F. Welc, Goranka Lipovac Vrkljan, Ana Konestra, Tea Rosic
Abstract The paper presents results of a geophysical survey conducted in Crikvenica, a town located at the north-eastern Adriatic Sea coast in Croatia. The main aim was to identify extent of a Roman pottery workshop discovered to the north of the present town, at the site known as “Igralište”. The performed magnetic and GPR surveys within the area of the modern playground in Crikvenica revealed a large number of anomalies that may be connected with anthropogenic activity during different periods, both in modern and ancient times. The first group consists of anomalies generated by remnants of the modern underground infrastructure. Magnetic and ground-penetrating radar maps revealed anomalies in the north-western part of the modern playground that can be very likely interpreted as remains of a large ceramic kiln dated back to the Roman Period, similar to the kiln discovered during the excavations located further to the north. Finally, the survey performed within the Crikvenica football stadium clearly indicates that the integration of different Ground Penetrating Radar and magnetic methods allows for a detailed and effective identification of buried archaeological structures in large areas.
{"title":"Remote Sensing of a Roman Pottery Workshop. Report on a Geophysical Survey Carried out in Crikvenica (Ancient Ad Turres, Croatia)","authors":"F. Welc, Goranka Lipovac Vrkljan, Ana Konestra, Tea Rosic","doi":"10.1515/squa-2017-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/squa-2017-0010","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The paper presents results of a geophysical survey conducted in Crikvenica, a town located at the north-eastern Adriatic Sea coast in Croatia. The main aim was to identify extent of a Roman pottery workshop discovered to the north of the present town, at the site known as “Igralište”. The performed magnetic and GPR surveys within the area of the modern playground in Crikvenica revealed a large number of anomalies that may be connected with anthropogenic activity during different periods, both in modern and ancient times. The first group consists of anomalies generated by remnants of the modern underground infrastructure. Magnetic and ground-penetrating radar maps revealed anomalies in the north-western part of the modern playground that can be very likely interpreted as remains of a large ceramic kiln dated back to the Roman Period, similar to the kiln discovered during the excavations located further to the north. Finally, the survey performed within the Crikvenica football stadium clearly indicates that the integration of different Ground Penetrating Radar and magnetic methods allows for a detailed and effective identification of buried archaeological structures in large areas.","PeriodicalId":42625,"journal":{"name":"Studia Quaternaria","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67306837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Welc, R. Mieszkowski, L. Conyers, J. Budziszewski, Artur Jedynak
Abstract Geophysical surveys conducted in order to map tunnels and vertical shafts at the Neolithic chert mining field Krzemionki used a ground-penetrating radar(GPR to test hypotheses regarding orientation, depth and subsurface complexity of these voids.Using two-dimensional reflection profiles the vertical shafts, now mostly filled with lithic debris, were easily visible. Amplitude mapping visualized debris at shaft margins as well as a collapsed material inside the voids. Some shallower horizontal tunnels were also visible as sub-horizontal planar reflections generated from both ceiling and floors of these void spaces. Extension of these interpretations to un-mapped areas of the ancient mining district and complexity of these prehistoric mining features could be examined to determine excavation intensity and exploitation techniques used during the Neolithic.
{"title":"Reading of Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) Images of Prehistoric Flint Mine; Case Study from Krzemionki Opatowskie Archaeological Site In Central Poland","authors":"F. Welc, R. Mieszkowski, L. Conyers, J. Budziszewski, Artur Jedynak","doi":"10.1515/squa-2016-0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/squa-2016-0012","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Geophysical surveys conducted in order to map tunnels and vertical shafts at the Neolithic chert mining field Krzemionki used a ground-penetrating radar(GPR to test hypotheses regarding orientation, depth and subsurface complexity of these voids.Using two-dimensional reflection profiles the vertical shafts, now mostly filled with lithic debris, were easily visible. Amplitude mapping visualized debris at shaft margins as well as a collapsed material inside the voids. Some shallower horizontal tunnels were also visible as sub-horizontal planar reflections generated from both ceiling and floors of these void spaces. Extension of these interpretations to un-mapped areas of the ancient mining district and complexity of these prehistoric mining features could be examined to determine excavation intensity and exploitation techniques used during the Neolithic.","PeriodicalId":42625,"journal":{"name":"Studia Quaternaria","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67306847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Previous soil stratigraphic analysis of soil morphogenesis in the Okstindan Mountains established a Late Neoglacial soil evolutionary sequence based on historically monitored and radio carbon-dated moraine positions over the last ~3.0 cal yr BP. Thus pedon evolution ranged from C/Cu→Ah/Cox/Cu→pedostratigraphic succession of Ah/C/Cu/Lb/ Cub/Ahb/Coxb/Cub pro files with a max i mum rind weathering time of ~1.0 kyr. Following successive re treat phases of Neoglacial ice, weathering rind development continued apace on moraines, each rind population recording weathering time fol lowing successive glacier still stands. The age of the youngest deposits falls within the period 1900-1910 AD, or the last 100 yrs, with variable moraine positions all documented by historical depictions of the position of the Austre Okstindan glacial lobe prior re treating to its present position. The next older group of deposits is considered to have been emplaced near the end of the LIA or around ~1800 AD, with time of rind development set at 200 yr, possibly older. The old est moraine set within the late Neoglacial sequence lies atop a pedostratigraphic column, the upper-most soil radio carbon dated at ~1.0 yr BP. Given the range of mean rind development across this thresh old of deposits, from 0.22 ±0.03 mm in the inner group, 0.66 ±0.07mm in the middle group, to 1.38 ±0.15 mm in the outer, older group, it is clear that finite measurements at several sites within a suite of deposits, some dated by radio carbon, can evenly discriminate be tween deposits in a glacial succession.
以往对俄克斯坦丹山土壤形态形成的土壤地层分析，基于历史监测和放射性碳定年的冰碛位置，建立了一个晚新冰期土壤演化序列。土壤演化为C/Cu→Ah/Cox/Cu→Ah/C/Cu/Lb/ Cub/Ahb/Coxb/Cub剖面的地层演替，最大风化时间为~1.0 kyr。在新冰期冰的连续消退阶段之后，冰碛上的风化环继续快速发展，每个记录风化时间的冰环种群在连续的冰川之后仍然存在。最年轻沉积物的年龄落在公元1900-1910年，或最近100年，冰碛位置的变化都记录在奥斯丁丹冰川叶的位置的历史描述中，在重新处理到现在的位置之前。下一组更古老的矿床被认为是在LIA末期或公元1800年左右就位的，而环发育的时间被设定为200年，可能更早。新冰期晚期层序中最古老的冰碛位于土壤地层柱上，最上层的土壤放射性碳测年为~1.0 yr BP。考虑到这些新老沉积层的平均地壳发育范围，从内部沉积层的0.22±0.03毫米，中间沉积层的0.66±0.07毫米，到外部更老沉积层的1.38±0.15毫米，很明显，在一套沉积层内的几个地点进行的有限测量(其中一些用放射性碳测定年代)可以均匀地区分冰川演替中的沉积物。
{"title":"Weathering Rind Age Assignment of Neoglacial Deposits in the Okstindan Mountains, Northern Norway","authors":"W. Mahaney","doi":"10.1515/squa-2016-0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/squa-2016-0013","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Previous soil stratigraphic analysis of soil morphogenesis in the Okstindan Mountains established a Late Neoglacial soil evolutionary sequence based on historically monitored and radio carbon-dated moraine positions over the last ~3.0 cal yr BP. Thus pedon evolution ranged from C/Cu→Ah/Cox/Cu→pedostratigraphic succession of Ah/C/Cu/Lb/ Cub/Ahb/Coxb/Cub pro files with a max i mum rind weathering time of ~1.0 kyr. Following successive re treat phases of Neoglacial ice, weathering rind development continued apace on moraines, each rind population recording weathering time fol lowing successive glacier still stands. The age of the youngest deposits falls within the period 1900-1910 AD, or the last 100 yrs, with variable moraine positions all documented by historical depictions of the position of the Austre Okstindan glacial lobe prior re treating to its present position. The next older group of deposits is considered to have been emplaced near the end of the LIA or around ~1800 AD, with time of rind development set at 200 yr, possibly older. The old est moraine set within the late Neoglacial sequence lies atop a pedostratigraphic column, the upper-most soil radio carbon dated at ~1.0 yr BP. Given the range of mean rind development across this thresh old of deposits, from 0.22 ±0.03 mm in the inner group, 0.66 ±0.07mm in the middle group, to 1.38 ±0.15 mm in the outer, older group, it is clear that finite measurements at several sites within a suite of deposits, some dated by radio carbon, can evenly discriminate be tween deposits in a glacial succession.","PeriodicalId":42625,"journal":{"name":"Studia Quaternaria","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67306605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract An analysis of cation-exchange capacity(CEC) variability of peats is presented in vertical pro files from eastern and central Po land. CEC values were com pared with ash con tent (Ac), pH and CaCO3 content. Eight peatlands were selected for re search in the fol lowingareas: War saw Plateau (2 objects), Siedlce Plateau (2 objects), Lubartów Plateau (2 objects), Nałęczów Table land (1 object) and Dobrohusk Depression (1 object). The peatlands represented a fen peat type of similar botanic compositions of sediments, but they differed in the area, peat thickness and drain age conditions. Characteristic regular i ties in CEC variability were noted in the peatlands and there were three types of CEC variability in vertical pro files. Carbonate peats (types 1 and 2) had the high est pH and definitely the high est values of CEC. In vertical pro files, there was also a zonation, but the regularities similar to non-carbonate peats were not observed. Different distribution of phys i cal and chem i cal parameters were establishedin vertical pro files in partly drained peatlands (with a muck layer on top) with non-carbonate peats (type 3) and there were three distinct zones in vertical pro files, with different Ac and CEC. Determination of the vertical CEC variability and other phys i cal and chem i cal parameters in peatlands made it possible to distinguish zones with potentially most beneficial isolation conditions.
{"title":"Variability of Cation-Exchange Capacity (CEC) of Fen Peats in Vertical Profiles from Eastern and Central Poland in Relation to Function of Peatlands as Natural Geological Barriers","authors":"Paweł Rydelek, A. Bąkowska, Piotr Zawrzykraj","doi":"10.1515/squa-2016-0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/squa-2016-0011","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract An analysis of cation-exchange capacity(CEC) variability of peats is presented in vertical pro files from eastern and central Po land. CEC values were com pared with ash con tent (Ac), pH and CaCO3 content. Eight peatlands were selected for re search in the fol lowingareas: War saw Plateau (2 objects), Siedlce Plateau (2 objects), Lubartów Plateau (2 objects), Nałęczów Table land (1 object) and Dobrohusk Depression (1 object). The peatlands represented a fen peat type of similar botanic compositions of sediments, but they differed in the area, peat thickness and drain age conditions. Characteristic regular i ties in CEC variability were noted in the peatlands and there were three types of CEC variability in vertical pro files. Carbonate peats (types 1 and 2) had the high est pH and definitely the high est values of CEC. In vertical pro files, there was also a zonation, but the regularities similar to non-carbonate peats were not observed. Different distribution of phys i cal and chem i cal parameters were establishedin vertical pro files in partly drained peatlands (with a muck layer on top) with non-carbonate peats (type 3) and there were three distinct zones in vertical pro files, with different Ac and CEC. Determination of the vertical CEC variability and other phys i cal and chem i cal parameters in peatlands made it possible to distinguish zones with potentially most beneficial isolation conditions.","PeriodicalId":42625,"journal":{"name":"Studia Quaternaria","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/squa-2016-0011","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67306653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ł. Kaczmarek, R. Mieszkowski, M. Woźniak, Tomasz Dybciak
Abstract The paper presents the analysis of the II Underground Line construction’s impact on the Warsaw Scarp with the use of the electrical resistivity imaging (ERI, also known as the electrical resistivity tomography) and further total station position measurements.The underground passes under the scarp perpendicular in the area of Dynasy Street 6, in Down-town district.The electrical resistivity imaging was performed for recognition of the geological structure and a potential land slide surface or zone.The gradient system was used during the prospection. In these analyses, the longitudinal section was 40 m long, and the depth of survey amounted to 6 m. In the case of the 200 m long transverse section, the resulted depth of survey was 30 m.The geophysical image of the longitudinal section,does not contain loosening soil zones,which could indicates lip surface.Next, total station measurements, which were tied to the archival geodetic observations’ results, were carried out. The aim of the measurements was to verify the activity of the horizontal and vertical displacements. The TBM excavation process led to summary vertical displacements up to approx. 24 mm and horizontal displacements amounting to approx. 13 mm. To sum up, the current land surveys reveals minor under ground line’ s construction impact on the scarp displacement. Nevertheless, the sensitive urban environment requires further monitoring, especially that the operation loads can result in displacement rate change.
{"title":"Application of Electrical Resistivity Imaging and Land Surveying in the Analysis of Underground Construction Impact on the Warsaw Scarp","authors":"Ł. Kaczmarek, R. Mieszkowski, M. Woźniak, Tomasz Dybciak","doi":"10.1515/squa-2016-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/squa-2016-0008","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The paper presents the analysis of the II Underground Line construction’s impact on the Warsaw Scarp with the use of the electrical resistivity imaging (ERI, also known as the electrical resistivity tomography) and further total station position measurements.The underground passes under the scarp perpendicular in the area of Dynasy Street 6, in Down-town district.The electrical resistivity imaging was performed for recognition of the geological structure and a potential land slide surface or zone.The gradient system was used during the prospection. In these analyses, the longitudinal section was 40 m long, and the depth of survey amounted to 6 m. In the case of the 200 m long transverse section, the resulted depth of survey was 30 m.The geophysical image of the longitudinal section,does not contain loosening soil zones,which could indicates lip surface.Next, total station measurements, which were tied to the archival geodetic observations’ results, were carried out. The aim of the measurements was to verify the activity of the horizontal and vertical displacements. The TBM excavation process led to summary vertical displacements up to approx. 24 mm and horizontal displacements amounting to approx. 13 mm. To sum up, the current land surveys reveals minor under ground line’ s construction impact on the scarp displacement. Nevertheless, the sensitive urban environment requires further monitoring, especially that the operation loads can result in displacement rate change.","PeriodicalId":42625,"journal":{"name":"Studia Quaternaria","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67306115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Based on the example opoka, stone architecture of Kazimierz Dolny, modern research methods were applied to an anal y sis of geomechanical qualities of this special rock, selected very efficiently by medieval, local builders. Owing to theirs skill and the qualities of the chosen material, fortifications, religious and residential buildings have been preserved in good condition to the present day. It was analysed what factors of the opoka aging are the most responsible for their destruction resistance in the long time scale. The results of studies indicate that opokas have an in creased ability to reduce the uni axial compression strength due to the impact of cycling freezing and thermal shock. This observation shows that opokas are characterized by a high resistance to humidity.
{"title":"The Influence of Natural Climatic Factors on the Geomechanical Properties of Siliceous Lime Stones from Kazimierz Dolny (Poland)","authors":"J. Pinińska, A. Bobrowska, Dominik Łukasiak","doi":"10.1515/squa-2016-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/squa-2016-0010","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Based on the example opoka, stone architecture of Kazimierz Dolny, modern research methods were applied to an anal y sis of geomechanical qualities of this special rock, selected very efficiently by medieval, local builders. Owing to theirs skill and the qualities of the chosen material, fortifications, religious and residential buildings have been preserved in good condition to the present day. It was analysed what factors of the opoka aging are the most responsible for their destruction resistance in the long time scale. The results of studies indicate that opokas have an in creased ability to reduce the uni axial compression strength due to the impact of cycling freezing and thermal shock. This observation shows that opokas are characterized by a high resistance to humidity.","PeriodicalId":42625,"journal":{"name":"Studia Quaternaria","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67306444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The paper is aiming to determinate the extent of the north eastern arm of Kozłowicka buried valley on the grounds of own re search by means of electrical resistivity tomography- ERT and avail able archival researches. On the Hydro-geological map of Poland, Żyrardów sheet (Felter and Nowicki, 1998a, b) Kozłowicka buried valley was differentiated as an individual hydro-geological unit. The results of the anal y sis show that the ex tent of the structure, defined by its up per boundary, differs significantly from the one suggested on the sheet of Hydrogeological map of Poland. Since there was no data avail able in the north eastern part of the dis cussed arm of Kozłowicka buried valley, the northern boundary was defined only based on avail able geoelectrical sounding profiles (Czerwiñska, 1988; Topolewska, 2015). In order to confirm suggested solution, geoelectrical re search by means of electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) was con ducted. The measurements were per formed along 3 pro files located in the area of interest. The authors would like to point out the need of the us age of ERT in map ping and studying buried structures that might be ground water reservoirs. As a result, one obtains quasi-continuous image of electrical resistivity of the subsurface. Due to the contrast of electrical properties of sediments, it is possible to determine upper and bottom surfaces of buried structures, formed within glacial deposits.
摘要本文在自身研究的基础上，利用电阻率断层成像(ERT)和可利用的档案资料，确定了Kozłowicka隐谷东北臂的范围。在波兰水文地质图上，Żyrardów页(Felter and Nowicki, 1998a, b) Kozłowicka隐谷被划分为一个单独的水文地质单元。分析结果表明，以其上边界定义的构造范围与波兰水文地质图上的建议有很大差异。由于所讨论的Kozłowicka隐谷臂的东北部分没有资料可用，因此仅根据可用的地电测深剖面确定了北部边界(Czerwiñska, 1988;Topolewska, 2015)。为了确定建议的解决方案，利用电阻率层析成像(ERT)进行了地电研究。测量沿着位于感兴趣区域的3个剖面进行。作者想指出，在绘制和研究可能是地下水库的埋藏结构时，需要使用ERT技术。得到了地下电阻率的准连续图像。由于沉积物电学性质的对比，可以确定冰川沉积物中形成的埋藏结构的上下表面。
{"title":"Mapping of the North-Eastern Part of Kozłowicka Buried Valley Based on Geoelectrical Data","authors":"Sylwia Topolewska, M. Stępień, S. Kowalczyk","doi":"10.1515/squa-2016-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/squa-2016-0009","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The paper is aiming to determinate the extent of the north eastern arm of Kozłowicka buried valley on the grounds of own re search by means of electrical resistivity tomography- ERT and avail able archival researches. On the Hydro-geological map of Poland, Żyrardów sheet (Felter and Nowicki, 1998a, b) Kozłowicka buried valley was differentiated as an individual hydro-geological unit. The results of the anal y sis show that the ex tent of the structure, defined by its up per boundary, differs significantly from the one suggested on the sheet of Hydrogeological map of Poland. Since there was no data avail able in the north eastern part of the dis cussed arm of Kozłowicka buried valley, the northern boundary was defined only based on avail able geoelectrical sounding profiles (Czerwiñska, 1988; Topolewska, 2015). In order to confirm suggested solution, geoelectrical re search by means of electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) was con ducted. The measurements were per formed along 3 pro files located in the area of interest. The authors would like to point out the need of the us age of ERT in map ping and studying buried structures that might be ground water reservoirs. As a result, one obtains quasi-continuous image of electrical resistivity of the subsurface. Due to the contrast of electrical properties of sediments, it is possible to determine upper and bottom surfaces of buried structures, formed within glacial deposits.","PeriodicalId":42625,"journal":{"name":"Studia Quaternaria","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67306234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Trzciński, M. Zaremba, S. Rzepka, F. Welc, Tom Szczepanski
Abstract The archaeological site Tell el-Retaba in north-eastern Egypt, about 35 km to the west of Ismailia city, is located in the middle of Wadi Tumilat, a shallow valley running from the Nile Delta to the Bitter Lakes, along which flows the Suez Canal. In ancient times the valley was a route between Egypt and Syro-Palestine, strongly fortified in the New Kingdom times (16th–11th century BC). Mud bricks were analyzed from two parts of the Wall 1 (core of grey-brown bricks and inner extension of green bricks) in a fortress which existed during the Ramesses II times. Grain-size composition of the studied bricks was almost identical in both parts of the wall, suggesting the same source material for a production of brick. However, significant differences were observed in physical and mechanical properties (uni-axial compressive strength) in both types of bricks. Bricks from the core had lower bulk density, higher porosity and soak faster, whereas their resistance parameters were much lower than those of the bricks from the inner extension. The reason for such large differences in brick properties was a technology of their production, particularly proportion of components, water volume added during brick formation or density degree. Brick preparation and in consequence, physical-mechanical properties had direct influence on preservation of defensive structures during environmental changes related to changes of groundwater and surface water levels or of precipitation. Ancient Egyptians responsible for construction works in mud brick structures of the fortress must have had good knowledge and experience. This could be observed particularly for the heaviest and most important construction element that is the defensive wall, founded on well-densified deposits. It was also testified by higher resistance of green bricks from the inner extensions, which probably originated slightly later and were intended to reinforce a weaker core built of grey-brown bricks.
{"title":"Preliminary Report on Engineering Properties and Environmental Resistance of Ancient Mud Bricks from Tell El-Retaba Archaeological Site in the Nile Delta","authors":"J. Trzciński, M. Zaremba, S. Rzepka, F. Welc, Tom Szczepanski","doi":"10.1515/squa-2016-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/squa-2016-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The archaeological site Tell el-Retaba in north-eastern Egypt, about 35 km to the west of Ismailia city, is located in the middle of Wadi Tumilat, a shallow valley running from the Nile Delta to the Bitter Lakes, along which flows the Suez Canal. In ancient times the valley was a route between Egypt and Syro-Palestine, strongly fortified in the New Kingdom times (16th–11th century BC). Mud bricks were analyzed from two parts of the Wall 1 (core of grey-brown bricks and inner extension of green bricks) in a fortress which existed during the Ramesses II times. Grain-size composition of the studied bricks was almost identical in both parts of the wall, suggesting the same source material for a production of brick. However, significant differences were observed in physical and mechanical properties (uni-axial compressive strength) in both types of bricks. Bricks from the core had lower bulk density, higher porosity and soak faster, whereas their resistance parameters were much lower than those of the bricks from the inner extension. The reason for such large differences in brick properties was a technology of their production, particularly proportion of components, water volume added during brick formation or density degree. Brick preparation and in consequence, physical-mechanical properties had direct influence on preservation of defensive structures during environmental changes related to changes of groundwater and surface water levels or of precipitation. Ancient Egyptians responsible for construction works in mud brick structures of the fortress must have had good knowledge and experience. This could be observed particularly for the heaviest and most important construction element that is the defensive wall, founded on well-densified deposits. It was also testified by higher resistance of green bricks from the inner extensions, which probably originated slightly later and were intended to reinforce a weaker core built of grey-brown bricks.","PeriodicalId":42625,"journal":{"name":"Studia Quaternaria","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67306023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The first urban culture of southern Levant collapsed and the first period of urbanisation of Canaan (Early Bronze Age I-III) terminated at around 4200 yrs BP. The Canaanites abandoned their walled cities, dispersed and underwent pastoralisation. However, the urban centres of southern Canaan were not destroyed. This fact may point to responsibility of the environmental factor and makes influence influence of anthropogenic factors uncertain, along with the most popular Amorite invasion/destruction hypothesis. A tremendous climatic change occurred at that time in many regions, affecting cultures and civilisations of the Ancient Near East and resulting in abandonment of cities, migrations and great civilizational changes. In southern Levant, virtually all cities were left in ruins with a mysterious exception in Transjordan where four cities: Aroer, Ader, Khirbet Iskander and Iktanu survived and existed throughout the period. Most probably when climatic conditions in Cisjordan excluded possibility of urban life, the ones in Transjordan conditions remained unchanged or altered in a very limited scale. It is now clear that after a period with quite humid and warm climate, the precipitation greatly diminished after 4200 yrs BP in a littoral zone of eastern Mediterranean. A part of Transjordan, probably due to presence of the Dead Sea that somehow created conditions that influenced precipitation, remained a climatic niche with decent rainfall that enabled concentration of population in and around big urban centres and continuation of urban civilisation. Warming in a littoral zone changed dew point temperature preventing formations of clouds above western slopes of Judean and Samarian Hills. Moist air, prevented from condensation was transported eastwards where it could reach ascending currents appearing over the Dead Sea. Masses of air with water vapour moving upwards could form rainy clouds in Transjordan.
{"title":"Intermediate Bronze Age in Southern Levant (4200–4000 BP) – Why Did Four Cities in Transjordan Survive Urban Collapse?","authors":"Michal Bieniada","doi":"10.1515/squa-2016-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/squa-2016-0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The first urban culture of southern Levant collapsed and the first period of urbanisation of Canaan (Early Bronze Age I-III) terminated at around 4200 yrs BP. The Canaanites abandoned their walled cities, dispersed and underwent pastoralisation. However, the urban centres of southern Canaan were not destroyed. This fact may point to responsibility of the environmental factor and makes influence influence of anthropogenic factors uncertain, along with the most popular Amorite invasion/destruction hypothesis. A tremendous climatic change occurred at that time in many regions, affecting cultures and civilisations of the Ancient Near East and resulting in abandonment of cities, migrations and great civilizational changes. In southern Levant, virtually all cities were left in ruins with a mysterious exception in Transjordan where four cities: Aroer, Ader, Khirbet Iskander and Iktanu survived and existed throughout the period. Most probably when climatic conditions in Cisjordan excluded possibility of urban life, the ones in Transjordan conditions remained unchanged or altered in a very limited scale. It is now clear that after a period with quite humid and warm climate, the precipitation greatly diminished after 4200 yrs BP in a littoral zone of eastern Mediterranean. A part of Transjordan, probably due to presence of the Dead Sea that somehow created conditions that influenced precipitation, remained a climatic niche with decent rainfall that enabled concentration of population in and around big urban centres and continuation of urban civilisation. Warming in a littoral zone changed dew point temperature preventing formations of clouds above western slopes of Judean and Samarian Hills. Moist air, prevented from condensation was transported eastwards where it could reach ascending currents appearing over the Dead Sea. Masses of air with water vapour moving upwards could form rainy clouds in Transjordan.","PeriodicalId":42625,"journal":{"name":"Studia Quaternaria","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67302908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The work of the Polish-Egyptian Archaeological Mission at Saqqara revealed a cemetery of palace officials that was in use during the late Old Kingdom. The evidence found during the exploration of the tombs indicates that the tomb builders were aware of the problems resulting from torrential rains in last years of functioning of the cemetery and that architectural solutions have been invented against these problems. The discussed phenomena seem to be directly related to the 4.2 ka event.
{"title":"Architectural Innovations Influenced by Climatic Phenomena (4.2 Ka Event) in the Late Old Kingdom (Saqqara, Egypt)","authors":"K. Kuraszkiewicz","doi":"10.1515/squa-2016-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/squa-2016-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The work of the Polish-Egyptian Archaeological Mission at Saqqara revealed a cemetery of palace officials that was in use during the late Old Kingdom. The evidence found during the exploration of the tombs indicates that the tomb builders were aware of the problems resulting from torrential rains in last years of functioning of the cemetery and that architectural solutions have been invented against these problems. The discussed phenomena seem to be directly related to the 4.2 ka event.","PeriodicalId":42625,"journal":{"name":"Studia Quaternaria","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67304168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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