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Two Technological Traditions of Bifacial Points from the Breach Farm Site, Wales: An Interdisciplinary Analysis of Lithic Technology Integrating Experimental Replication, X-Ray Fluorescence, and Geometric Morphometry 来自威尔士裂口农场遗址的两种双面点的技术传统:集成实验复制,x射线荧光和几何形态计量学的Lithic技术的跨学科分析
IF 1 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/19442890.2022.2095843
J. Moreno, Bruce Bradley, M. Okumura, Thomas J. Williams
ABSTRACT To accurately replicate highly complex, flaked stone artifacts using the same raw materials as the original artifacts is a challenge for any present-day flintknapper. Replication of individual bifacial points from a Bronze Age burial mound in Wales led to further study of the artifacts. Integrating experimental replication, technological analysis, x-ray fluorescence, and geometric morphometry, we conducted a study of the bifacial points from the Breach Farm site. Results revealed two technological traditions; the technological details of the production sequences; possible use of a source of Greensand chert in France as raw material on both shores of the English Channel; no evidence of practical use or post-depositional damage; and the considerable expertise of the flintknapper(s). This study suggests contact across the English Channel involving people from Armorica (France) by trade or tribute, and it supports interpretations of production of these artifacts for mortuary contexts rather than functional use as arrowpoints.
使用与原始器物相同的原材料,精确地复制高度复杂的片状石质器物,对任何当今的燧石手来说都是一个挑战。在威尔士的一个青铜时代墓葬丘上复制的单个双面点导致了对这些文物的进一步研究。综合实验复制、技术分析、x射线荧光和几何形态测量,我们对裂口农场现场的双面点进行了研究。结果揭示了两种技术传统;生产流程的工艺细节;在英吉利海峡两岸可能使用法国的一种绿色燧石作为原料;没有实际使用或沉积后损坏的证据;和相当专业的燧石手。这项研究表明,跨越英吉利海峡的接触涉及来自法国的阿莫里卡(Armorica)的人们,他们通过贸易或贡品进行了接触,它支持了对这些文物生产的解释,这些文物是为了殡葬,而不是作为箭头的功能性用途。
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引用次数: 1
Jeffrey R. Parsons and Mesoamerican Ethnoarchaeology 杰弗里·r·帕森斯和中美洲民族考古学
IF 1 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/19442890.2021.1965075
Eduardo Williams
ABSTRACT Jeffrey Parsons was a pioneer who expanded the scope of settlement pattern analysis in archaeology. He conducted extensive surveys in Mexico, Peru, and Argentina. Here I discuss Parsons' contributions to ethnographic research with archaeological goals (ethnoarchaeology). His major contributions to the field dealt with Mesoamerican subsistence activities in three broad areas: maguey (Agave sp.) cultivation in the Mexican Highlands; salt-making in aquatic environments (primarily the Basin of Mexico), and the aquatic lifeway (fishing, hunting, gathering, and manufacture). Parsons will be remembered as a scholar who pushed the boundaries of archaeological research, and in so doing greatly expanded our knowledge of Mesoamerican foodways, technology, and cultural adaptations to the environment.
杰弗里·帕森斯是考古学中扩展聚落模式分析范围的先驱。他在墨西哥、秘鲁和阿根廷进行了广泛的调查。在这里,我讨论帕森斯对以考古为目标的民族志研究(民族考古学)的贡献。他对该领域的主要贡献涉及三个广泛领域的中美洲生存活动:墨西哥高地的maguey(龙舌兰)种植;水生环境中的制盐(主要是墨西哥盆地)和水生生活方式(捕鱼、狩猎、采集和制造)。帕森斯将被人们记住,因为他突破了考古研究的界限,从而极大地扩展了我们对中美洲食物方式、技术和文化适应环境的认识。
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引用次数: 0
Clay, Fire, Air, and Mostly Water: Understanding the Importance of Water Resources in Pottery Workshops in Ancient Iberia by Integrating Ethnoarchaeological, Experimental, and Archaeological Research 粘土,火,空气,主要是水:通过整合民族考古,实验和考古研究,了解古代伊比利亚陶器作坊水资源的重要性
IF 1 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/19442890.2022.2051281
Juan Jesús Padilla Fernández, Elena H. Sánchez López
ABSTRACT Archaeological studies of pottery production have given little attention to the productive uses of water, building historical discourses without taking into consideration its crucial role in many chaînes opératoires. Structures related to the use of water in pottery-making, such as wells, cisterns, or settling ponds, are very rarely discussed. This article aims to remedy that situation by contributing archaeological, ethnoarchaeological, and experimental evidence of the importance of water and structures related to the use of water in large-scale pottery production in workshops in ancient and traditional Iberia. We propose recognition of the importance of water use in pottery production to develop a greater understanding of how pottery workshops have operated in diverse geographical and chronological contexts.
陶器生产的考古研究很少关注水的生产利用,建立历史话语,而没有考虑到它在许多cha nes opsamatoires中的关键作用。与制陶用水有关的结构,如水井、蓄水池或沉淀池,很少被讨论。本文旨在通过提供考古、民族考古和实验证据来纠正这种情况,这些证据表明水的重要性以及与古代和传统伊比利亚车间大规模陶器生产中用水有关的结构。我们建议认识到用水在陶器生产中的重要性,以更好地了解陶器作坊在不同地理和时间背景下的运作方式。
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引用次数: 2
Ethnoarchaeological and Experimental Charring Studies Related to the Cultivation of Finger Millet (Eleusine Coracana [L.] Gaertn.) in Northwestern Ethiopia 五指粟栽培的民族考古与实验炭化研究[j]。在埃塞俄比亚西北部
IF 1 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/19442890.2022.2076979
Tsehay Terefe, Alemseged Beldados
ABSTRACT An ethnoarchaeological study was conducted in northwestern Ethiopia on the cultivation of dagusa (Amharic), commonly known as finger millet (Eleusine coracana) in English. Dagusa is one of the most important cereals and staple foods in East and Central Africa. The field study examined crop-processing activities from land preparation to food processing. The study documented traditional agricultural techniques, land races, labor organization, foods, and rituals associated with cultivation of the crop. Experimental charring was conducted to examine the transformation and preservation of different varieties of dagusa including cultivated and wild progenitor varieties within both oxidized and reduced combustion environments. The results show that survivability varies by seed color at temperatures between 250°C and 350°C. All components of the plants show better rates of survivability at these lower temperatures. The combined ethnoarchaeological and experimental study suggest where and how archaeobotanists may observe evidence of food production and processing of finger millet.
摘要在埃塞俄比亚西北部进行了一项关于dagusa (Amharic)种植的民族考古研究,dagusa (Amharic)在英语中通常被称为指粟(Eleusine coracana)。达古萨是东非和中非最重要的谷物和主食之一。实地研究考察了从土地整理到食品加工的作物加工活动。这项研究记录了传统的农业技术、土地种族、劳工组织、食物和与作物种植有关的仪式。通过炭化实验,研究了栽培和野生大沙品种在氧化和还原燃烧环境下的转化和保存情况。结果表明,在250°C ~ 350°C的温度范围内,种子颜色不同,存活率也不同。在这些较低的温度下,植物的所有组成部分都显示出更好的存活率。民族考古学和实验研究的结合表明,考古植物学家可以在哪里以及如何观察到粮食生产和加工小米的证据。
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引用次数: 3
The Prehispanic Ethnobotany of Paquimé and its Neighbors 帕奎伊莫尔及其邻近地区的前西班牙民族植物学
IF 1 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/19442890.2021.1949781
R. Friedel
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引用次数: 0
Preliminary Technological and Functional Studies of the Neolithic Stone Reaping Knives from West Malaysia: An Experimental Approach 西马来西亚新石器时代石制收割刀的初步技术和功能研究:实验方法
IF 1 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/19442890.2022.2071788
Hsiao Mei Goh, Noridayu Bakry, M. Saidin, D. Curnoe, Ahmad Syahir bin Zukipli, Chaw Yeh Saw, Shyeh Sahibul Karamah bin Masnan, Shaiful Shahidan, Nur Athmar Hashim, Ahmad Farid Abdul Jalal
ABSTRACT The distinctive “saddle-shape” stone knives known as Tembeling knives of West Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) have long been used to characterize the early agricultural activities of Neolithic populations in the region. While these tools are morphologically suggestive of a reaping function, their association with early plant use has never been established. The present study explores for the first time the function of Tembeling knives through a preliminary experimental study focusing on technological attributes and usewear profiles. The results indicate continuity in lithic technological processes between Neolithic populations and their foraging predecessors. The experimental work suggests an efficient reaping function for the tool. Additionally, usewear patterns on archaeological examples correspond most closely to the profiles found for siliceous plant-working tools replicated in the experiment.
西马来西亚(马来西亚半岛)独特的“马鞍形”石刀被称为Tembeling刀,长期以来一直被用来表征该地区新石器时代人口的早期农业活动。虽然这些工具在形态上暗示了一种收割功能,但它们与早期植物使用的关联从未得到证实。本研究通过对Tembeling刀的技术属性和使用特征的初步实验研究,首次探讨了Tembeling刀的功能。结果表明,新石器时代人口与其觅食祖先之间的石器技术过程具有连续性。实验结果表明,该工具具有高效的收割功能。此外,考古样本上的使用模式与实验中复制的硅质植物加工工具的轮廓最接近。
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引用次数: 2
No Rain, No Grain? Ethnoarchaeology of Sorghum and Millet Cultivation in Dryland Environments of Sudan, Pakistan, and Ethiopia 不下雨就没有粮食?苏丹、巴基斯坦和埃塞俄比亚旱地地区高粱和谷子种植的民族考古学
IF 1 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/19442890.2022.2059994
S. Biagetti, Abel Ruiz-Giralt, M. Madella, Mongeda Khalid Magzoub, Yamane Meresa, Mulubrhan Haile Gebreselassie, Ghulam Mohiuddin Veesar, Tasleem Alam Abro, Amin Chandio, C. Lancelotti
ABSTRACT Drylands cover more than 40% of the earth’s land surface, are found on all continents, and are home to 30% of the world’s population. Due to water scarcity, they are generally considered unsuitable for lasting human settlement. While pastoralism has been reconceptualized recently as a rational, efficient, and sustainable way to live in drylands, agriculture without irrigation is generally considered unfeasible in hyper-arid and arid drylands. This article presents data collected in ethnographic interviews in dryland areas in three countries, Sudan, Pakistan, and Ethiopia, to document and understand the cultivation practices of pearl millet, finger millet, and sorghum in drylands. Contrary to general trends favoring adoption of more water-intensive crops, our results show that farming without irrigation represents a viable strategy even where rainfall is considered insufficient. We argue that it is important to recognize the sustainability and value of dryland agricultural systems, past, present, and future.
旱地占地球陆地面积的40%以上,分布在各大洲,是世界30%人口的家园。由于缺水,它们通常被认为不适合人类长期居住。虽然畜牧业最近被重新定义为在干旱地区合理、高效和可持续的生活方式,但在极度干旱和干旱的旱地,没有灌溉的农业通常被认为是不可行的。本文介绍了在苏丹、巴基斯坦和埃塞俄比亚三个国家旱地地区进行的民族志访谈中收集的数据,以记录和了解旱地珍珠粟、手指粟和高粱的种植方式。与倾向于采用更耗水的作物的一般趋势相反,我们的研究结果表明,即使在降雨量不足的地方,不灌溉的农业也是一种可行的策略。我们认为,认识到过去、现在和未来旱地农业系统的可持续性和价值非常重要。
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引用次数: 5
Constructing from the Invisible: Conceptualizing Indigenous Village Layout and Dynamics in the Circum-Caribbean 从无形中建构:加勒比海地区土著村落布局与动态的概念化
IF 1 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/19442890.2022.2078572
C. Hofman, Stéphen Rostain, J. Mans, M. Hoogland
ABSTRACT In recent years, thousands of posthole features have been located during open-area excavations of Indigenous archaeological sites in the Caribbean Islands. However, the reconstruction of village spatial organization and its changes over time is sometimes a challenging task, because Indigenous village occupation can span more than 500 years. This article presents archaeological data from rescue excavations at Argyle, an Indigenous village site dating to the late pre-colonial and early colonial period on Saint Vincent Island in the Lesser Antilles of the Caribbean Islands. The archaeological data are juxtaposed with an ethnographic reading of seventeenth-century European documentary sources of the Lesser Antilles and two ethnoarchaeological village studies conducted with Arawakan and Cariban-speaking peoples in the Tropical Lowlands of mainland South America. This study demonstrates the value of an integrated approach in understanding the Argyle site and conceptualizing the dynamics of Indigenous village settlements in the wider Circum-Caribbean area.
近年来,在加勒比群岛土著考古遗址的露天发掘中,发现了数千个后孔特征。然而,重建村庄空间组织及其随时间的变化有时是一项具有挑战性的任务,因为土著村庄的占领可以跨越500多年。本文介绍了在Argyle的救援发掘的考古数据,Argyle是加勒比群岛小安的列斯群岛圣文森特岛上的一个土著村庄遗址,可追溯到前殖民时期晚期和殖民时期早期。考古数据与17世纪欧洲关于小安的列斯群岛的文献资料的民族志阅读,以及对南美洲大陆热带低地的阿拉瓦克人和说加勒比语的人进行的两个民族考古村庄研究并列。这项研究证明了综合方法在理解Argyle遗址和概念化更广泛的环加勒比地区土著村庄定居点动态方面的价值。
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引用次数: 0
Sugarcane and Rum: The Bittersweet History of Labor and Life on the Yucatán Peninsula 甘蔗和朗姆酒:Yucatán半岛苦乐参半的劳动和生活历史
IF 1 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-07-02 DOI: 10.1080/19442890.2021.1909369
S. Seyler
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引用次数: 1
Experimental Archaeology: Making, Understanding, Story-telling 实验考古学:制作、理解、讲故事
IF 1 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-07-02 DOI: 10.1080/19442890.2020.1863307
David P. Walton
Beekman, Christopher S. 2018. “La secuencia cronológica temprana en Los Guachimontones.” InNuevos enfoques en la arqueología de la región de Tequila: Memoria de la Primera Catedra Phil C. Weigand, edited by Joshua D. Englehardt and Verenice Y. Heredia Espinoza, 83–127. Zamora: Colegio de Michoacán. Beekman, Christopher S., and Phil C. Weigand. 2008. “Conclusiones, Cronología y un intento de síntesis.” In Tradición Teuchitlán, edited by Phil C. Weigand, Christopher S. Beekman, and Rodrigo Esparza, 303–337. Zamora: El Colegio de Michoacán.
克里斯托弗·s·比克曼,2018年。“Guachimontones的早期年代顺序”。龙舌兰地区考古的新方法:第一个Catedra Phil C. Weigand的记忆,由Joshua D. Englehardt和Verenice Y. Heredia Espinoza编辑,83 - 127。萨莫拉:michoacan学院。Christopher S. Beekman和Phil C. Weigand, 2008。“结论,年表和综合的尝试。”= =地理= =根据美国人口普查,这个县的面积为,其中土地面积为,其中土地面积为。萨莫拉:michoacan学院。
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引用次数: 2
期刊
Ethnoarchaeology
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