Abstract: In this paper, an optical setup for electric field-induced second-harmonic generation (EFISH) at 1.9 μm experiment was arranged and used to investigate and determine the hyperpolarizability of some nanostructure organic components in two different solutions. First, a laser beam at 1.9 μm was generated by pumping a hydrogen Raman cell pressurized to 55 bar with 10 Hz Q-switched Nd: YAG nanosecond laser operating at λ = 1.064 μm. Next, the generated laser beam was aligned with all optical components within the assembly. The final step was to optimize the beam’s power and polarization at the center of the EFSH cell. Different nanostructure organic samples in solutions were prepared with nearly the same standard concentration of about 5 mmol/L to be investigated under the optimized system. Two solvents were used in this work, dichloromethane, or DCM (CH2Cl2), and chloroform, or trichloromethane (CHCl3). First, the harmonic order hyperpolarizability of five organic molecules in solutions with different chemical components such as quinolinium groups and organic boron complexes (supplied by the Chemistry Department at Catania University, Italy) were experimentally investigated experimentally. Only component (2-(2-[5′-(N,N-dimethylamino)-(2,2′-bithiophen)-5-yl]vinyl)-1-methyquinolin-1-ium iodide) in chloroform showed a significant difference in Maker fringes amplitude of the applied electrical field in comparison with fringes of its pure solvent. The value ofμfor this component has been calculated as 1320 x 10-48 esu. This value indicates that the component is a suitable candidate for use in second-harmonic generation imaging for biological applications. Keywords: Electric field-induced second-harmonic generation (EFISH), Harmonic light, Organic materials, hyperpolarizability. PACS: Nonlinear optics, 42.65.-k, Electric fields, instrumentation for measurement, 07.50.-e, Organic-inorganic hybrid nanostructures, 81.07.Pr, Organic materials optical materials, 42.70.Jk
{"title":"Optical Setup for Investigating the Hyperpolarizability of Organic Nanostructure Materials in Solutions Using Electric Field Induced Second Harmonic Generation","authors":"","doi":"10.47011/16.3.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47011/16.3.11","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: In this paper, an optical setup for electric field-induced second-harmonic generation (EFISH) at 1.9 μm experiment was arranged and used to investigate and determine the hyperpolarizability of some nanostructure organic components in two different solutions. First, a laser beam at 1.9 μm was generated by pumping a hydrogen Raman cell pressurized to 55 bar with 10 Hz Q-switched Nd: YAG nanosecond laser operating at λ = 1.064 μm. Next, the generated laser beam was aligned with all optical components within the assembly. The final step was to optimize the beam’s power and polarization at the center of the EFSH cell. Different nanostructure organic samples in solutions were prepared with nearly the same standard concentration of about 5 mmol/L to be investigated under the optimized system. Two solvents were used in this work, dichloromethane, or DCM (CH2Cl2), and chloroform, or trichloromethane (CHCl3). First, the harmonic order hyperpolarizability of five organic molecules in solutions with different chemical components such as quinolinium groups and organic boron complexes (supplied by the Chemistry Department at Catania University, Italy) were experimentally investigated experimentally. Only component (2-(2-[5′-(N,N-dimethylamino)-(2,2′-bithiophen)-5-yl]vinyl)-1-methyquinolin-1-ium iodide) in chloroform showed a significant difference in Maker fringes amplitude of the applied electrical field in comparison with fringes of its pure solvent. The value ofμfor this component has been calculated as 1320 x 10-48 esu. This value indicates that the component is a suitable candidate for use in second-harmonic generation imaging for biological applications. Keywords: Electric field-induced second-harmonic generation (EFISH), Harmonic light, Organic materials, hyperpolarizability. PACS: Nonlinear optics, 42.65.-k, Electric fields, instrumentation for measurement, 07.50.-e, Organic-inorganic hybrid nanostructures, 81.07.Pr, Organic materials optical materials, 42.70.Jk","PeriodicalId":42562,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136035916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract: Field electron emission measurements were carried out on copper of 99.95% purity emitters, with apex radii in the nano and micrometer range. Samples have been prepared by electrochemical etching using phosphoric acid (H3PO4) solution. Measurements have been carried out under high vacuum environments with a base pressure of 10-7 mbar. Samples were installed in a field electron microscope (FEM) with an anode (tip)-to-cathode (screen) distance of 10 mm. Scanning electron microscope images, electrons spatial distribution behavior, and the current-voltage characteristics (I-V) have been studied and analyzed. Copper emitters have been prepared as electron sources and tested. The results showed a typical current-voltage characteristic from a coat emitter. The scanning electron microscope showed the sample geometry and cleanness. These copper electron emitters have been found to have significant aspects (high voltage breakdown mechanism) affecting the performance of advanced systems such as the electronic accelerator of The European Organization for Nuclear Research, known as CERN. This work aims to study this type of material to understand the high voltage breakdown phenomena in copper and the reasons behind it to provide a solution to such phenomena. Keywords: Field electron emission, Current-voltage characteristics, Copper tips, High vacuum.
{"title":"Electron Emission from High-Purity Copper Wires","authors":"","doi":"10.47011/16.2.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47011/16.2.12","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Field electron emission measurements were carried out on copper of 99.95% purity emitters, with apex radii in the nano and micrometer range. Samples have been prepared by electrochemical etching using phosphoric acid (H3PO4) solution. Measurements have been carried out under high vacuum environments with a base pressure of 10-7 mbar. Samples were installed in a field electron microscope (FEM) with an anode (tip)-to-cathode (screen) distance of 10 mm. Scanning electron microscope images, electrons spatial distribution behavior, and the current-voltage characteristics (I-V) have been studied and analyzed. Copper emitters have been prepared as electron sources and tested. The results showed a typical current-voltage characteristic from a coat emitter. The scanning electron microscope showed the sample geometry and cleanness. These copper electron emitters have been found to have significant aspects (high voltage breakdown mechanism) affecting the performance of advanced systems such as the electronic accelerator of The European Organization for Nuclear Research, known as CERN. This work aims to study this type of material to understand the high voltage breakdown phenomena in copper and the reasons behind it to provide a solution to such phenomena. Keywords: Field electron emission, Current-voltage characteristics, Copper tips, High vacuum.","PeriodicalId":42562,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136366132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract: This study investigated the effects of the co-doping of Yb and Nd elements and the operating temperature on photocatalytic degradation. Composites of Ce0.96Nd0.04O2 (CN), Ce0.96Yb0.04O2 (CY), and Ce0.92Nd0.04Yb0.04O2 (CNY) were obtained by self-propagating room temperature reaction method, involving several sequential steps. The composites were sintered at 500 and 600 °C. The structural and morphological properties of the compounds were examined via X-ray powder diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, and UV-vis spectroscopy. In the degradation study, methylene blue was chosen as the dyestuff. Although the operating temperature affected the degradation negatively, co-doping had a positive effect. The lowest bandgap (2.70 eV) was found for the CNY compound and the CNY without applied operating temperature had the highest percentage of degradation (80.76%). Keywords: CeO2, Self-propagating reaction, Co-doping, Photocatalytic, Rare earth element.
{"title":"Investigation of the Effects of Yb and Nd Doping and Operating Temperature on CeO2 Photocatalyst Properties","authors":"","doi":"10.47011/16.2.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47011/16.2.10","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: This study investigated the effects of the co-doping of Yb and Nd elements and the operating temperature on photocatalytic degradation. Composites of Ce0.96Nd0.04O2 (CN), Ce0.96Yb0.04O2 (CY), and Ce0.92Nd0.04Yb0.04O2 (CNY) were obtained by self-propagating room temperature reaction method, involving several sequential steps. The composites were sintered at 500 and 600 °C. The structural and morphological properties of the compounds were examined via X-ray powder diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, and UV-vis spectroscopy. In the degradation study, methylene blue was chosen as the dyestuff. Although the operating temperature affected the degradation negatively, co-doping had a positive effect. The lowest bandgap (2.70 eV) was found for the CNY compound and the CNY without applied operating temperature had the highest percentage of degradation (80.76%). Keywords: CeO2, Self-propagating reaction, Co-doping, Photocatalytic, Rare earth element.","PeriodicalId":42562,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136366136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract: The mixing behavior of lead–magnesium liquid alloy is studied using different modeling equations at various temperatures. The quasi-lattice model has been employed too analyze the concentration-dependent thermodynamic and structural properties of lead–magnesium liquid alloy. To validate the model, the obtained theoretical results are compared with experimental results. The viscosity of the alloy has been studied by the Kozlov–Romanov–Petrov equation, the Kaptay equation, and the Budai–Benko–Kaptay model, whereas surface tension has been studied by the Butler equation, tatistical mechanical approach, and the Compound formation model. The primary focus of this study is the interaction parameters among the atoms of the alloy. The alloy shows the moderately interacting and ordering nature within the entire concentration of lead. There is reasonable agreement between the theoretical and experimental data at 973K. The study concludes that the alloy depicts ordering tendency and viscosity and surface tension both decrease with increase in temperature. Keywords: Ordering, Complex formation, Asymmetric, Statistical mechanical approach.
{"title":"Thermophysical Assessment of Lead Magnesium Alloy at Different Temperatures","authors":"","doi":"10.47011/16.2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47011/16.2.3","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: The mixing behavior of lead–magnesium liquid alloy is studied using different modeling equations at various temperatures. The quasi-lattice model has been employed too analyze the concentration-dependent thermodynamic and structural properties of lead–magnesium liquid alloy. To validate the model, the obtained theoretical results are compared with experimental results. The viscosity of the alloy has been studied by the Kozlov–Romanov–Petrov equation, the Kaptay equation, and the Budai–Benko–Kaptay model, whereas surface tension has been studied by the Butler equation, tatistical mechanical approach, and the Compound formation model. The primary focus of this study is the interaction parameters among the atoms of the alloy. The alloy shows the moderately interacting and ordering nature within the entire concentration of lead. There is reasonable agreement between the theoretical and experimental data at 973K. The study concludes that the alloy depicts ordering tendency and viscosity and surface tension both decrease with increase in temperature. Keywords: Ordering, Complex formation, Asymmetric, Statistical mechanical approach.","PeriodicalId":42562,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136365805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract: The paper presents the results of rapid in-situ radiometric assessment of the seven UNESCO Cultural World Heritage Sites of the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal. The geological condition of the valley and NORM present in the building materials of Heritage Sites can increase gamma exposure and, therefore, be hazardous to the public and the environment. The objective of the study is to provide baseline data of annual effective dose (AED) and to assess associated health risks in the surrounding area of World Heritage Sites. The average absorbed dose rates in air and mass concentrations of radioelement 40K, 238U, and 232Th are measured in the range 120.907±11.121 to 152.320±15.072 nGy/h, 2.785±0.734 to 3.458±0.802%, 6.599±2.965 to 8.778±3.379 ppm and 17.744±+5.897 to 25.137±6.959 ppm, respectively. The dose rates contributed by the particular gamma radionuclides are also calculated. The statistical analysis shows that the distribution of dose rates is asymmetric with positive skewness. The dose rates have a high and positive correlation with the mass concentrations of radioelements. From the average measured absorbed dose rate, the AED and excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) are estimated. Despite the dose rate being higher than the global average value, it does not pose any radiological health risks to visitors or the public living in the vicinity (<1 mSv/y). Keywords: Mass concentration, AED, Building material, In-situ measurement, Gamma radiation, UNESCO sites.
{"title":"In-situ Radiometric Assessment of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Kathmandu Valley of Nepal Using Gamma Ray Spectrometry","authors":"","doi":"10.47011/16.2.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47011/16.2.9","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: The paper presents the results of rapid in-situ radiometric assessment of the seven UNESCO Cultural World Heritage Sites of the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal. The geological condition of the valley and NORM present in the building materials of Heritage Sites can increase gamma exposure and, therefore, be hazardous to the public and the environment. The objective of the study is to provide baseline data of annual effective dose (AED) and to assess associated health risks in the surrounding area of World Heritage Sites. The average absorbed dose rates in air and mass concentrations of radioelement 40K, 238U, and 232Th are measured in the range 120.907±11.121 to 152.320±15.072 nGy/h, 2.785±0.734 to 3.458±0.802%, 6.599±2.965 to 8.778±3.379 ppm and 17.744±+5.897 to 25.137±6.959 ppm, respectively. The dose rates contributed by the particular gamma radionuclides are also calculated. The statistical analysis shows that the distribution of dose rates is asymmetric with positive skewness. The dose rates have a high and positive correlation with the mass concentrations of radioelements. From the average measured absorbed dose rate, the AED and excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) are estimated. Despite the dose rate being higher than the global average value, it does not pose any radiological health risks to visitors or the public living in the vicinity (<1 mSv/y). Keywords: Mass concentration, AED, Building material, In-situ measurement, Gamma radiation, UNESCO sites.","PeriodicalId":42562,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136365807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract: The behavior of the metallic multilayer Au100Å/Si100Å/Si under swift heavy ion irradiation has been studied within the inelastic thermal spike model. Gold has been chosen due to its insensitivity to irradiation. The heat transport in the electronic and lattice subsystem has been simulated using a three-dimensional numerical code that includes the energy transfer between the layers in a direction perpendicular to layer surfaces. The simulations have been done for four kinds of ions Pb, Xe, Kr, and Ar, at a specific energy of 3Mev/amu in order to study the influence of the electronic stopping power on the intermixing process. The results show that for Pb, Xe, and Kr, intermixing at the interface of Au/Si has been obtained. However, no mixing has been observed with Ar. Furthermore, the value of the interdiffusion coefficient for Au has been estimated to be approximately 11x10-4 cm2 s-1, which is characteristic of the liquid phase and, thus, supports the thermal spike model of mixing. For comparison, similar thermal spike simulations have been applied to Ti100Å/Si100Å/Si under the same irradiation conditions. We have found that Ti, which is a sensitive material, exhibits considerable intermixing with Si during Pb, Xe, and Kr irradiation. Whereas, a weak intermixing has been found after Ar irradiation; this is completely different from what has been observed in the Au/Si system. Keywords: Irradiation, Swift heavy ions, Thermal spike model, Ion beam mixing. PACS: 61.80.Az, 61.80.Jh, 61.80.LJ.
{"title":"Theoretical Study of Intermixing in Au/Si System under Swift Heavy Ion Irradiation","authors":"","doi":"10.47011/16.2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47011/16.2.2","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: The behavior of the metallic multilayer Au100Å/Si100Å/Si under swift heavy ion irradiation has been studied within the inelastic thermal spike model. Gold has been chosen due to its insensitivity to irradiation. The heat transport in the electronic and lattice subsystem has been simulated using a three-dimensional numerical code that includes the energy transfer between the layers in a direction perpendicular to layer surfaces. The simulations have been done for four kinds of ions Pb, Xe, Kr, and Ar, at a specific energy of 3Mev/amu in order to study the influence of the electronic stopping power on the intermixing process. The results show that for Pb, Xe, and Kr, intermixing at the interface of Au/Si has been obtained. However, no mixing has been observed with Ar. Furthermore, the value of the interdiffusion coefficient for Au has been estimated to be approximately 11x10-4 cm2 s-1, which is characteristic of the liquid phase and, thus, supports the thermal spike model of mixing. For comparison, similar thermal spike simulations have been applied to Ti100Å/Si100Å/Si under the same irradiation conditions. We have found that Ti, which is a sensitive material, exhibits considerable intermixing with Si during Pb, Xe, and Kr irradiation. Whereas, a weak intermixing has been found after Ar irradiation; this is completely different from what has been observed in the Au/Si system. Keywords: Irradiation, Swift heavy ions, Thermal spike model, Ion beam mixing. PACS: 61.80.Az, 61.80.Jh, 61.80.LJ.","PeriodicalId":42562,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136365808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract: TiO2-SnO2 nanocomposite was prepared by green synthesis method with the help of the Allium sativum extract obtained from garlic cloves. The green synthesized TiO2-SnO2 nanocomposite was characterized by XRD, SEM, EDS, Raman, ATR-FTIR, and UV-Visible spectroscopy. The XRD pattern reveals the polycrystalline nature of the synthesized nanocomposite and indicates the simultaneous presence of anatase and rutile phases of TiO2, along with SnO2. The calculated average crystallite size is 11.79 nm. The SEM images give the concept of surface morphologies of the synthesized nanocomposite. EDS spectrum detects the presence of Ti, Sn, and O in the synthesized nanocomposite material. The Raman spectrum confirms the chemical compositions. ATR-FTIR spectrum shows the presence of organic components of garlic as functional groups in the synthesized nanocomposite. The Tauc plot obtained from the UV-Visible spectral data displays the direct and indirect band gap values of 3.97 and 3.25 eV, respectively. Moreover, the present study investigates the effect of the synthesized nanocomposite’s concentration on the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye. The aqueous suspension of TiO2-SnO2 nanocomposite photocatalyst with a concentration of 1.5 mg/mL exhibits maximum photocatalytic activity. Keywords: Green synthesis, TiO2-SnO2 nanocomposite, Allium sativum extract, Photocatalytic activity, Methylene blue.
{"title":"Green Synthesized TiO2-SnO2 Nanocomposite for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue Dye","authors":"","doi":"10.47011/16.2.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47011/16.2.6","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: TiO2-SnO2 nanocomposite was prepared by green synthesis method with the help of the Allium sativum extract obtained from garlic cloves. The green synthesized TiO2-SnO2 nanocomposite was characterized by XRD, SEM, EDS, Raman, ATR-FTIR, and UV-Visible spectroscopy. The XRD pattern reveals the polycrystalline nature of the synthesized nanocomposite and indicates the simultaneous presence of anatase and rutile phases of TiO2, along with SnO2. The calculated average crystallite size is 11.79 nm. The SEM images give the concept of surface morphologies of the synthesized nanocomposite. EDS spectrum detects the presence of Ti, Sn, and O in the synthesized nanocomposite material. The Raman spectrum confirms the chemical compositions. ATR-FTIR spectrum shows the presence of organic components of garlic as functional groups in the synthesized nanocomposite. The Tauc plot obtained from the UV-Visible spectral data displays the direct and indirect band gap values of 3.97 and 3.25 eV, respectively. Moreover, the present study investigates the effect of the synthesized nanocomposite’s concentration on the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye. The aqueous suspension of TiO2-SnO2 nanocomposite photocatalyst with a concentration of 1.5 mg/mL exhibits maximum photocatalytic activity. Keywords: Green synthesis, TiO2-SnO2 nanocomposite, Allium sativum extract, Photocatalytic activity, Methylene blue.","PeriodicalId":42562,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136366127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract: In this study, radon (Rn) gas concentrations were measured in the soil samples taken at various locations in the Kufa district, Iraq. The study was conducted using a solid-state nuclear track detector (SSNTD), commercially known as CR-39, purchased from the TASTRAK Analysis System. Also, radium and uranium concentrations and annual effective dose, mass exhalation rate, surface exhalation rate, and excess lifetime cancer risk due to radon gas were calculated. The results show that the average values, with a standard deviation of radon concentrations, in the air space of a tube containing the sample and in the samples were 14±1 Bq/m3 and 895±74 Bq/m3, respectively. We also found that the average value of the annual effective dose was 0.36±0.08 mSv/y. We employed the GIS (ArcGIS 10.7.1.) technique to draw the main conclusions of the study. The study demonstrates that the measured levels of radon gas concentrations are within acceptable ranges in terms of potential health risks. Keywords: Alpha emitters, Radon gas, Soil, GIS, Kufa district, Radiation maps.
{"title":"Mapping of Alpha Emitters for Soil Samples in Kufa Districts, Iraq","authors":"","doi":"10.47011/16.2.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47011/16.2.7","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: In this study, radon (Rn) gas concentrations were measured in the soil samples taken at various locations in the Kufa district, Iraq. The study was conducted using a solid-state nuclear track detector (SSNTD), commercially known as CR-39, purchased from the TASTRAK Analysis System. Also, radium and uranium concentrations and annual effective dose, mass exhalation rate, surface exhalation rate, and excess lifetime cancer risk due to radon gas were calculated. The results show that the average values, with a standard deviation of radon concentrations, in the air space of a tube containing the sample and in the samples were 14±1 Bq/m3 and 895±74 Bq/m3, respectively. We also found that the average value of the annual effective dose was 0.36±0.08 mSv/y. We employed the GIS (ArcGIS 10.7.1.) technique to draw the main conclusions of the study. The study demonstrates that the measured levels of radon gas concentrations are within acceptable ranges in terms of potential health risks. Keywords: Alpha emitters, Radon gas, Soil, GIS, Kufa district, Radiation maps.","PeriodicalId":42562,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136366133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract: This work considered the infinite square well in one dimension with a contact potential. The Dirac delta derivative function potential λδ^' where λ is a coupling constant was used to represent the contact potential. Using Green’s function technique, exact implicit expressions of the energy eigenvalues and eigenfunctions were obtained. The energy eigenvalues were expressed using a transcendental equation. The energy eigenfunctions satisfy the Schrödinger equation and the infinite square well boundary conditions. Also, the eigenfunctions and their first derivative were shown to be discontinuous. The values of these discontinuity jumps agreed with the required conditions for a self-adjoint extension Hamiltonian. In the weak coupling region, the energy eigenvalues are close to that of the even parity solution before adding the contact potential. The energy eigenvalues in the strong coupling regime reveal the energy eigenvalues of the odd parity solution. Keywords: Point interactions, Infinite square well, Green’s function technique. PACS numbers: 03.65.-w, 03.65.Db, 03.65.Ge
摘要:本文考虑一维中具有接触电位的无限方阱。用狄拉克导数函数势λδ^'表示接触势，其中λ为耦合常数。利用格林函数技术，得到了能量特征值和特征函数的精确隐式表达式。能量特征值用超越方程表示。能量特征函数满足Schrödinger方程和无限平方井边界条件。此外，本征函数及其一阶导数是不连续的。这些不连续跳变的值符合自伴随扩展哈密顿量的必要条件。在弱耦合区，加入接触电位前的能量特征值接近偶宇称解的能量特征值。强耦合区内的能量特征值揭示了奇宇称解的能量特征值。关键词:点相互作用，无限平方井，格林函数技术。PACS编号:03.65。-w, 03.65 db, 03.65 ge
{"title":"Exact Treatment of the Infinite Square Well in One Dimension with λδ^' (x) Potential","authors":"","doi":"10.47011/16.2.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47011/16.2.11","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: This work considered the infinite square well in one dimension with a contact potential. The Dirac delta derivative function potential λδ^' where λ is a coupling constant was used to represent the contact potential. Using Green’s function technique, exact implicit expressions of the energy eigenvalues and eigenfunctions were obtained. The energy eigenvalues were expressed using a transcendental equation. The energy eigenfunctions satisfy the Schrödinger equation and the infinite square well boundary conditions. Also, the eigenfunctions and their first derivative were shown to be discontinuous. The values of these discontinuity jumps agreed with the required conditions for a self-adjoint extension Hamiltonian. In the weak coupling region, the energy eigenvalues are close to that of the even parity solution before adding the contact potential. The energy eigenvalues in the strong coupling regime reveal the energy eigenvalues of the odd parity solution. Keywords: Point interactions, Infinite square well, Green’s function technique. PACS numbers: 03.65.-w, 03.65.Db, 03.65.Ge","PeriodicalId":42562,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136366123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract: This paper had threefold objectives: 1) to evaluate the natural radioactivity using the gamma spectrometry technique, 2) to correct the gamma self-absorption using the transmission method, and 3) to perform mineralogical analysis using the X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzer in seven different types of construction materials. The transmission method was used to measure the linear attenuation coefficient µ(E) of the samples as well as their standards at different energetic points. Next, the µ(E) coefficients were used to calculate the self-absorption correction factors (Cauto), and then they were introduced in a simplified formula to correct the fraction of the attenuated gamma radiation inside the traveled medium. Moreover, the quantitative assessment of natural radioactive elements (238U, 232Th, and 40K) was done in different geological matrices. The results have shown that the mean absorbed dose and the annual average dose received by these materials are 40.65 nGy.h-1and 0.2 mSv.y-1, respectively. According to the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR), the obtained values in no way pose a risk to human health. For compositional analysis, the X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzer was used to determine the concentrations of the major oxides (SiO2, CaO, CO2, and Al2O3) along with other oxides in all collected samples. The compositional results show that the self-absorption correction factors varied depending on the density and chemical composition of a sample. The XRF data shows that the mineralogical compositions are within their recommended limit. Thus, from a health safety perspective, the composition of the minerals does not pose any significant risks. Keywords: Gamma Spectrometry, Natural Radioactivity, Construction Materials, Radiological Hazard, Self-Absorption. PACS NaI(Tl): Sodium iodide (NaI) detector activated by thallium (Tl), XRF: X-Ray Fluorescence.
{"title":"Gamma-ray Spectrometry and X-ray Fluorescence Analysis for Natural Radioactivity Evaluation Associated with Radiation Hazard in Construction Materials","authors":"","doi":"10.47011/16.2.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47011/16.2.8","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: This paper had threefold objectives: 1) to evaluate the natural radioactivity using the gamma spectrometry technique, 2) to correct the gamma self-absorption using the transmission method, and 3) to perform mineralogical analysis using the X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzer in seven different types of construction materials. The transmission method was used to measure the linear attenuation coefficient µ(E) of the samples as well as their standards at different energetic points. Next, the µ(E) coefficients were used to calculate the self-absorption correction factors (Cauto), and then they were introduced in a simplified formula to correct the fraction of the attenuated gamma radiation inside the traveled medium. Moreover, the quantitative assessment of natural radioactive elements (238U, 232Th, and 40K) was done in different geological matrices. The results have shown that the mean absorbed dose and the annual average dose received by these materials are 40.65 nGy.h-1and 0.2 mSv.y-1, respectively. According to the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR), the obtained values in no way pose a risk to human health. For compositional analysis, the X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzer was used to determine the concentrations of the major oxides (SiO2, CaO, CO2, and Al2O3) along with other oxides in all collected samples. The compositional results show that the self-absorption correction factors varied depending on the density and chemical composition of a sample. The XRF data shows that the mineralogical compositions are within their recommended limit. Thus, from a health safety perspective, the composition of the minerals does not pose any significant risks. Keywords: Gamma Spectrometry, Natural Radioactivity, Construction Materials, Radiological Hazard, Self-Absorption. PACS NaI(Tl): Sodium iodide (NaI) detector activated by thallium (Tl), XRF: X-Ray Fluorescence.","PeriodicalId":42562,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136366124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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