Baltic Journal of European Studies最新文献

英文中文

Cooperation Formats of China and Europe: Synergies and Divergences 中欧合作模式：协同与分歧

Baltic Journal of European Studies

Pub Date : 2017-06-27 DOI: 10.1515/bjes-2017-0007

I. Steinbuka, T. Muravska, Andris Kuznieks

Abstract This contribution articulates the synergies and divergences of the various formats of cooperation between China and the European countries. The EU and China have a strong interest in each other’s flagship initiatives, namely the Investment Plan for Europe, and the One Belt, One Road Initiative (Silk Road Economic Belt and 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road). The authors argue that there are certain synergies between these initiatives. Furthermore, the new initiative EU-China Connectivity Platform is aimed to explore these synergies. The authors explore the recent developments in the EU-China investments, trade cooperation and the challenges of the ever-growing CEEC-China partnership in different formats, including the new platform of 16+1. The authors examine these implications in relation to the need to expand and adapt the content and approach of the EU-China Bilateral Investment agreement. The article concludes that the CEEC-China relation does not go against the EU; moreover, neither the CEE countries nor China have any motivation to try to weaken the EU.

这篇文章阐述了中国与欧洲国家在各种形式的合作中存在的协同效应和差异。欧盟和中国对彼此的旗舰倡议，即“欧洲投资计划”和“一带一路”(丝绸之路经济带和21世纪海上丝绸之路)都有浓厚兴趣。作者认为，这些举措之间存在一定的协同效应。此外，中欧互联互通平台的新倡议旨在探索这些协同效应。作者探讨了欧盟-中国投资、贸易合作的最新发展，以及不断发展的中东欧-中国伙伴关系在不同形式下面临的挑战，包括16+1的新平台。作者从扩大和调整中欧双边投资协定的内容和方式的需要出发，考察了这些影响。文章的结论是:中东欧国家与中国的关系并不违背欧盟;此外，无论是中东欧国家还是中国，都没有任何削弱欧盟的动机。

引用次数: 13

Export Promotion Aims and Reality: A Comparison of the Iberian, Baltic and Central European Region 促进出口的目标和现实:伊比利亚、波罗的海和中欧地区的比较

Baltic Journal of European Studies

Pub Date : 2017-06-27 DOI: 10.1515/bjes-2017-0004

Andrea Éltető, K. Antalóczy

Abstract As a consequence of the international crisis in 2008-2009, the role of exports in economic growth came into focus in most countries. Exports of EU Member States gained momentum from 2010 onward but with certain changes in their structure and direction. In several countries, the turn towards non-EU areas, such as China or Latin America was part of the state export strategy. On the one hand, our article describes these foreign trade strategies and their institutional framework of the Iberian, Baltic and Central European governments, detecting possible similarities. On the other hand, we analyse recent export data. This way we can get a picture on the structure and direction of exports of periphery economies and this can be compared to the aims of the given states. Our hypothesis is that there is a gap between the reality and the intentions of the governments. The size of this gap varies and is influenced by certain factors such as the different involvement of multinational companies in foreign trade or the different economic structure of these countries. In our paper we list which countries adopted a government strategy and with what aim. We provide a short literature review on state trade promotion policies and discuss these policies and their institutions in the Baltic, Visegrád and Iberian countries.

由于2008-2009年国际金融危机的影响，出口在经济增长中的作用成为大多数国家关注的焦点。自2010年以来，欧盟成员国的出口增长势头强劲，但在结构和方向上发生了一些变化。在一些国家，转向中国或拉丁美洲等非欧盟地区是国家出口战略的一部分。一方面，本文描述了伊比利亚、波罗的海和中欧三国政府的对外贸易战略及其制度框架，发现了可能的相似之处。另一方面，我们分析了最近的出口数据。通过这种方式，我们可以了解外围经济体的出口结构和方向，并将其与给定国家的目标进行比较。我们的假设是，现实与政府的意图之间存在差距。这种差距的大小各不相同，并受到某些因素的影响，例如跨国公司参与对外贸易的方式不同或这些国家的经济结构不同。在我们的论文中，我们列出了哪些国家采取了政府战略，其目的是什么。我们提供了关于国家贸易促进政策的简短文献综述，并讨论了波罗的海、Visegrád和伊比利亚国家的这些政策及其机构。

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引用次数: 6

EPR imaging and HPLC characterization of the pigment-based organic free radical in black soybean seeds. 黑豆种子中基于色素的有机自由基的 EPR 成像和 HPLC 表征。

IF 3.3

Baltic Journal of European Studies

Pub Date : 2017-02-01 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2017.1291940

Kouichi Nakagawa, Hayato Maeda

We investigated the location and distribution of paramagnetic species in dry black, brown, and yellow (normal) soybean seeds using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), X-band (9 GHz) EPR imaging (EPRI), and HPLC. EPR primarily detected two paramagnetic species in black soybean. These two different radical species were assigned as stable organic radical and Mn²⁺species based on the g values and hyperfine structures. The signal from the stable radical was noted at g ≈ 2.00 and was relatively strong and stable. Subsequent noninvasive two-dimensional (2D) EPRI of the radical present in black soybean revealed that the stable radical was primarily located in the pigmented region of the soybean coat, with very few radicals observed in the soybean cotyledon (interior). Pigments extracted from black soybean were analyzed using HPLC. The major compound was found to be cyanidin-3-glucoside. Multi-EPR and HPLC results indicate that the stable radical was only found within the pigmented region of the soybean coat, and it could be cyanidin-3-glucoside or an oxidative decomposition product.

我们利用电子顺磁共振 (EPR)、X 波段 (9 GHz) EPR 成像 (EPRI) 和高效液相色谱法研究了黑色、棕色和黄色（正常）干大豆种子中顺磁性物种的位置和分布。电子顺磁共振主要在黑大豆中检测到两种顺磁物种。根据 g 值和超频结构，这两种不同的自由基被归类为稳定的有机自由基和 Mn2+ 物种。稳定自由基的信号在 g ≈ 2.00 时出现，信号相对较强且稳定。随后对黑大豆中存在的自由基进行的非侵入式二维 (2D) EPRI 发现，稳定自由基主要位于大豆外皮的色素区域，在大豆子叶（内部）观察到的自由基非常少。使用高效液相色谱法分析了从黑大豆中提取的色素。发现主要化合物是青花素-3-葡萄糖苷。多重电子衍射和高效液相色谱分析结果表明，稳定的自由基只存在于大豆外皮的色素区域，可能是青花素-3-葡萄糖苷或氧化分解产物。

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引用次数: 9

China’s OBOR as a Geo-Functional Institutionalist Project 中国b一带一路作为一个地理功能制度主义项目

Baltic Journal of European Studies

Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.1515/bjes-2017-0002

Yılmaz Kaplan

Abstract This study analyses the feasibility of China’s One Belt, One Road (OBOR) initiative from an institutionalist perspective. The initiative is undertaken as a ‘geo-functional institutionalist’ project, and this strengthens its feasibility. Firstly, the initiative aims to institutionalize a new international structure paralleling the existing Western-dominated one through which China could re-organize its position as an ‘agenda entrepreneur’ in the world without any clash with the West. Secondly, the initiative follows a functionalist strategy. It offers a ‘win-win’ functionalist framework without any hegemonic ambition; thus, the initiative attracts the attention of the rest of the world. China also follows a pure functionalist and bilateral/regional way to deal with the heterogeneity problem among the target countries. However, China’s institutionalization attempt might be isomorphic with the existing Western-dominated system in terms of its hegemonic structure due to the cognitive limitations in finding alternatives, and this might ruin the feasibility of the initiative.

摘要本文从制度主义视角分析了中国“一带一路”倡议的可行性。该倡议是作为一个“地理功能制度主义”项目进行的，这加强了其可行性。首先，该倡议旨在建立一种新的国际结构，与现有的西方主导的国际结构平行，通过这种结构，中国可以在不与西方发生任何冲突的情况下，重新组织其作为世界“议程企业家”的地位。其次，该倡议遵循功能主义战略。它提供了一个“双赢”的功能主义框架，没有任何霸权野心;因此，这一倡议引起了世界其他国家的关注。中国也遵循纯粹的功能主义和双边/区域方式来处理目标国家之间的异质性问题。然而，由于在寻找替代方案方面的认知局限，中国的制度化尝试在霸权结构上可能与现有的西方主导体系同构，这可能会破坏倡议的可行性。

引用次数: 4

EU Soft Power in the Eastern Neighborhood and the Western Balkans in the Context of Crises 危机背景下欧盟在东邻和西巴尔干的软实力

Baltic Journal of European Studies

Pub Date : 2016-12-15 DOI: 10.1515/bjes-2017-0014

A. Patalakh

Abstract The article aims to assess a change in the EU’s soft power in the Western Balkan and Eastern Partnership states in the light of the crises the bloc has undergone in recent years. Generally agreeing with the common argument that the EU’s attractiveness for those countries has decreased, the author challenges the popular wisdom that such a decrease is likely to reverse those states’ pro-EU foreign policy orientations. To prove it, the author applies Joseph Nye’s and Alexander Vuving’s “power currencies” approach to operationalize soft power, considering the bloc’s attraction as a combination of “brilliance” (the actor’s relationship with its work), “benignity” (the actor’s relationship with other actors) and “beauty” (the actor’s relationship with values and ideas). Elaborating on the crises’ influence on each of these currencies, the author shows that their lessening, first, has mainly taken place in absolute rather than relative terms, so the EU’s attractiveness remains strong compared to that of its competitors, and second, it has primarily affected the bloc’s soft power potential rather than its actual behavior towards the target countries.

本文旨在根据欧盟近年来经历的危机，评估欧盟在西巴尔干和东部伙伴关系国家软实力的变化。普遍认为欧盟对这些国家的吸引力已经下降，作者大体上同意这一观点，但对普遍认为这种下降可能会扭转这些国家亲欧盟外交政策取向的观点提出了质疑。为了证明这一点，作者运用约瑟夫·奈(Joseph Nye)和亚历山大·乌文(Alexander Vuving)的“权力货币”方法来运作软实力，认为欧盟的吸引力是“光辉”(行动者与其工作的关系)、“仁慈”(行动者与其他行动者的关系)和“美丽”(行动者与价值观和思想的关系)的结合。在详细阐述危机对这些货币的影响时，作者表明，首先，它们的减少主要是绝对的，而不是相对的，因此，与竞争对手相比，欧盟的吸引力仍然很强，其次，它主要影响了欧盟的软实力潜力，而不是它对目标国家的实际行为。

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引用次数: 4

A Structural and Grammatical Analysis of the Estonian Constitution 爱沙尼亚宪法的结构和语法分析

Baltic Journal of European Studies

Pub Date : 2016-10-01 DOI: 10.1515/bjes-2016-0013

Addi Rull, T. Tamme, L. Võhandu

Abstract The authors propose a novel quantitative method to analyse the structure of legal texts. The method enables to determine grammatical similarity between legal texts. The authors use the external theory of fundamental rights to separate the text of fundamental rights of the Estonian Constitution into two categories of norms: constitutional rights and restrictions. Grammatical similarity between constitutional rights, restrictions and selected legal acts and case law is measured. The layer of special norms renders the best grammatical similarity with the text of fundamental rights. The same grammatical similarity tests can be replicated to cover other jurisdictions in the future. The research is experimental, but the authors believe that the method can be utilised in fields of computational linguistics and legal text mining, but also in research where legal text structures are analysed for various purposes.

摘要本文提出了一种新的定量分析法律文本结构的方法。这种方法可以确定法律文本之间的语法相似性。作者利用基本权利的外部理论将爱沙尼亚宪法的基本权利案文分为两类规范:宪法权利和限制。对宪法权利、限制、选定法律行为和判例法之间的语法相似性进行了衡量。特殊规范层与基本权利文本的语法相似性最大。同样的语法相似度测试可以在将来复制到其他司法管辖区。这项研究是实验性的，但作者认为该方法可以用于计算语言学和法律文本挖掘领域，也可以用于分析各种目的的法律文本结构的研究。

引用次数: 0

Patient’s Cross-border Mobility Directive: Application, Performance and Perceptions Two Years after Transposition 患者的跨界移动指令:应用，表现和看法两年后转位

Baltic Journal of European Studies

Pub Date : 2016-10-01 DOI: 10.1515/bjes-2016-0012

R. Riedel

Abstract This paper seeks to analyse the directive on the application of patients’ rights in cross-border healthcare. Two years after the transposition, it is time for first evaluations of its application, performance and perception. The analysis consists of three major elements: reconstruction of the legal scope and subject matter of the new legislation, conclusions of the evaluative reports monitoring its implementation and performance as well as the public opinion polls revealing the EU citizens’ perception of its details. These three components combined together deliver a picture of the state of play about the pan-European cross-border patients’ mobility. The bottomline conclusions negatively verify the supposition present in some earlier literature on patients’ cross-border mobility that the directive has a transformative potential leading towards the creation of truly competitive pan-European medical market. After two years of its operation, there is still no increased patients’ mobility across EU internal borders observed. As regards the speculations for the future, there are only some weak symptoms identified and they may result in intensified cross-border mobility for healthcare.

摘要本文旨在分析跨境医疗保健中患者权利应用的指令。在换位两年后，是时候对其应用、性能和感知进行首次评估了。分析包括三个主要要素:重建新立法的法律范围和主题，评估报告的结论，监测其实施和表现，以及揭示欧盟公民对其细节的看法的民意调查。这三个组成部分结合在一起，提供了一幅关于泛欧跨境患者流动性的画面。底线结论消极地验证了一些早期文献中关于患者跨境流动的假设，即该指令具有变革潜力，可导致创建真正具有竞争力的泛欧洲医疗市场。经过两年的运作，仍然没有观察到患者在欧盟内部边界的流动性增加。关于对未来的猜测，目前只发现了一些较弱的症状，这些症状可能导致跨境医疗流动加剧。

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引用次数: 3

Cultural Diplomacy of Slavic European Union Member States: A Cross-country Analysis 斯拉夫欧盟成员国的文化外交:一个跨国分析

Baltic Journal of European Studies

Pub Date : 2016-10-01 DOI: 10.1515/bjes-2016-0015

B. Udovič, Ana Podgornik

Abstract The article deals with the role of cultural diplomacy in Slavic EU Member States. Its basic idea is to present the main characteristics of cultural diplomacy as a field of possible cooperation between the Slavic EU member countries. The conclusions of the research are three: firstly, the cultural diplomacy of the Slavic EU Member States is fragmented and diversified. Secondly, each country promotes its own cultural diplomacy and there is almost no cooperation between countries in the cultural field. Finally, cultural diplomacy is still an omitted instrument of Slavic EU Member States and a fertile ground for future collaboration within the EU and in the region of Central Europe.

本文论述了欧盟斯拉夫成员国文化外交的作用。其基本思想是将文化外交作为欧盟斯拉夫成员国之间可能的合作领域的主要特征呈现出来。研究得出三个结论:第一，欧盟斯拉夫成员国的文化外交是碎片化和多元化的。其次，每个国家都在推行自己的文化外交，国家之间在文化领域几乎没有合作。最后，文化外交仍然是斯拉夫欧盟成员国被忽略的工具，也是欧盟内部和中欧地区未来合作的沃土。

引用次数: 7

Re-shaping the Model of Economic Growth of the CEE Countries 重塑中东欧国家经济增长模式

Baltic Journal of European Studies

Pub Date : 2016-10-01 DOI: 10.1515/bjes-2016-0016

Elena Makrevska Disoska

Abstract The goal of this paper is to stress the importance of changing the present growth strategy of Central and Eastern European (CEE) economies. The economic model of resource and debt intensive growth they have enjoyed in the past two decades have proved to be ineffective and unsustainable. Given that the CEE growth model cannot be identified separately from the EU as a whole, we try to propose possible policy measures that would stimulate growth in the CEE in context of the policies at the EU level.

摘要本文的目的是强调改变中欧和东欧(CEE)经济体当前增长战略的重要性。它们在过去二十年中享受的资源和债务密集型增长的经济模式已被证明是无效和不可持续的。鉴于中东欧增长模式无法从欧盟整体中分离出来，我们试图在欧盟层面的政策背景下提出可能刺激中东欧增长的政策措施。

引用次数: 4

The Concepts of Trademark Exhaustion and Parallel Imports: A Comparative Analysis between the EU and the USA 商标穷竭概念与平行进口:欧盟与美国的比较分析

Baltic Journal of European Studies

Pub Date : 2016-10-01 DOI: 10.1515/bjes-2016-0011

S. Dobrin, Archil Chochia

Abstract The article intends to analyze the closely correlated concepts of trademark exhaustion and parallel imports. The growing importance of these concepts in the current world, especially in the European Union, makes it an interesting research topic, even though the concepts are complicated due to their nature and different actors involved. The authors use comparative approach, concentrating on two world leaders in the field, in order to discover what is the approach of the EU as well as the approach of the USA to the concepts of trademark exhaustion and parallel imports, what are the benefits and weaknesses of these approaches, and analyze why these markets have arrived at certain conclusions.

摘要本文拟对商标权利用尽与平行进口这两个密切相关的概念进行分析。这些概念在当今世界，特别是在欧盟日益重要，使其成为一个有趣的研究课题，尽管这些概念由于其性质和涉及的不同参与者而变得复杂。作者使用比较的方法，集中在两个世界领先的领域，以发现欧盟的做法是什么，以及美国的做法，商标用尽和平行进口的概念，这些方法的优点和缺点是什么，并分析为什么这些市场已经得出了一定的结论。

引用次数: 14

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全部化学•材料生命科学医学物理工程技术环境•农林材料科学地球科学法学管理学化学环境科学与生态学计算机科学教育学经济学农林科学人文科学生物学数学物理与天体物理心理学综合性期刊其他工业工程理学历史学农学文学信息工程

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