The proliferation of export restrictions on natural resources in a last decade has gained prominence in the international trade debate and has deepened an already existing wide divide between the North and the South in the context of the principle of permanent sovereignty over natural resources versus the beggar-thy-neighbor policy. Nevertheless, there is a conventional wisdom that the WTO disciplines dealing with export restrictions are weak. Some new WTO members, such as China, Mongolia, and Ukraine, were required, during their accession negotiations, to commit themselves to stricter rules, so called ‘WTO-plus’, by agreeing to phase out their export duties or to limit them to a designated number of tariff lines. Due to this additional legal uncertainties, the field of international trade law faces a greater challenges. However, until the China-Raw material I case the extent to which this would restrict their actual policy practices in this field had never been tested. In this regard, China-Raw materials and China-Rare earths, as defining case laws in this field, allow us to understand the legal boundaries of export restrictions under WTO law and determine the inconsistencies and gaps in the WTO law. This article evaluates the factual and evidentiary issues China may face in the emerging China-Raw Materials II dispute, in light of previous two cases, and identifies potential challenges that will impair China’s ability to prevail in Raw Materials II.
{"title":"Next Generation of Export Restrictions: An Emergence of Raw Materials II Dispute?","authors":"Bayar Purevdorj","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3048621","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3048621","url":null,"abstract":"The proliferation of export restrictions on natural resources in a last decade has gained prominence in the international trade debate and has deepened an already existing wide divide between the North and the South in the context of the principle of permanent sovereignty over natural resources versus the beggar-thy-neighbor policy. Nevertheless, there is a conventional wisdom that the WTO disciplines dealing with export restrictions are weak. Some new WTO members, such as China, Mongolia, and Ukraine, were required, during their accession negotiations, to commit themselves to stricter rules, so called ‘WTO-plus’, by agreeing to phase out their export duties or to limit them to a designated number of tariff lines. Due to this additional legal uncertainties, the field of international trade law faces a greater challenges. However, until the China-Raw material I case the extent to which this would restrict their actual policy practices in this field had never been tested. In this regard, China-Raw materials and China-Rare earths, as defining case laws in this field, allow us to understand the legal boundaries of export restrictions under WTO law and determine the inconsistencies and gaps in the WTO law. This article evaluates the factual and evidentiary issues China may face in the emerging China-Raw Materials II dispute, in light of previous two cases, and identifies potential challenges that will impair China’s ability to prevail in Raw Materials II.","PeriodicalId":426783,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Trade Policy (Topic)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122578623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
More and more American multinational corporations (MNCs) are outsourcing the production and assembly of their products to foreign companies. When they do so, they derive the largest share of their revenue from the intellectual property embedded in core technological innovation and brand names. However, conventional trade statistics are compiled based on the value of goods crossing national borders, as declared to customs. Generally, the value added associated with intellectual property rights and embedded in physical goods is not recorded as either export or import of any country. Hence, current trade statistics greatly underestimate US exports and substantially exaggerate its trade deficit. In this paper, we use the case of Apple, the largest American consumer products company, to illustrate the failure of conventional trade statistics to report actual US export capacity in the age of global value chains. According to our analysis of this case, if the value added of Apple intellectual property sold to foreign consumers were counted as part of US exports, total US exports would increase by 3.7%, and its trade deficit would decrease by 7.5%. In terms of bilateral trade, the value added under examination here would lower the US trade deficit with the Greater China region by 6.7% and that with Japan by 9.1%.
{"title":"Global Value Chains and the Missing Exports of the United States","authors":"Yuqing Xing","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3051526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3051526","url":null,"abstract":"More and more American multinational corporations (MNCs) are outsourcing the production and assembly of their products to foreign companies. When they do so, they derive the largest share of their revenue from the intellectual property embedded in core technological innovation and brand names. However, conventional trade statistics are compiled based on the value of goods crossing national borders, as declared to customs. Generally, the value added associated with intellectual property rights and embedded in physical goods is not recorded as either export or import of any country. Hence, current trade statistics greatly underestimate US exports and substantially exaggerate its trade deficit. In this paper, we use the case of Apple, the largest American consumer products company, to illustrate the failure of conventional trade statistics to report actual US export capacity in the age of global value chains. According to our analysis of this case, if the value added of Apple intellectual property sold to foreign consumers were counted as part of US exports, total US exports would increase by 3.7%, and its trade deficit would decrease by 7.5%. In terms of bilateral trade, the value added under examination here would lower the US trade deficit with the Greater China region by 6.7% and that with Japan by 9.1%.","PeriodicalId":426783,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Trade Policy (Topic)","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128219793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Without a properly functioning dispute process, the obligations in a trade agreement may not be worth much. As part of the NAFTA renegotiation, the NAFTA parties should try to fix certain flaws in the NAFTA Chapter 20 dispute settlement process that emerged a few years after NAFTA came into force. Chapter 20 was used regularly in its early years, but usage dropped considerably after panel selection was blocked in a case involving U.S. restrictions on Mexican sugar. In this paper, we examine recent innovations on panel selection in the TPP, CETA, and JEEPA dispute provisions, and draw from those to develop principles that can guide revisions to the NAFTA Chapter 20 panel selection process.
{"title":"Access to Trade Justice: Fixing NAFTA's Flawed Dispute Settlement Process","authors":"S. Lester, Inu Manak, Andrej Arpas","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.3047876","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.3047876","url":null,"abstract":"Without a properly functioning dispute process, the obligations in a trade agreement may not be worth much. As part of the NAFTA renegotiation, the NAFTA parties should try to fix certain flaws in the NAFTA Chapter 20 dispute settlement process that emerged a few years after NAFTA came into force. Chapter 20 was used regularly in its early years, but usage dropped considerably after panel selection was blocked in a case involving U.S. restrictions on Mexican sugar. In this paper, we examine recent innovations on panel selection in the TPP, CETA, and JEEPA dispute provisions, and draw from those to develop principles that can guide revisions to the NAFTA Chapter 20 panel selection process.","PeriodicalId":426783,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Trade Policy (Topic)","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124518785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. T. Cheung, T. Palivos, Ping Wang, Yin-Chi Wang, C. Yip
To explore the interplays between trade and institutions, we construct a staged development framework with multi-period discrete choices to study the colonization of Hong Kong, which served to facilitate the trade of several agricultural and manufactured products, including opium, between Britain and China. Based on the historical data and documents that we collected from limited sources, we design our dynamic trade model to capture several key features of the colonization process and use it to characterize the endogenous transition from the pre-Opium War era, to the post-Opium War era and then to the post-opium trade era, which span the period 1773-1933. We show that while the low opium trading cost and the high warfare cost initially postponed any military action, the high valuation of the total volume of bilateral trade, the rising opium trading cost and the anticipated increase in the demand for opium eventually led the British government to declare the Opium Wars, legalizing opium trade via the colonial Hong Kong. We also show that, in response to a drastic drop in opium demand and a rising opium trading cost, it became optimal for the British government to abandon opium trade soon after the founding of the Republic of China.
{"title":"Dynamic Trade, Endogenous Institutions and the Colonization of Hong Kong: A Staged Development Framework","authors":"T. T. Cheung, T. Palivos, Ping Wang, Yin-Chi Wang, C. Yip","doi":"10.3386/w23937","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w23937","url":null,"abstract":"To explore the interplays between trade and institutions, we construct a staged development framework with multi-period discrete choices to study the colonization of Hong Kong, which served to facilitate the trade of several agricultural and manufactured products, including opium, between Britain and China. Based on the historical data and documents that we collected from limited sources, we design our dynamic trade model to capture several key features of the colonization process and use it to characterize the endogenous transition from the pre-Opium War era, to the post-Opium War era and then to the post-opium trade era, which span the period 1773-1933. We show that while the low opium trading cost and the high warfare cost initially postponed any military action, the high valuation of the total volume of bilateral trade, the rising opium trading cost and the anticipated increase in the demand for opium eventually led the British government to declare the Opium Wars, legalizing opium trade via the colonial Hong Kong. We also show that, in response to a drastic drop in opium demand and a rising opium trading cost, it became optimal for the British government to abandon opium trade soon after the founding of the Republic of China.","PeriodicalId":426783,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Trade Policy (Topic)","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126805789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
From 1990 to 2010, free trade helped a billion people lift themselves out of extreme poverty. But the pace of liberalisation has since slowed and protectionism is back in fashion. Fortunately, Brexit provides a golden opportunity for the UK to become a global champion of free trade again. This is potentially a win-win both for the UK and for the rest of the world. Admittedly, it won’t be easy. Powerful lobbies protect the interests of the few who might lose out from a further reduction in trade barriers, rather than the many who would gain. The voices of consumers are rarely heard. Even the economics commentariat is susceptible to fits of ‘ifs’ and ‘buts’. This briefing addresses some of the main doubts. Further explanation of any of the points is available on request.
{"title":"The Case for Free Trade – No ‘Ifs’ or ‘Buts’","authors":"J. Jessop","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3853715","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3853715","url":null,"abstract":"From 1990 to 2010, free trade helped a billion people lift themselves out of extreme poverty. But the pace of liberalisation has since slowed and protectionism is back in fashion. Fortunately, Brexit provides a golden opportunity for the UK to become a global champion of free trade again. This is potentially a win-win both for the UK and for the rest of the world. Admittedly, it won’t be easy. Powerful lobbies protect the interests of the few who might lose out from a further reduction in trade barriers, rather than the many who would gain. The voices of consumers are rarely heard. Even the economics commentariat is susceptible to fits of ‘ifs’ and ‘buts’. This briefing addresses some of the main doubts. Further explanation of any of the points is available on request.","PeriodicalId":426783,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Trade Policy (Topic)","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131602222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Availability of the major cost factors like raw materials and labor gives Nigeria a competitive edge to diversify and empower its economy as a major exporter of textiles. Despite its relevance to an industry that can deliver growing total exports, textiles do not form a major export category from Nigeria; rather, the industry which enjoyed an initial boom in the 1980s battles stagnation currently. This paper draws upon this premise to review the existing literature; it objects to investigate the challenges that plague the viability of the industry, by adopting an art historical method based on archival records, print, and electronic media. Findings reveal that domestic factors like depreciation of the Naira, inflation and high cost of financing ominously raise the cost of imported inputs, and affect the growth of the industry. Others like higher tariff levels compared to other traditional manufacturers and the average level of protection in the sector being higher than the overall average protection applied to trade in manufacturing pose as major export barriers. The study submits that to overcome the major challenges of exports, Nigeria has to develop a sequential strategy of boosting domestic sales, improve economies of scale and achieve a final price reduction for textiles to begin to gain some ground in global market share.
{"title":"Challenges of Exporting Nigerian Textile","authors":"Kamar Alimi, M. Ahmed","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3042706","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3042706","url":null,"abstract":"Availability of the major cost factors like raw materials and labor gives Nigeria a competitive edge to diversify and empower its economy as a major exporter of textiles. Despite its relevance to an industry that can deliver growing total exports, textiles do not form a major export category from Nigeria; rather, the industry which enjoyed an initial boom in the 1980s battles stagnation currently. This paper draws upon this premise to review the existing literature; it objects to investigate the challenges that plague the viability of the industry, by adopting an art historical method based on archival records, print, and electronic media. Findings reveal that domestic factors like depreciation of the Naira, inflation and high cost of financing ominously raise the cost of imported inputs, and affect the growth of the industry. Others like higher tariff levels compared to other traditional manufacturers and the average level of protection in the sector being higher than the overall average protection applied to trade in manufacturing pose as major export barriers. The study submits that to overcome the major challenges of exports, Nigeria has to develop a sequential strategy of boosting domestic sales, improve economies of scale and achieve a final price reduction for textiles to begin to gain some ground in global market share.","PeriodicalId":426783,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Trade Policy (Topic)","volume":"160 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129540591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Against the backdrop of the Estonian Presidency of the Council of the European Union in the second half of 2017 the authors propose to focus the political agenda on the threats to free trade which emerged by the protectionist views of the Trump government, the imminent weakening of the EU Common Market in course of the Brexit and the still lingering conflict with Russia which is accompanied by trade sanctions. The authors show how far the three Baltic States depend on trade with Russia, the United Kingdom and the USA by a share analysis of disaggregated trade flows and a gravity analysis of trade relations. The analyses reveal that Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania could be affected negatively by all the three challenges to the free movements of goods and services. While they are still trading over-proportionally with Russia the attractiveness of UK and US markets for Baltic enterprises is already visible and these markets offer further development potential. Hence, the promotion of the concept of open markets would not only help bridging political divides but it would also foster the Baltic States’ gains from globalization and would reduce economic and political dependencies
{"title":"New Protectionism, Sanctions and EU Disintegration: Challenges for Baltic Trade","authors":"C. Laaser, Klaus Schrader","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3102127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3102127","url":null,"abstract":"Against the backdrop of the Estonian Presidency of the Council of the European Union in the second half of 2017 the authors propose to focus the political agenda on the threats to free trade which emerged by the protectionist views of the Trump government, the imminent weakening of the EU Common Market in course of the Brexit and the still lingering conflict with Russia which is accompanied by trade sanctions. The authors show how far the three Baltic States depend on trade with Russia, the United Kingdom and the USA by a share analysis of disaggregated trade flows and a gravity analysis of trade relations. The analyses reveal that Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania could be affected negatively by all the three challenges to the free movements of goods and services. While they are still trading over-proportionally with Russia the attractiveness of UK and US markets for Baltic enterprises is already visible and these markets offer further development potential. Hence, the promotion of the concept of open markets would not only help bridging political divides but it would also foster the Baltic States’ gains from globalization and would reduce economic and political dependencies","PeriodicalId":426783,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Trade Policy (Topic)","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126913034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-08-22DOI: 10.16980/jitc.13.4.201708.107
Yang-Seung Lee
It has been shown how trade policy can be strategically chosen while demand uncertainty significantly arises for the exporting market. As an extension, we will show how industry-protecting policy can be strategically chosen while uncertainty arises in both demand and supply. In summary, demand uncertainty is important to determine trade policy while supply uncertainty important to industry-protecting policy. Some countries enact an industry-protecting policy of either subsidy or price control despite arguments about inefficiency. This paper aims to explore which policy can be strategically chosen. To do so, we will use a multi-stage game model. One finding is that subsidy is clearly better when supply uncertainty is significant. This is largely because subsidy induces domestic firms to internalize the supply uncertainty. When demand uncertainty is significant, the number of firms and the elasticity, of demand and supply, should be taken into account when making a choice. This paper contributes to the body of knowledge in terms of industrial policy and strategic choice.
{"title":"Choice of Strategic Industry-Protecting Policies Amidst Uncertainty in Demand and Supply: A Multi-Stage Game Model","authors":"Yang-Seung Lee","doi":"10.16980/jitc.13.4.201708.107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16980/jitc.13.4.201708.107","url":null,"abstract":"It has been shown how trade policy can be strategically chosen while demand uncertainty significantly arises for the exporting market. As an extension, we will show how industry-protecting policy can be strategically chosen while uncertainty arises in both demand and supply. In summary, demand uncertainty is important to determine trade policy while supply uncertainty important to industry-protecting policy. Some countries enact an industry-protecting policy of either subsidy or price control despite arguments about inefficiency. This paper aims to explore which policy can be strategically chosen. To do so, we will use a multi-stage game model. One finding is that subsidy is clearly better when supply uncertainty is significant. This is largely because subsidy induces domestic firms to internalize the supply uncertainty. When demand uncertainty is significant, the number of firms and the elasticity, of demand and supply, should be taken into account when making a choice. This paper contributes to the body of knowledge in terms of industrial policy and strategic choice.","PeriodicalId":426783,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Trade Policy (Topic)","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115554824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Employing a difference-in-difference estimation technique on firm-level data on Indian exporters, we show that the removal of US textile and apparel quotas was associated with a relative increase in sales of products where India was previously quota-restricted, but a relative decrease in sales of products where China was previously quota-restricted. We hence highlight the importance of accounting for falling trade barriers for rival exporters in analyzing trade liberalization effects. Additionally, we find that previously more productive firms see a greater increase in sales, suggesting potential gains from reallocation in an environment where quota rights were not allocated efficiently.
{"title":"Trade Liberalization, Rival Exporters and Reallocation of Production: An Analysis of Indian Manufacturing","authors":"L. Edwards, A. Sundaram","doi":"10.1111/roie.12279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/roie.12279","url":null,"abstract":"Employing a difference-in-difference estimation technique on firm-level data on Indian exporters, we show that the removal of US textile and apparel quotas was associated with a relative increase in sales of products where India was previously quota-restricted, but a relative decrease in sales of products where China was previously quota-restricted. We hence highlight the importance of accounting for falling trade barriers for rival exporters in analyzing trade liberalization effects. Additionally, we find that previously more productive firms see a greater increase in sales, suggesting potential gains from reallocation in an environment where quota rights were not allocated efficiently.","PeriodicalId":426783,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Trade Policy (Topic)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133605213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study aimed to (1) study the natural rubber export competitiveness among the leading natural rubber exporters in Southeast Asia using the Balassa index of Revealed Comparative Advantage (2) examine and explain Thailand’s comparative advantage of natural rubber exporting in regard to Indonesia, Malaysia, and Vietnam. Secondary data recorded by the United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database were collected to analyze with the descriptive analysis and Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA). The empirical results found that Indonesia and Thailand performed the highest RCA value on the overall natural rubber export, followed by Vietnam and Malaysia respectively. Thailand also performed the highest RCA value on latex rubber and smoked sheet rubber, while Indonesia performed the highest RCA value on Technically Specified Natural Rubber (TSNR). However, Indonesia was not in the competitive advantage in exporting latex rubber. Malaysia was not in the competitive advantage in exporting smoked sheet rubber.
{"title":"A Comparative Analysis of Export Competition in Natural Rubber Among the Leading Exporters in Southeast Asia","authors":"Damrong Sattayawaksakul, S. Choi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3010865","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3010865","url":null,"abstract":"The study aimed to (1) study the natural rubber export competitiveness among the leading natural rubber exporters in Southeast Asia using the Balassa index of Revealed Comparative Advantage (2) examine and explain Thailand’s comparative advantage of natural rubber exporting in regard to Indonesia, Malaysia, and Vietnam. Secondary data recorded by the United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database were collected to analyze with the descriptive analysis and Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA). The empirical results found that Indonesia and Thailand performed the highest RCA value on the overall natural rubber export, followed by Vietnam and Malaysia respectively. Thailand also performed the highest RCA value on latex rubber and smoked sheet rubber, while Indonesia performed the highest RCA value on Technically Specified Natural Rubber (TSNR). However, Indonesia was not in the competitive advantage in exporting latex rubber. Malaysia was not in the competitive advantage in exporting smoked sheet rubber.","PeriodicalId":426783,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Trade Policy (Topic)","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121685995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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