all design methodology that is chosen to arrive to the optimal performance. Then, the optimal antenna design is tested numerically using HFSS software package for validation. Finally, an excellent agreement is achieved between the two conducted software results.
{"title":"Metasurface Antenna Circuitry for 5G Communication Networks","authors":"Marwa Haleem Jwair, T. Elwi","doi":"10.36244/icj.2023.2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36244/icj.2023.2.1","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, the proposed antenna structure is designed for modern wireless communication systems. The antenna structure is consistent of twelve-unit metasurface (MTS) unit cells. Therefore, the antenna size is miniaturized effectively to 30×35mm2 which is equivalently about 0.2λo, where λo is the free space wavelength at 3.5GHz. This is achieved by conducting the use of Hilbert shape MTS structure with T-resonator induction structure. The antenna structure is printed on a single side substrate to cover the frequency bands from 3.15GHz-3.63GHz and 4.8GHz-5.1GHz. Such antenna is found to provide a maximum gain of 3.5dBi and 4.8dBi at 3.5GHz and 5Ghz, respectively. Next, proposed antenna is found to be circularly polarized at 3.5GHz and 5GHz. The proposed antenna performance is simulated numerically using CST MWS software package with all design methodology that is chosen to arrive to the optimal performance. Then, the optimal antenna design is tested numerically using HFSS software package for validation. Finally, an excellent agreement is achieved between the two conducted software results.","PeriodicalId":42504,"journal":{"name":"Infocommunications Journal","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84383778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Péter Marjai, Máté Nagy-Sándor Máté Nagy-Sándor, Attila Kiss
For the last few years networks became integral parts of our everyday life. They are used in communication, transportation, marketing, and the list goes on. They are also becoming bigger, and more complex and dynamic networks also start to appear more. In light of this, the problem of finding the most influential node in the network remains of high interest however, it is getting more and more difficult to find these nodes. It is hard to grasp the true meaning of what is really being the most influential node means. There are several approaches to define what the most vital nodes are like having the most edges connected to them or having the shortest paths running through them. They can be also identified by calculating the influence of their neighbors, or evaluating how they contribute to the whole of the network. Over recent years various new centrality measures were proposed to order the importance of the nodes of a network. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of three modern centrality measures, namely Local Fuzzy Information Centrality (LFIC), Local Clustering H-index Centrality (LCH), and Global Structure Model (GSM) on different information models, and compare them with conventional centrality measures. In our experiments, we investigate the similarity between the top-n ranking nodes of the measures, the influential capacity of these nodes as well as the frequency of the nodes with the same centrality value.
{"title":"The performance of modern centrality measures on different information models and networks","authors":"Péter Marjai, Máté Nagy-Sándor Máté Nagy-Sándor, Attila Kiss","doi":"10.36244/icj.2023.5.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36244/icj.2023.5.9","url":null,"abstract":"For the last few years networks became integral parts of our everyday life. They are used in communication, transportation, marketing, and the list goes on. They are also becoming bigger, and more complex and dynamic networks also start to appear more. In light of this, the problem of finding the most influential node in the network remains of high interest however, it is getting more and more difficult to find these nodes. It is hard to grasp the true meaning of what is really being the most influential node means. There are several approaches to define what the most vital nodes are like having the most edges connected to them or having the shortest paths running through them. They can be also identified by calculating the influence of their neighbors, or evaluating how they contribute to the whole of the network. Over recent years various new centrality measures were proposed to order the importance of the nodes of a network. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of three modern centrality measures, namely Local Fuzzy Information Centrality (LFIC), Local Clustering H-index Centrality (LCH), and Global Structure Model (GSM) on different information models, and compare them with conventional centrality measures. In our experiments, we investigate the similarity between the top-n ranking nodes of the measures, the influential capacity of these nodes as well as the frequency of the nodes with the same centrality value.","PeriodicalId":42504,"journal":{"name":"Infocommunications Journal","volume":"132 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83263650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Over the past decade, deep learning has profoundly transformed the landscape of science and technology, from refining advertising algorithms to pioneering self-driving vehicles. While advancements in computational capabilities have fueled this evolution, the consistent availability of high quality training data is less of a given. In this work, the authors aim to provide a bird’s eye view on topics pertaining to small data scenarios, that is scenarios in which a less than desirable quality and quantity of data is given for supervised learning. We provide an overview for a set of challenges, proposed solution and at the end tie it together by practical guidelines on which techniques are useful in specific real-world scenarios.
{"title":"What Can We Learn from Small Data","authors":"Tamás Nyíri, Attila Kiss","doi":"10.36244/icj.2023.5.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36244/icj.2023.5.5","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past decade, deep learning has profoundly transformed the landscape of science and technology, from refining advertising algorithms to pioneering self-driving vehicles. While advancements in computational capabilities have fueled this evolution, the consistent availability of high quality training data is less of a given. In this work, the authors aim to provide a bird’s eye view on topics pertaining to small data scenarios, that is scenarios in which a less than desirable quality and quantity of data is given for supervised learning. We provide an overview for a set of challenges, proposed solution and at the end tie it together by practical guidelines on which techniques are useful in specific real-world scenarios.","PeriodicalId":42504,"journal":{"name":"Infocommunications Journal","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82073015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper we have used JoCoR, a fairly recent method for learning with label noise, that makes use of two neural networks with a joint loss function using an additional contrastive loss to increase the agreement between them. This method can be extended to more than two networks in a straightforward way. We have carried out experiments on the CIFAR-10 and CIFAR-100 datasets (contaminated by synthetic label noise) with this kind of extension using several contrastive losses. We have concluded that it makes a significant improvement if we use a third network, especially when we use Kullback-Leibler terms for all possible pairs of softmax outputs. Further extension also means some kind of improvement, but in the case of the CIFAR datasets, those were not so significant, maybe except the cases with lower ratio of label noise.
{"title":"Deep Learning from Noisy Labels with Some Adjustments of a Recent Method","authors":"István Fazekas, László Fórián, Attila Barta","doi":"10.36244/icj.2023.5.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36244/icj.2023.5.2","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we have used JoCoR, a fairly recent method for learning with label noise, that makes use of two neural networks with a joint loss function using an additional contrastive loss to increase the agreement between them. This method can be extended to more than two networks in a straightforward way. We have carried out experiments on the CIFAR-10 and CIFAR-100 datasets (contaminated by synthetic label noise) with this kind of extension using several contrastive losses. We have concluded that it makes a significant improvement if we use a third network, especially when we use Kullback-Leibler terms for all possible pairs of softmax outputs. Further extension also means some kind of improvement, but in the case of the CIFAR datasets, those were not so significant, maybe except the cases with lower ratio of label noise.","PeriodicalId":42504,"journal":{"name":"Infocommunications Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89710578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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